메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 81, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 66-74

Options, limits and ethics of pharmacological neuroenhancement;Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des pharmakologischen Neuroenhancements

Author keywords

Cognition; Ethics; Learning; Neuroenhancers; Plasticity

Indexed keywords

ALERTNESS; ATTENTION; COGNITION; ETHICS; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; MENTAL CAPACITY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; SOCIAL INTERACTION;

EID: 77249124300     PISSN: 00282804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-009-2858-2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (64)
  • 2
    • 34249083509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of ampakine modulators: From AMPA receptors to synapses and behavior
    • Arai AC, Kessler M (2007) Pharmacology of ampakine modulators: from AMPA receptors to synapses and behavior. Curr Drug Targets 8:583-602
    • (2007) Curr Drug Targets , vol.8 , pp. 583-602
    • Arai, A.C.1    Kessler, M.2
  • 3
    • 0034320441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Student perceptions of methylphenidate abuse at a public liberal arts college
    • Babcock Q, Byrne T (2000) Student perceptions of methylphenidate abuse at a public liberal arts college. J Am Coll Health 49:143-145
    • (2000) J Am Coll Health , vol.49 , pp. 143-145
    • Babcock, Q.1    Byrne, T.2
  • 4
    • 33646768643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action
    • Ballon JS, Feifel D (2006) A systematic review of modafinil: Potential clinical uses and mechanisms of action. J Clin Psychiatry 67:554-566
    • (2006) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 554-566
    • Ballon, J.S.1    Feifel, D.2
  • 5
    • 0032426667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rolipram, a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, facilitates the establishment of long-lasting long-term potentiation and improves memory
    • Barad M, Bourtchouladze R, Winder DG et al (1998) Rolipram, a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, facilitates the establishment of long-lasting long-term potentiation and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:15020-15025
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.95 , pp. 15020-15025
    • Barad, M.1    Bourtchouladze, R.2    Winder, D.G.3
  • 6
    • 4243109691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of modafinil on cognitive and meta-cognitive performance
    • Baranski JV, Pigeau R, Dinich P et al (2004) Effects of modafinil on cognitive and meta-cognitive performance. Hum Psychopharmacol 19:323-332
    • (2004) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.19 , pp. 323-332
    • Baranski, J.V.1    Pigeau, R.2    Dinich, P.3
  • 8
    • 0027476024 scopus 로고
    • A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
    • Bliss TV, Collingridge GL (1993) A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361:31-39
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 31-39
    • Bliss, T.V.1    Collingridge, G.L.2
  • 9
    • 0015799240 scopus 로고
    • Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path
    • Bliss TV, Lomo T (1973) Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol 232:331-356
    • (1973) J Physiol , vol.232 , pp. 331-356
    • Bliss, T.V.1    Lomo, T.2
  • 10
    • 77249136033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Müller O, Clausen J (Hrsg) Das technisierte Gehirn. Ändern die aktuellen Neurotechnologien das menschliche Selbstvertändnis? Mentis, Paderborn
    • Boldt J, Maio G (2009) Neuroenhancement - Vom technizistischen Mißverständnis geistiger Leistungsfähigkeit. In: Müller O, Clausen J (Hrsg) Das technisierte Gehirn. Ändern die aktuellen Neurotechnologien das menschliche Selbstvertändnis? Mentis, Paderborn
    • (2009) Neuroenhancement - Vom Technizistischen Mißverständnis Geistiger Leistungsfähigkeit
    • Boldt, J.1    Maio, G.2
  • 11
    • 0029565951 scopus 로고
    • Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. II. Effects on two nights of recovery sleep
    • Buguet A, Montmayeur A, Pigeau R et al (1995) Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. II. Effects on two nights of recovery sleep. J Sleep Res 4:229-241 (Pubitemid 26010120)
    • (1995) Journal of Sleep Research , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 229-241
    • Buguet, A.1    Montmayeur, A.2    Pigeau, R.3    Naitoh, P.4
  • 12
    • 32444434437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans
    • Chamberlain SR, Muller U, Blackwell AD et al (2006) Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans. Science 311:861-863
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 861-863
    • Chamberlain, S.R.1    Muller, U.2    Blackwell, A.D.3
  • 13
    • 4644325547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cosmetic neurology: The controversy over enhancing movement, mentation, and mood
    • Chatterjee A (2004) Cosmetic neurology: the controversy over enhancing movement, mentation, and mood. Neurology 63:968-974
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 968-974
    • Chatterjee, A.1
  • 14
    • 4644318242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slippery slopes, wonder drugs, and cosmetic neurology: The neuroethics of enhancement
    • Dees RH (2004) Slippery slopes, wonder drugs, and cosmetic neurology: the neuroethics of enhancement. Neurology 63:951-952
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , pp. 951-952
    • Dees, R.H.1
  • 15
    • 49249085858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylphenidate amplifies long-term plasticity in the hippocampus via noradrenergic mechanisms
    • Dommett EJ, Henderson EL, Westwell MS et al (2008) Methylphenidate amplifies long-term plasticity in the hippocampus via noradrenergic mechanisms. Learn Mem 15:580-586
    • (2008) Learn Mem , vol.15 , pp. 580-586
    • Dommett, E.J.1    Henderson, E.L.2    Westwell, M.S.3
  • 16
    • 0026579349 scopus 로고
    • Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade
    • Dudek SM, Bear MF (1992) Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:4363-4367
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.89 , pp. 4363-4367
    • Dudek, S.M.1    Bear, M.F.2
  • 17
    • 0008315073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In: Parens E (ed) Enhancing human traits. Ethical and social implications. Georgetown Univ Press Washington D.C.
