Blood feeding patterns of mosquitoes: Random or structured?

Frontiers in Zoology

Volumn 7, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Chaves, Luis F ^a   Harrington, Laura C ^b   Keogh, Carolyn L ^c   Nguyen, Andy M ^d   Kitron, Uriel D ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^d Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTHROPODA; AVES; MAMMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 77349095287     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17429994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-3     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Levins R. Evolution in Changing Environments. Some theoretical explorations 1968, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2. Schmalhausen II. Factors of evolution; the theory of stabilizing selection 1949, Philadelphia: Blakiston Co.
3. Root RB. Niche Exploitation Pattern of Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 1967, 37:317-350.
4. Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P, Fonseca DM. Genetic Influences on Mosquito Feeding Behavior and the Emergence of Zoonotic Pathogens. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007, 77:667-671.
5. Huang S, Hamer GL, Molaei G, Walker ED, Goldberg TL, Kitron UD, Andreadis TG. Genetic Variation Associated with Mammalian Feeding in Culex pipiens from a West Nile Virus Epidemic Region in Chicago, Illinois. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2009, 9:637-642. 10.1089/vbz.2008.0146, 19281434.
6. Gould SJ, Lewontin RC. Spandrels of San-Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm - a Critique of the Adaptationist Program. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 1979, 205:581-598.
7. Brooks DR, Hoberg EP. How will global climate change affect parasite-host assemblages?. Trends in Parasitology 2007, 23:571-574. 10.1016/j.pt.2007.08.016, 17962073.
8. Southwood TRE. Habitat, Templet for Ecological Strategies - Presidential-Address to British-Ecological-Society, 5 January 1977. Journal of Animal Ecology 1977, 46:337-365.
9. MacArthur RH. Population Ecology of Some Warblers of Northeastern Coniferous Forests. Ecology 1958, 39:599-619.
10. Edman JD, Day J, Walker ED. Vector-Host interplay - Factors affecting disease transmission. Ecology of mosquitoes: proceedings of a workshop 1985, 273-285. Vero Beach: Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Lounibos LP, Rey JR, Frank JH.
11. Juliano SA. Species interactions among larval mosquitoes: context dependence across habitat gradients. Annual Review of Entomology 2009, 54:37-56. 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090611, 2664081, 19067629.
12. Mogi M. Populations studies on mosquitoes in the rice field area of Nagasaki, Japan, especially on Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Tropical Medicine 1978, 20:173-263.
13. Kirby MJ, Lindsay SW. Effect of temperature and inter-specific competition on the development and survival of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis larvae. Acta Tropica 2009, 109:118-123. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.09.025, 19013420.
14. Paaijmans KP, Huijben S, Githeko AK, Takken W. Competitive interactions between larvae of the malaria mosquitoes Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae under semi-field conditions in western Kenya. Acta Tropica 2009, 109:124-130. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.07.010, 18760989.
15. Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Githeko A, Yan G. The effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology 2002, 39:833-841. 10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.833, 12495180.
16. Merritt RW, Dadd RH, Walker ED. Feeding behavior, natural food, and nutritional relationships of larval mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology 1992, 37:349-376.
17. Hocking B. Blood-Sucking Behavior of Terrestrial Arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 1971, 16:1-28. 10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.000245, 4928343.
18. Lehane M. The biology of blood-sucking in insects 2005, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2.
19. Chaves LF, Hernandez MJ, Dobson AP, Pascual M. Sources and sinks: revisiting the criteria for identifying reservoirs for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trends in Parasitology 2007, 23:311-316. 10.1016/j.pt.2007.05.003, 17524806.
20. Sota T, Hayamizu E, Mogi M. Distribution of Biting Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera, Culicidae) among Pigs: Effects of Host Size and Behavior. Journal of Medical Entomology 1991, 28:428-433.
21. Fujito S, Buei K, Nakajima S, Ito S, Yoshida M, Sonada H, Nakamura H. Effect of the population density of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles on bloodsucking rates in cowsheds and pigpens in relation to its role in the epidemic of Japanese encephalitis. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology 1971, 22:38-44.
22. Sullivan MF, Gould DJ, Maneechai S. Observations on host range and feeding preferences of Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Journal of Medical Entomology 1971, 8:713-716.
23. Kay BH, Boyd AM, Ryan PA, Hall RA. Mosquito feeding patterns and natural infection of vertebrates with Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses in Brisbane, Australia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007, 76:417-423.
24. Tempelis CH, Washino RK. Host-Feeding Patterns of Culex tarsalis in Sacramento Valley California with Notes on Other Species. Journal of Medical Entomology 1967, 4:315-318.
