Crystallization modifiers applied in granite desalination: The role of the stone pore structure

Construction and Building Materials

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 766-776

  Rivas, T ^a   Alvarez, E ^a   Mosquera, M J ^b   Alejano, L ^a   Taboada, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIGO   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CÁDIZ   (Spain)

Author keywords

Desalination; Ferrocyanide; Granite; Monuments; Sand disaggregation; Sodium chloride

Indexed keywords

DISAGGREGATION; DISSOLUTION PROCESS; DISTILLED WATER; EVAPORATION RATE; FERROCYANIDE; GRANITIC ROCKS; IN-BUILDINGS; MAIN AGENT; MINERAL GRAINS; MONUMENTS; NACL CRYSTALLIZATION; NACL SOLUTION; POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE; SALINE SOLUTIONS; SALT CRYSTALLIZATION; SOLUBLE SALTS;

ADSORPTION; CRYSTALLIZATION; CYANIDES; DESALINATION; DISSOLUTION; DRYING; GRANITE; MINERALS; PORE STRUCTURE; ROCKS; SALINE WATER; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; SURFACE CHEMISTRY; WATER FILTRATION;

WEATHERING;

EID: 77249170199     PISSN: 09500618     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.031     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Al-jibbouri S., and Ulrich J. The influence of impurities on crystallization kinetics of sodium chloride. Cryst Res Technol 36 12 (2001) 1365-1375
2. Arnold A, Zehnder K. Salt weathering in monuments. In: Zezza F, editor. Proceedings of the I international symposium on conservation of monuments in the mediterranean basin; 1989. p. 31-58.
3. ASTM International. ASTM B 117 REV. A document information-standard practice for operating salt spray (Fog) apparatus; 2007.
4. ASTM-American Society of Testing Materials. ASTM E96-90. Standard test methods for water vapor transmission of materials (1990), ASTM, Philadelphia, PA p. 685-95
5. Benavente D., García del Cura M.A., Fort R., and Ordoñez S. Thermodynamic modelling of changes induced by salt pressure crystallization in porous media of stone. J Cryst Growth 204 (1999) 168-178
6. Benavente D., García del Cura M.A., García-Ginea J., Sánchez-Moral S., and Ordóñez S. Role of pore structure in salt crystallization in unsaturated porous stone. J Cryst Growth 260 (2004) 532-544
7. Benavente D., Martínez-Martínez J., Cueto N., and García del Cura M.A. Salt weathering in dual porosity building dolostones. Eng Geol 94 (2007) 215-226
8. Berns R.S. Billmeyer and Saltzman's principles of color technology (2000), Wiley and Sons, Wiley-Interscience
9. Cardell C., Rivas T., Mosquera M.J., Prieto B., Birginie J.M., Silva B., et al. Patterns of damage in igneous and sedimentary rocks under conditions simulating sea-salt weathering. Earth Surf Process Land 28 (2003) 1-14
10. Carretero M.I., Bernabé J.M., and Galán E. Application of sepiolite-cellulose pastes for the removal of salts from building stones. Appl Clay Sci 33 (2006) 43-51
11. Doehne E, Selwitz CX, Carson D, de Tagle A. Damage to monuments from the crystallization of mirabilite, thenardite and halite: mechanisms, environment and preventive possibilities. In: 11th annual V.M. Goldschmidt conference; 2001.
12. Evans I.S. Salt crystallisation and rock weathering: a review. Revue de Geomorphologie Dynamique, 1er année 4 (1970) 153-177
13. ICR-CNR - Instituto Centrale do Restauro-Commisione Normal. Doc. NORMAL 7/81. Assorbimento d'acqua per immersione totale. Capacitá di imbibizione; 1981.
14. ICR-CNR - Instituto Centrale do Restauro-Commisione Normal. Doc. NORMAL 11/85. Assorbimento d'acqua per capilaritá. Coefficiente di assorbimento capillare; 1985.
15. Jiménez-Espinosa R., Vázquez M., and Jiménez-Millán J. Differential weathering of granitic rocks and landscape effects in Mediterranean Climate, Southern Iberian Massif (Spain). Catena 70 (2007) 243-252
16. Kjeldsen P. Behaviour of cyanides in soil and groundwater: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 115 (1999) 297-307
17. Lazzarini L, Tabasso M. Il restauro della pietra. In: Padova, editor. CEDAM; 1986. 319pp.
18. Lubelli B., and van Hess R.P.J. Effectiveness of crystallization inhibitors in preventing salt damage in building materials. J Cult Heritage 8 (2007) 223-234
19. McGreevy J.P. A preliminary scanning electron microscope study of honeycomb weathering of sandstone in a coastal environment. Earth Surf Process Land 10 (1985) 509-518
20. Mosquera M.J., Benitez D., and Perry S.H. Pore structure in mortars applied on restoration. Effect on properties relevant to decay of granite buildings. Cem Concr Res 32 (2002) 1883-1888
21. Mosquera M.J., Pozo J., Esquivias L., Rivas T., and Silva B. Application of mercury porosimetry to the study of xerogels used as stone consolidants. J Non-Cryst Solids 311 (2002) 185-194
22. Mosquera M.J., Rivas T., Prieto B., and Silva B. Capillary rise in granitic rocks: interpretation of kinetics on the basis of pore structure. J Colloid Interf Sci 222 (2000) 41-45
23. Prieto B., and Silva B. Estimation of the potential bioreceptivity of granitic rocks from their intrinsic properties. Int Biodeter Biodegr 56 (2005) 206-215