    • Elliott C (1998) The tyranny of happiness: ethics and cosmetic psychopharmacology. In: Parens E (ed) Enhancing human traits. Ethical and social implications. Georgetown Univ Press, Washington D.C., p 177-188
    • (1998) The Tyranny of Happiness: Ethics and Cosmetic Psychopharmacology , pp. 177-188
    • Elliott, C.1
  • 18
    • 0030956352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults
    • Elliott R, Sahakian BJ, Matthews K et al (1997) Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology 131:196-206
    • (1997) Psychopharmacology , vol.131 , pp. 196-206
    • Elliott, R.1    Sahakian, B.J.2    Matthews, K.3
  • 19
    • 2342632575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive enhancement: What can we do and what should we do?
    • Farah MJ, Illes J, Cook-Deegan R et al (2004) Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we do and what should we do? Nat Rev Neurosci 5:421-425
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 421-425
    • Farah, M.J.1    Illes, J.2    Cook-Deegan, R.3
  • 20
    • 42549142092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An update on the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine
    • Ferre S (2008) An update on the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine. J Neurochem 105:1067-1079
    • (2008) J Neurochem , vol.105 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Ferre, S.1
  • 21
    • 0034712047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian neural stem cells
    • Gage FH (2000) Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 287:1433-1438
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1433-1438
    • Gage, F.H.1
  • 22
    • 0029738340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die psycholytische Psychotherapie in der Schweiz von 1988-1993
    • Gasser P (1996) Die psycholytische Psychotherapie in der Schweiz von 1988-1993. Schweiz Archiv Neurol Psychiatr 147:56-65
    • (1996) Schweiz Archiv Neurol Psychiatr , vol.147 , pp. 56-65
    • Gasser, P.1
  • 23
    • 31544471840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive performance following modafinil versus placebo in sleep-deprived emergency physicians: A double-blind randomized crossover study
    • Gill M, Haerich P, Westcott K et al (2006) Cognitive performance following modafinil versus placebo in sleep-deprived emergency physicians: a double-blind randomized crossover study. Acad Emerg Med 13:158-165
    • (2006) Acad Emerg Med , vol.13 , pp. 158-165
    • Gill, M.1    Haerich, P.2    Westcott, K.3
  • 24
    • 57649136894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy
    • Greely H, Sahakian B, Harris J et al (2008) Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Nature 456:702-705
    • (2008) Nature , vol.456 , pp. 702-705
    • Greely, H.1    Sahakian, B.2    Harris, J.3
  • 25
    • 3042739104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased positive versus negative affective perception and memory in healthy volunteers following selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition
    • Harmer CJ, Shelley NC, Cowen PJ et al (2004) Increased positive versus negative affective perception and memory in healthy volunteers following selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. Am J Psychiatry 161:1256-1263
    • (2004) Am J Psychiatry , vol.161 , pp. 1256-1263
    • Harmer, C.J.1    Shelley, N.C.2    Cowen, P.J.3
  • 27
    • 0027413618 scopus 로고
    • Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents?