25. Bull CG, King WV. The identification of the blood meal of mosquitoes by means of the precipitin test. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1923, 3:491-496.
26. Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. Journal of Medical Entomology 2002, 39:777-785. 10.1603/0022-2585-39.5.777, 12349862.
27. Scott TW, Githeko AK, Fleisher A, Harrington LC, Yan G. DNA profiling of human blood in anophelines from lowland and highland sites in western Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2006, 75:231-237.
28. Hess AD, Hayes RO. Relative Potentials of Domestic Animals for Zooprophylaxis against Mosquito Vectors of Encephalitis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1970, 19:327-334.
29. Hess AD, Hayes RO, Tempelis CH. Use of forage ratio technique in mosquito host preference studies. Mosquito News 1968, 28:386-387.
30. Kay BH, Boreham PFL, Williams GM. Host preferences and feeding patterns of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) at Kowanyama, Cape York Peninsula, Northern Quensland. Bulletin of Entomological Research 1979, 69:441-457.
31. Brown JH. Macroecology 1995, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
32. Diamond JM. Assembly of species communities. Ecology and evolution of communities 1975, 342-444. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, Cody ML, Diamond JM.
33. Connor EF, Simberloff D. The Assembly of Species Communities - Chance or Competition. Ecology 1979, 60:1132-1140.
34. Gotelli NJ. Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns. Ecology 2000, 81:2606-2621.
35. Stone L, Roberts A. Competitive-Exclusion, or Species Aggregation - an Aid in Deciding. Oecologia 1992, 91:419-424.
36. Stone L, Roberts A. The Checkerboard Score and Species Distributions. Oecologia 1990, 85:74-79.
37. Edman JD. Host-Feeding Patterns of Florida Mosquitoes I. Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Mansonia, and Psorophora. Journal of Medical Entomology 1971, 8:687-695.
38. Edman JD. Host-Feeding Patterns of Florida Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) VI. Culex (Melanoconion). Journal of Medical Entomology 1979, 15:521-525.
39. Edman JD. Host-Feeding Patterns of Florida Mosquitoes. IV. Deinocerites. Journal of Medical Entomology 1974, 11:105-107.
40. Edman JD. Host-Feeding Patterns of Florida Mosquitoes. III. Culex (Culex) and Culex (Neoculex). Journal of Medical Entomology 1974, 11:95-104.
41. Edman JD, Webber LA, Kale HW. Host-Feeding Patterns of Florida Mosquitoes II. Culiseta. Journal of Medical Entomology 1972, 9:429-434.
42. Edman JD, Haeger JS. Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes V. Wyeomyia. Journal of Medical Entomology 1977, 14:471-479.
43. Molaei G, Andreadis TA, Armstrong PM, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR. Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006, 12:468-474.
44. Molaei G, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Diuk-Wasser M. Host-feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors in Connecticut, U.S.A.: molecular analysis of bloodmeals from 23 species of Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia. Journal of Medical Entomology 2008, 45:1143-1151. 10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[1143:HPOPMV]2.0.CO;2, 19058640.
45. Fyodorova MV, Savage HM, Lopatina JV, Bulgakova TA, Ivanitsky AV, Platonova OV, Platonov AE. Evaluation of potential West Nile virus vectors in Volgograd region, Russia, 2003 (Diptera: Culicidae): Species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes. Journal of Medical Entomology 2006, 43:552-563. 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[552:EOPWNV]2.0.CO;2, 16739415.
46. Forattini OP, Gomes AD, Natal D, Kakitani I, Marucci D. Feeding Preferences and Domiciliation of Culicidae Mosquitos in the Ribeira Valley, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, with Particular Reference to Aedes scapularis and Culex (Melanoconion). Revista De Saude Publica 1989, 23:9-19.
47. Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Goldberg TL, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Hayes DB, Walker ED. Host Selection by Culex pipiens Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Amplification. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009, 80:268-278.
48. Edman JD, Taylor DJ. Culex nigripalpus - Seasonal Shift in Bird-Mammal Feeding Ratio in a Mosquito Vector of Human Encephalitis. Science 1968, 161:67-68. 10.1126/science.161.3836.67, 5659128.
49. Edman JD, Spielman A. Blood-feeding by vectors: physiology, ecology, behavior, and vertebrate defense. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology 1988, 1:153-189. Boca Raton, FL. USA: CRC Press, Monath TP.