24. Quayle NJT. Alveolar decay in stone: its possible origin. Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on deterioration and conservation of stone. In: Delgado J, Henriques F, Telmo F, editors. Lisbon, vol. 1; 1992. p. 109-18.
25. RILEM. Réunion Internationale des Laboratoires d'Essais et de Recherche sur les Matériaux et les Constructions. Commission 25 PEM. Protection et Erosion des Monuments. Recommandations provisoires. Essais recommandés pour mesurer l'altération des pierres et évaluer l'efficacité des méthodes de traitement. Test n° II.5, Evaporation curve; 1980.
26. RILEM. Réunion Internationale des Laboratoires d'Essais et de Recherche sur les Matériaux et les Constructions. Commission 25 PEM. Protection et Erosion des Monuments. Recommandations provisoires. Essais recommandés pour mesurer l'altération des pierres et évaluer l'efficacité des méthodes de traitement. Test n°. II.1-open porosity and Test II.2.-bulk and real densities; 1980.
27. RILEM. Réunion Internationale des Laboratoires d'Essais et de Recherche sur les Matériaux et les Constructions. Commission 25 PEM. Protection et Erosion des Monuments. Recommandations provisoires. Essais recommandés pour mesurer l'altération des pierres et évaluer l'efficacité des méthodes de traitement. Crystallization test by partial and total immersion. Matériaux et Constructions 1980;13(75).
28. Rivas Brea T., Prieto Lamas B., and Silva Hermo B. Artificial weathering of granite. Materiales de Construcción 58 289-290 (2008) 179-189
29. Rivas T., Silva B., and Prieto B. Medida de la eficacia de dos hidrofugantes aplicados a rocas graníticas. Materiales de Construcción 48 249 (1998) 5-21
30. Rivas T, Prieto B, Silva B. The effects of crystallization of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride on the weathering of various granites. In: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on the conservation of monuments in the mediterranean basin, Rhodes; 1998.
31. Rivas T, Prieto B, Silva B, Birginie JM. Comparison between traditional and chamber accelerated ageing tests on granitic rocks. In: 9th international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, Venice; 2000.
32. Rodríguez-Navarro C., Linares-Fernández L., Doehne E., and Sebastian E. Effects of ferrocyanide ions on NaCl crystallization in porous stone. J Cryst Growth 243 (2002) 503-516
33. Scherer G.W. Crystallization in pores. Cem Concr Res 29 (1999) 1347-1358
34. Selwitz C., and Doehne E. The evaluation of crystallization modifiers for controlling salt damage to limestone. J Cult Heritage 3 (2002) 205-216
35. Silva B., Rivas T., García-Rodeja E., and Prieto B. Distribution of ions of marine origin in Galicia (NW Spain) as a function of distance from the sea. Atmos Environ 41 (2007) 4396-4407
36. Silva B, Rivas T, Prieto B. Relation between type of soluble salt and decay forms in granitic coastal churches in Galicia (NW Spain). European commission research workshop origin, mechanisms and effects of salts on degradation of monuments in marine and continental environments. In: Zezza, editor. DGXII, protection and conservation of the european cultural heritage, Research report no. 4. Bari, Marzo; 1996. p. 181-90.
37. Silva B, Rivas T, Prieto B. Evaluation of the efficacy of the treatment of granitic rocks with two silicic consolidants. Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on the conservation of monuments in the mediterranean basin, vol. III. Rhodes, Mayo; 1997. p. 375-84.
38. Silva B, Rivas T, Prieto B. Soluble salts in granitic monuments: origin and decay effects. In: Pérez JL, editor. Applied study of cultural heritage and clays; 2003. p. 113-30.
39. Steiger M, Zeunert A. Crystallization properties of salt mixtures: comparison of experimental results and model calculations. In: Riederer J, editor. Proceedings of the 8th international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, Berlin, vol. 1. Berlin: Möller Druckund Verlag GmbH; 1996. p. 535-44.
40. Steiger M. Crystallization properties of mixed salt systems containing chloride and nitrate. Reprints of the EC workshop research on the conservation of brick masonry monuments, Leuven, Belgium; 1994.
41. Trujillano R., García-Talegón J., Iñigo A.C., Vicente M.A., Rives V., and Molina E. Removal of salts from granite by sepiolite. Appl Clays Sci 9 (1995) 459-463
42. UNE-EN 12372. Métodos de ensayo para piedra natural. Determinación de la resistencia a la flexión bajo carga concentrada. In: AENOR, editor; 1999.
43. UNE-EN 14147. Métodos de ensayo para la piedra natural. Determinación de la resistencia al envejecimiento por niebla salina. In: AENOR, editor; 2004.
44. UNE-EN 1926. Métodos de ensayo para piedra natural. Determinación de la resistencia a la compresión. In: AENOR, editor; 1999.
45. Unruh J. A revised endpoint for ceramics desalination at the archaeological site of Gordon, Turkey. Stud Conserv 46 (2001) 81-92
46. Vicente M.A., and Vicente-Tavera S. Clay poultices in salt extraction form ornamental stones: a statistical approach. Clay Clay Miner 49 3 (2001) 227-235
47. Winkler E.M. Stone: properties, durability in man's environment. 2nd ed. (1975), Springer-Verlag, New York 230pp