    • Hermle L, Spitzer M, Borchardt D et al (1993) Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects. Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents? Neuropsychopharmacology 8:171-176
    • (1993) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.8 , pp. 171-176
    • Hermle, L.1    Spitzer, M.2    Borchardt, D.3
  • 28
    • 33845972285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation treatment of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders with D-cycloserine
    • Hofmann SG, Pollack MH, Otto MW (2006) Augmentation treatment of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders with D-cycloserine. CNS Drug Rev 12:208-217
    • (2006) CNS Drug Rev , vol.12 , pp. 208-217
    • Hofmann, S.G.1    Pollack, M.H.2    Otto, M.W.3
  • 29
    • 48249122707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of acute treatment with paroxetine, amitriptyline, and placebo on driving performance and cognitive function in healthy Japanese subjects: A double-blind crossover trial
    • Iwamoto K, Takahashi M, Nakamura Y et al (2008) The effects of acute treatment with paroxetine, amitriptyline, and placebo on driving performance and cognitive function in healthy Japanese subjects: a double-blind crossover trial. Hum Psychopharmacol 23:399-407
    • (2008) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.23 , pp. 399-407
    • Iwamoto, K.1    Takahashi, M.2    Nakamura, Y.3
  • 30
    • 44849105272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die moderne Dienstleistungsmedizin auf ethischem Prüfstand
    • Maio G (2007) Die moderne Dienstleistungsmedizin auf ethischem Prüfstand. Schweiz Ärztez 88
    • (2007) Schweiz Ärztez 88
    • Maio, G.1
  • 31
    • 35348923402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medizin auf Wunsch? Eine ethische Kritik der präferenzorientierten Medizin, dargestellt am Beispiel der Ästhetischen Chirurgie
    • Maio G (2007) Medizin auf Wunsch? Eine ethische Kritik der präferenzorientierten Medizin, dargestellt am Beispiel der Ästhetischen Chirurgie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 132:2278-2281
    • (2007) Dtsch Med Wochenschr , vol.132 , pp. 2278-2281
    • Maio, G.1
  • 32
    • 43649090464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modafinil: A review of neurochemical actions and effects on cognition
    • Minzenberg MJ, Carter CS (2008) Modafinil: a review of neurochemical actions and effects on cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1477-1502
    • (2008) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.33 , pp. 1477-1502
    • Minzenberg, M.J.1    Carter, C.S.2
  • 33
    • 12144278672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans
    • Muller U, Steffenhagen N, Regenthal R et al (2004) Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans. Psychopharmacology 177:161-169
    • (2004) Psychopharmacology , vol.177 , pp. 161-169
    • Muller, U.1    Steffenhagen, N.2    Regenthal, R.3
  • 34
    • 55449085762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroenhancement: Status quo and perspectives
    • Normann C, Berger M (2008) Neuroenhancement: status quo and perspectives. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258 [Suppl 5]:110-114
    • (2008) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.258 , Issue.SUPPL 5 , pp. 110-114
    • Normann, C.1    Berger, M.2
  • 35
    • 0034668762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus is dependent on postsynaptic N-type Ca2+ channels
    • Normann C, Peckys D, Schulze CH et al (2000) Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus is dependent on postsynaptic N-type Ca2+ channels. J Neurosci 20:8290-8297
    • (2000) J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 8290-8297
    • Normann, C.1    Peckys, D.2    Schulze, C.H.3
  • 37
    • 23844517204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Authenticity and ambivalence: Toward understanding the enhancement debate
    • Parens E (2005) Authenticity and ambivalence: toward understanding the enhancement debate. Hastings Cent Rep 35:34-41
    • (2005) Hastings Cent Rep , vol.35 , pp. 34-41
    • Parens, E.1
  • 38
    • 0029560394 scopus 로고
    • Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature
    • Pigeau R, Naitoh P, Buguet A et al (1995) Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature. J Sleep Res 4:212-228 (Pubitemid 26010119)
    • (1995) Journal of Sleep Research , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 212-228
    • Pigeau, R.1    Naitoh, P.2    Buguet, A.3    McCann, C.4    Baranski, J.5    Taylor, M.6    Thompson, M.7    Mack, I.8
  • 39
    • 1542300280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive-enhancing properties of modafinil are limited in non-sleep-deprived middle-aged volunteers
    • Randall Dc, Fleck Nl, Shneerson Jm et al (2004) The cognitive-enhancing properties of modafinil are limited in non-sleep-deprived middle-aged volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:547-555
    • (2004) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.77 , pp. 547-555
    • Dc, R.1    Nl, F.2    Jm, S.3
  • 40
    • 26444494547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive effects of modafinil in student volunteers may depend on IQ
    • Randall Dc, Shneerson Jm, File Se (2005) Cognitive effects of modafinil in student volunteers may depend on IQ. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 82:133-139
    • (2005) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.82 , pp. 133-139
    • Dc, R.1    Jm, S.2    Se, F.3
  • 41
    • 0038753939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modafinil affects mood, but not cognitive function, in healthy young volunteers
    • Randall Dc, Shneerson Jm, Plaha Kk et al (2003) Modafinil affects mood, but not cognitive function, in healthy young volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 18:163-173
    • (2003) Hum Psychopharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 163-173
    • Dc, R.1    Jm, S.2    Kk, P.3
  • 42
    • 15444368645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does modafinil enhance cognitive performance in young volunteers who are not sleep-deprived?