50. Wilson ML, Litwin TS, Gavin TA, Capkanis MC, Maclean DC, Spielman A. Host-Dependent Differences in Feeding and Reproduction of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 1990, 27:945-954.
51. Wilson ML, Telford SR, Piesman J, Spielman A. Reduced Abundance of Immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) Following Elimination of Deer. Journal of Medical Entomology 1988, 25:224-228.
52. Diuk-Wasser MA, Brown HE, Andreadis TG, Fish D. Modeling the spatial distribution of mosquito vectors for West Nile virus in Connecticut, USA. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2006, 6:283-295. 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.283, 16989568.
53. Murdoch WM, Briggs CJ, Nisbet RM. Consumer-Resource dynamics 2003, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
54. Loss SR, Hamer GL, Walker ED, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD. Avian host community structure and prevalence of West Nile virus in Chicago, Illinois. Oecologia 2009, 159:415-424. 10.1007/s00442-008-1224-6, 19034529.
55. Terborgh J, Lopez L, Nunez P, Rao M, Shahabuddin G, Orihuela G, Riveros M, Ascanio R, Adler GH, Lambert TD, Balbas L. Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 2001, 294:1923-1926. 10.1126/science.1064397, 11729317.
56. Perfecto I, Vandermeer J. Biodiversity conservation in tropical agroecosystems - A new conservation paradigm. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2008, 1134:173-200. 10.1196/annals.1439.011, 18566094.
57. Krasnov BR, Sarfati M, Arakelyan MS, Khokhlova IS, Burdelova NV, Degen AA. Host specificity and foraging efficiency in blood-sucking parasite: feeding patterns of the flea Parapulex chephrenis on two species of desert rodents. Parasitology Research 2003, 90:393-399. 10.1007/s00436-003-0873-y, 12739133.
58. Lent H. Evolution of knowledge on carriers of chagas diseases 90 years after its discovery. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1999, 94:89-92.
59. Harrington LC, Edman JD, Scott TW. Why do female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood?. Journal of Medical Entomology 2001, 38:411-422. 10.1603/0022-2585-38.3.411, 11372967.
60. Ponlawat A, Harrington LC. Blood Feeding Patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand. Journal of Medical Entomology 2005, 42:844-849. 10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0844:BFPOAA]2.0.CO;2, 16363170.
61. Tempelis CH, Hayes RO, Hess AD, Reeves WC. Blood-Feeding Habits of 4 Species of Mosquito Found in Hawaii. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1970, 19:335-341.
62. Savage HM, Niebylski ML, Smith GC, Mitchell CJ, Craig GB. Host-Feeding Patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) at a Temperate North American Site. Journal of Medical Entomology 1993, 30:27-34.
63. Richards SL, Ponnusamy L, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Apperson CS. Host-Feeding Patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Relation to Availability of Human and Domestic Animals in Suburban Landscapes of Central North Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology 2006, 43:543-551. 10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[543:HPOAAD]2.0.CO;2, 2577020, 16739414.
64. Thoisy B, Lacoste V, Germain A, Munoz-Jordan J, Colon C, Mauffrey J, Delaval M, Catzeflis F, Kazanji M, Matheus S, et al. Dengue Infection in Neotropical Forest Mammals. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2009, 9:157-170. 10.1089/vbz.2007.0280, 18945183.
65. Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Bøgh C, Beier JC. The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001, 95:469-476. 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90005-7, 2483839, 11706651.
66. Lefèvre T, Gouagna LC, Dabire KR, Elguero E, Fontenille D, Renaud F, Costantini C, Thomas F. Beyond nature and nurture: phenotypic plasticity in blood-feeding behavior of Anopheles gambiae s.s. when humans are not readily accessible. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2009, 81:1023-1029. 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0124, 19996432.
67. Edman JD. Disease control through manipulation of vector-host interaction: some historical and evolutionary perspectives. Proceedings of a Symposium: The Role of vector-host interactions in disease tranmission 1988, 43-50. Washington, D.C.: Entomological Society of America, Scott TW, Grumstrup-Scott J.
68. Dekker T, Takken W, Braks MAH. Innate Preference for Host-Odor Blends Modulates Degree of Anthropophagy of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 2001, 38:868-871. 10.1603/0022-2585-38.6.868, 11761386.
69. Mwandawiro C, Boots M, Tuno N, Suwonkerd W, Tsuda Y, Takagi M. Heterogeneity in the host preference of Japanese encephalitis vectors in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000, 94:238-242. 10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90303-1, 10974986.
