Low-pathogenic notifiable avian influenza serosurveillance and the risk of infection in poultry - a critical review of the European Union active surveillance programme (2005-2007)

Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 91-99

  Gonzales, J L ^a,b   Elbers, A R W ^a   Bouma, A ^b   Koch, G ^a   de Wit, J J ^c   Stegeman, J A ^b  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c GD ANIMAL HEALTH   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Avian influenza; European Union; LPAI; Risk factors; Surveillance

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; AVIAN INFLUENZA; CHICKEN; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DUCK; EUROPEAN UNION; GAME BIRD; GOOSE; INFECTION RISK; NONHUMAN; POULTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY SAMPLE; RATITE; SAMPLE SIZE; SAMPLING; SEROPREVALENCE;

ANIMALS; EUROPEAN UNION; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; INFECTION CONTROL; INFLUENZA IN BIRDS; POULTRY; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE;

EID: 77349099943     PISSN: 17502640     EISSN: 17502659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00126.x     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Suffolk in January 2007. A report of the epidemiological findings by the National Emergency Epidemiology Group. http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/ai/documents/epid_findings070405.pdf, DEFRA 5 April 2007, Available at (Accessed 18 May 2008)
2. Bean WJ, Kawaoaka Y, Wood JM, Pearson JE, Webster RG. Characterization of virulent and avirulent A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 influenza A viruses: potential role of defective interfering RNA's in nature. J Virol 1985, 54:151-160.
3. Garcia M, Crawford JM, Latimer JW, Rivera-Cruz E, Perdue ML. Heterogenecity in the haemagglutinin gene and emergence of the highly pathogenic phenotype among recent H5N2 avian influenza viruses from Mexico. J Gen Virol 1996, 77:1493-1504.
4. Capua I, Maragon S. The avian influenza epidemic in Italy, 1999-2000. Avian Pathol 2000, 29:289-294.
5. Rojas H, Moreira R, Avalos P, Capua I, Maragon S. Avian influenza in poultry in Chile. Vet Rec 2002, 151:188.
6. Elbers ARW, Fabri THF, de Vries TS, de Wit JJ, Pijpers A, Koch G. The highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003: lessons learned from the first five outbreaks. Avian Dis 2004, 47:914-920.
7. Stegeman A, Bouma A, Elbers ARW. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: course of the epidemic and effectiveness of control measures. J Infect Dis 2004, 190:088-095.
8. Highly pathogenic avian influenza, H7N7, Oxfordshire, June 2008. Situation at 12.30pm Wednesday 2nd July. http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/ai/documents/epireport-080711.pdf, Available at (Accessed 12 July 2008)
9. Guidelines on Surveillance for Avian Influenza; In Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2007, 16th edn, Paris, OIE
10. Council directive 2005/94/EC of 20 December 2005 on community measures for the control of avian influenza and repealing directive 92/40/EEC. OJEU 2005, L 10.
11. WAHID-interface, summary of immediate notifications and follow-ups-2007. http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=disease_immediate_summary&selected_year=2007, Available at (Accessed 28 March 2008)
12. Elbers ARW, Koch G, Bouma A. Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003. Avian Pathol 2005, 34:181-187.
13. Elbers ARW, Kamps B, Koch G. Performance of gross lesions at postmortem for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003. Avian Pathol 2004, 33:418-422.
14. Elbers ARW, Holtslag JB, Bouma A, Koch G. Within-flock mortality during the high-pathogenicity avian influenza (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003: implications for an early detection system. Avian Dis 2007, 51:304-308.
15. Guidelines on the implementation of survey programmes for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds to be carried out in the Member States in 2007. http://ec.europa.eu./food/animal/diseases/controlmeasures/avian/guidel_ai_surv_wb_poul_2007_en.pdf, Available at (Accessed 1 September 2008)
16. Commission Decision 2007/268/EC of 13 April 2007 on the implementation of surveillance programmes for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds to be carried out in the Member States and amending Decision 2004/450/EC. OJEU 2007, L 115.
17. Commission Decision 2002/649/EC of 5 August 2002 on the implementation of surveys for avian influenza in poultry and wild birds in the Member States. OJEU 2002, L213.
18. Hesterberg U, Young N, Cook A, Brown I. Annual Report on Surveillance for Avian Influenza in Poultry in the EU During 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/diseases/controlmeasures/avian/res_surv_wb_annual_07_en.pdf, Brussels, European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Animal Health and Standing Committees, Available at (Accessed 8 November 2008)
