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A two-point crossover recombination method was employed, wherein two indices are selected at random in the list of coordinates composing the chromosomes, and then the entire string of coordinates in between is traded between the pair of solutions.
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The sun was assumed to be a source of parallel rays, and cloud-cover and all light-obstructions (except from other triangles in the structure) were neglected. For simplicity, it is assumed that all transmitted radiation counts toward the generated power, and only one reflection ste(from solar cell surfaces) is taken into account. The triangles surfaces were assumed flat in the sense that all reflections were taken to be specular (θrefl = θincid); the opposite extreme, not implemented, would be Lambertian reflection, in which incident radiation scatters isotropically in the hemisphere. The number of ray-traces per cell (i.e., per triangle) was fixed to 100 during most simulations to limit computation time. After optimization, the final reported power values of the structures were evaluated with a larger standard number of ray-traces per cell (10 000), allowing convergence of the calculated energy value to better than 0.01%.
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The sun was assumed to be a source of parallel rays, and cloud-cover and all light-obstructions (except from other triangles in the structure) were neglected. For simplicity, it is assumed that all transmitted radiation counts toward the generated power, and only one reflection step (from solar cell surfaces) is taken into account. The triangles surfaces were assumed flat in the sense that all reflections were taken to be specular (θrefl = θincid); the opposite extreme, not implemented, would be Lambertian reflection, in which incident radiation scatters isotropically in the hemisphere. The number of ray-traces per cell (i.e., per triangle) was fixed to 100 during most simulations to limit computation time. After optimization, the final reported power values of the structures were evaluated with a larger standard number of ray-traces per cell (10 000), allowing convergence of the calculated energy value to better than 0.01%.
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77249085095
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In the present work -polarized light was assumed in the calculations. Extensive studies with unpolarized light are underway and will be discussed separately. Preliminary results suggest that the conclusions are consistent with this study, although unpolarized light leads to increased values of M due to the poorer performance of the flat panel.
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In the present work p -polarized light was assumed in the calculations. Extensive studies with unpolarized light are underway and will be discussed separately. Preliminary results suggest that the conclusions are consistent with this study, although unpolarized light leads to increased values of M due to the poorer performance of the flat panel.
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77249109270
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We chose a typical for the average index of refraction (1.505) for organic active layers that would give R∼4%. The efficiency was set to 6% to simulate the best performance of state-of-the-art polymer solar cells Ref..
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We chose a typical for the average index of refraction (1.505) for organic active layers that would give R∼4%. The efficiency was set to 6% to simulate the best performance of state-of-the-art polymer solar cells Ref..
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See for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 20090223554.
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