70. Walker ED, Edman JD. The Influence of Host Defensive Behavior on Mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) Biting Persistence. Journal of Medical Entomology 1985, 22:370-372.
71. Edman JD, Kale HW. Host Behavior: Its Influence on the Feeding Success of Mosquitoes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1971, 64:513-516.
72. Edman JD, Webber LA, Schmid AA. Effect of Host Defenses on Feeding Pattern of Culex nigripalpus When Offered a Choice of Blood Sources. Journal of Parasitology 1974, 60:874-883. 10.2307/3278923, 4430956.
73. Walker ED, Edman JD. Feeding-Site Selection and Blood-Feeding Behavior of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera, Culicidae) on Rodent (Sciuridae) Hosts. Journal of Medical Entomology 1985, 22:287-294.
74. Day JF, Edman JD. Mosquito Engorgement on Normally Defensive Hosts Depends on Host Activity Patterns. Journal of Medical Entomology 1984, 21:732-740.
75. Port GR, Boreham PFL. The relationship of host size to feeding by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 1980, 70:133-144.
76. Port GR, Boreham PFL. The Effect of Bed Nets on Feeding by Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 1982, 72:483-488.
77. Day JF, Ebert KM, Edman JD. Feeding Patterns of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) Simultaneously Exposed to Malarious and Healthy Mice, Including a Method for Separating Blood Meals from Conspecific Hosts. Journal of Medical Entomology 1983, 20:120-127.
78. Colwell RK, Coddington JA. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series-B Biological Sciences 1994, 345:101-118.
79. Woolhouse ME, Dye C, Etard JF, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Garnett GP, Hagan P, Hii JL, Ndhlovu PD, Quinnell RJ, et al. Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA 1997, 94:338-342.
80. De Benedictis J, Chow-Shaffer E, Costero A, Clark GG, Edman JD, Scott TW. Identification of the people from whom engorged Aedes aegypti t ook blood meals in Florida, Puerto Rico, using polymerase chain reaction-based DNA profiling. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003, 68:437-446.
81. Himmelstein DU, Levins R, Woolhandler S. Beyond our means - patterns of variability of phisiological traits. International Journal of Health Services 1990, 20:115-124.
82. Kelly DW, Thompson CE. Epidemiology and optimal foraging: modelling the ideal free distribution of insect vectors. Parasitology 2000, 120:319-327. 10.1017/S0031182099005442, 10759090.
83. Reeves WC. Mosquito vector and vertebrate host interaction. The key to maintenance of certain arboviruses. The Ecology and Physiology of Parasites 1971, 223-230. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Fallis AM.
84. Kay BH. Rainbow's end? Thoughts on some viral encephalitides with emphasis on Murray Valley Enecephalitis. Ecology of mosquitoes: proceedings of a workshop 1985, 287-292. Vero Beach: Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Lounibos LP, Rey JR, Frank JH.
85. Renshaw M, Service MW, Birley MH. Host Finding, Feeding Patterns and Evidence for a Memorized Home-Range of the Mosquito Aedes cantans. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1994, 8:187-193. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00162.x, 8025329.
86. Chaves LF, Cohen JM, Pascual M, Wilson ML. Social Exclusion Modifies Climate and Deforestation Impacts on a Vector-Borne Disease. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2008, 2:e176. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000176, 2238711, 18265876.
87. Allan BF, Keesing F, Ostfeld RS. Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk. Conservation Biology 2003, 17:267-272.
88. Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Systemic Reviews 2004, CD000363.
89. Sota T. Variable host selection by mosquitoes and the dynamics of mosquito-borne diseases. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology 1992, 43:1-11.
90. Manda H, Gouagna LC, Nyandat E, Kabir EW, Jackson RR, Foster WA, Githure JI, Beier JC, Hassanali A. Discriminative feeding behaviour of Anopheles gambiae s.s. on endemic plants in western Kenya. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 2007, 21:103-111. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00672.x, 2705332, 17373953.
91. Burkett-Cadena ND, Graham SP, Hassan HK, Guyer C, Eubanks MD, Katholi CR, Unnasch TR. Blood Feeding Patterns of Potential Arbovirus Vectors of the Genus Culex Targeting Ectothermic Hosts. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2008, 79:809-815.
92. Nasci RS, Edman JD. Blood-Feeding Patterns of Culiseta melanura (Diptera, Culicidae) and Associated Sylvan Mosquitoes in Southeastern Massachusetts Eastern Equine Encephalitis Enzootic Foci. Journal of Medical Entomology 1981, 18:493-500.
93. Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict M, et al. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2004, 4:71-82. 10.1089/153036604773083013, 2581457, 15018775.