19. Scientific report on animal health and welfare aspects of avian influenza. Annex to the EFSA Journal 2005, 266:1-21.
20. Starick E, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Phylogenetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates from Germany in 2006 and 2007 suggest at least three separate introductions of H5N1 virus. Vet Microbiol 2008, 128:243-252.
21. Hesterberg U, Young N, Wootton L, Cook A, Brown I. Annual Report of the Avian Influenza Surveillance in Poultry carried out by Member States in 2006 http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/diseases/controlmeasures/avian/res_surv_wb_annual_06_en.pdf, Brussels, European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Animal Health and Standing Committees, Available at (Accessed 19 June 2008)
22. O'Connor JL, Powell LF, Stewart I, Brown IH. A Report on Surveys for Avian Influenza in Poultry in Member States During 2005 http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/diseases/controlmeasures/avian/res_ai_surv_poultry_2005_en.pdf, Brussels, European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Animal Health and Standing Committees, Available at (Accessed 5 June 2008)
23. Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Volume II - The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies 1987, Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer
24. Thrusfield M. Veterinary Epidemiology 1995, Oxford, Blackwell Science
25. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2005, http://www.r-project.org, Vienna, Austria, Foundation for Statistical Computing, Available at (Accessed 5 January 2009)
26. Abramson J. WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows): computer programs for epidemiologists. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2004, 1:6.
27. Thurmond MC. Conceptual foundations for infectious disease surveillance. J Vet Diagn Invest 2003, 15:501-514.
28. Plan for implementation of survey programmes for avian influenza in poultry, game birds for restocking and wild birds to be carried out in Denmark in 2007 and application for financial contribution. http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/diseases/eradication/programme2007/2007_ai_da.pdf, Available at (Accessed 15 September 2008)
29. Rodriguez AA, Izquierdo MP, Sierra MMJ, Heras CA. Medidas de vigilancia y contencion de la influenza aviar en aves. Implicaciones para la salud publica. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2006, 80:621-630.
30. Low pathogenicity avian influenza in Italy: the epidemiological situation. http://www.izsvenezie.it/dnn/Portals/0/AI/AI_Report_30_10_07.pdf, Available at (Accessed 15 May 2008)
31. Commission Decision 2005/734/EC of 19 October 2005 laying down biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by Influenza virus A subtype H5N1 from birds living in the wild to poultry and other captive birds and providing for an early detection system in areas at particular risk. OJEU 2005, L 274.
32. Elbers ARW, De Wit JJ, Hulsbergen HBA, van der Spek AN, Fabri T, Koch G. Avian Influenza Surveillance in Poultry in The Netherlands between 2004 and 2006 Beijing, China, Proceedings of the 15th World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress, 10-15 September 2007
33. Koch G, Elbers ARW. Outdoor ranging of poultry: a major risk factor for the introduction and development of high-pathogenicity avian influenza. NJAS 2006, 54:179-194.
34. Halvorson DA, Kelleher CJ, Senne DA. Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985, 49:914-919.
35. Thomas ME, Bouma A, Ekker M, Fonken AJM, Stegeman A, Nielen M. Risk factors for the introduction of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus into poultry farms during the epidemic in The Netherlands. Prev Vet Med 2005, 69:1-11.
36. Nishiguchi A, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto T, Ouchi Y, Sugizaki T, Tsutsui T. Risk factors for the introduction of avian influenza virus into commercial layer chicken farms during the outbreaks caused by a low-pathogenic H5N2 virus in Japan in 2005. Zoonoses Public Health 2007, 54:337-343.
37. Bavinck V, Bouma A, van Boven M, Bos MEH, Stassen E, Stegeman JA. The role of backyard poultry flocks in the epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N7) in The Netherlands in 2003. Prev Vet Med 2009, 88:247-254.
38. Alban L, Boes J, Kreiner H, Petersen JV, Willeberg P. Towards a risk-based surveillance for Trichinella spp. in Danish pig production. Prev Vet Med 2008, 87:340-357.
39. Martin PAJ, Cameron AR, Greiner M. Demonstrating freedom from disease using multiple complex data sources: 1: a new methodology based on scenario trees. Prev Vet Med 2007, 79:71-97.