94. Savage HM, Aggarwal D, Apperson CS, Katholi CR, Gordon E, Hassan HK, Anderson M, Charnetzky D, McMillen L, Unnasch EA, Unnasch TR. Host choice and West Nile virus infection rates in blood-fed mosquitoes, including members of the Culex pipiens complex, from Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee, 2002-2003. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2007, 7:365-386. 10.1089/vbz.2006.0602, 2580743, 17767413.
95. Sota T, Mogi M. Effectiveness of Zooprophylaxis in Malaria Control - a Theoretical Inquiry, with a Model for Mosquito Populations with 2 Bloodmeal Hosts. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1989, 3:337-345. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00240.x, 2519684.
96. Saul A. Zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation: the outcome of introducing animals on vector transmission is highly dependent on the mosquito mortality while searching. Malaria Journal 2003, 2:32. 10.1186/1475-2875-2-32, 222927, 14565850.
97. Renshaw M, Service MW, Birley MH. Density-Dependent Regulation of Aedes cantans (Diptera, Culicidae) in Natural and Artificial Populations. Ecological Entomology 1993, 18:223-233.
98. Kelly DW. Why are some people bitten more than others?. Trends in Parasitology 2001, 17:578-581. 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02116-X, 11756041.
99. Keesing F, Holt RD, Ostfeld RS. Effects of species diversity on disease risk. Ecology Letters 2006, 9:485-498. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00885.x, 16623733.
100. Celli A. The history of malaria in the Roman Campagna from ancient times 1933, London: J. Bale, sons & Danielsson, ltd.
101. Celli A. La Malaria in Italia Durante il 1907. Ricerche Epidemiologiche e profilatiche. Atti della Società per gli studi della Malaria 1908, 9:675-729.
102. Fantini B. Anophelism without malaria: an ecological and epidemiological puzzle. Parassitologia 1994, 36:83-106.
103. Hackett LW, Missiroli A. The natural disappareance of malaria in certain regions of Europe. American Journal of Hygiene 1931, 13:57-78.
104. Molyneux DH. Common themes in changing vector-borne disease scenarios. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2003, 97:129-132. 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)90097-6, 14584362.
105. Nuttall GHF. Blood Immunity and Blood Relationships. Cambridge 1904,
106. Gozony L, Hindle E, Ross PH. Serological Tests. I. On the persistence of precipitins in sera stored in vitro. II. On the reactions obtained with (a) complement fixation test and (b) precipitin test, with the gut contents of blood-sucking arthropods. Journal of Hygiene 1914, 14:345-349.
107. Crans WJ. An agar gel diffusion method for the identification of mosquito blood-meals. Mosquito News 1969, 29:563-566.
108. Eliason DA. Identification of mosquito blood meals: A comparison of selected procedures. UNC 1971,
109. Burkot TR, Goodman WG, DeFoliart GR. Identification of mosquito blood meals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981, 30:1336-1341.
110. Chow E, Wirtz RA, Scott TW. Identification of blood meals in Aedes aegypti by antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1993, 9:196-205.
111. Bryan JH, Smalley ME. The use of ABO blood groups as markers for mosquito biting studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1978, 72:357-360. 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90127-X, 705842.
112. Coulson RM, Curtis CF, Ready PD, Hill N, Smith DF. Amplification and analysis of human DNA present in mosquito bloodmeals. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1990, 4:357-366. 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00452.x, 2133003.
113. Darbro JM, Dhondt AA, Vermeylen FM, Harrington LC. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) affects mosquito blood feeding patterns. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007, 77:488-494.
114. Kent RJ. Molecular methods for arthropod bloodmeal identification and applications to ecological and vector-borne disease studies. Molecular Ecology Resources 2009, 9:4-18.
115. Triant DA, DeWoody JA. The occurrence, detection, and avoidance of mitochondrial DNA translocations in mammalian systematics and phylogeography. Journal of Mammology 2008, 88:908-922.
116. Steuber S, Abdel-Rady A, Clausen PH. PCR-RFLP analysis: a promising technique for host species identification of blood meals from tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Parasitology Research 2005, 97:247-254. 10.1007/s00436-005-1410-y, 15999278.
117. Humair PF, Douet V, Cadenas FM, Schouls LM, Pol I, Gern L. Molecular identification of bloodmeal source in Ixodes ricinus ticks using 12S rDNA as a genetic marker. Journal of Medical Entomology 2007, 44:869-880. 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[869:MIOBSI]2.0.CO;2, 17915521.