    • Randall DC, Viswanath A, Bharania P et al (2005) Does modafinil enhance cognitive performance in young volunteers who are not sleep-deprived? J Clin Psychopharmacol 25:175-179
    • (2005) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 175-179
    • Randall, D.C.1    Viswanath, A.2    Bharania, P.3
  • 43
    • 4644355629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear
    • Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L et al (2004) Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:1136-1144
    • (2004) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 1136-1144
    • Ressler, K.J.1    Rothbaum, B.O.2    Tannenbaum, L.3
  • 44
    • 24944520099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for cognitive enhancement
    • Rose GM, Hopper A, De Vivo M et al (2005) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for cognitive enhancement. Curr Pharm Des 11:3329-3334
    • (2005) Curr Pharm des , vol.11 , pp. 3329-3334
    • Rose, G.M.1    Hopper, A.2    De Vivo, M.3
  • 45
    • 34247596903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram reverses object memory impairment induced by acute tryptophan depletion in the rat
    • Rutten K, Lieben C, Smits L et al (2007) The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram reverses object memory impairment induced by acute tryptophan depletion in the rat. Psychopharmacology 192:275-282
    • (2007) Psychopharmacology , vol.192 , pp. 275-282
    • Rutten, K.1    Lieben, C.2    Smits, L.3
  • 46
    • 37549063465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professors little helper
    • Sahakian B, Morein-Zamir S (2007) Professors little helper. Nature 450:1157-1159
    • (2007) Nature , vol.450 , pp. 1157-1159
    • Sahakian, B.1    Morein-Zamir, S.2
  • 50
    • 0043168086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of sertraline on autonomic and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers
    • Siepmann M, Grossmann J, Muck-Weymann M et al (2003) Effects of sertraline on autonomic and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 168:293-298
    • (2003) Psychopharmacology , vol.168 , pp. 293-298
    • Siepmann, M.1    Grossmann, J.2    Muck-Weymann, M.3
  • 51
    • 26844481983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of bupropion on cognitive functions in healthy subjects
    • Siepmann M, Werner K, Schindler C et al (2005) The effects of bupropion on cognitive functions in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology 182:597-598
    • (2005) Psychopharmacology , vol.182 , pp. 597-598
    • Siepmann, M.1    Werner, K.2    Schindler, C.3
  • 52
    • 0037151567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ginkgo for memory enhancement: A randomized controlled trial
    • Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A et al (2002) Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:835-840
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 835-840
    • Solomon, P.R.1    Adams, F.2    Silver, A.3
  • 53
    • 33749454756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: Prevalence, motives, and routes of administration
    • Teter CJ, Mccabe SE, Lagrange K et al (2006) Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy 26:1501-1510
    • (2006) Pharmacotherapy , vol.26 , pp. 1501-1510
    • Teter, C.J.1    McCabe, S.E.2    Lagrange, K.3
  • 54
    • 0033604506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite
    • Toni N, Buchs PA, Nikonenko I et al (1999) LTP promotes formation of multiple spine synapses between a single axon terminal and a dendrite. Nature 402:421-425
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 421-425
    • Toni, N.1    Buchs, P.A.2    Nikonenko, I.3
  • 56
    • 0345103767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers
    • Turner DC, Robbins TW, Clark L et al (2003) Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 165:260-269
    • (2003) Psychopharmacology , vol.165 , pp. 260-269
    • Turner, D.C.1    Robbins, T.W.2    Clark, L.3
  • 57
    • 0043240395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative lack of cognitive effects of methylphenidate in elderly male volunteers
    • Turner DC, Robbins TW, Clark L et al (2003) Relative lack of cognitive effects of methylphenidate in elderly male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 168:455-464
    • (2003) Psychopharmacology , vol.168 , pp. 455-464
    • Turner, D.C.1    Robbins, T.W.2    Clark, L.3
  • 58
    • 40649116135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning and memory in conditioned fear extinction: Effects of D-cycloserine
    • Vervliet B (2008) Learning and memory in conditioned fear extinction: effects of D-cycloserine. Acta Psychol 127:601-613
    • (2008) Acta Psychol , vol.127 , pp. 601-613
    • Vervliet, B.1
  • 59
    • 44849132080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylphenidate decreased the amount of glucose needed by the brain to perform a cognitive task
    • Volkow nd, Fowler JS, Wang GJ et al (2008) Methylphenidate decreased the amount of glucose needed by the brain to perform a cognitive task. PloS ONE 3
    • (2008) PloS ONE 3
    • Volkow, N.D.1    Fowler, J.S.2    Wang, G.J.3
  • 60
    • 0031783570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA (ecstasy") in MDMA-naive healthy volunteers
    • Vollenweider FX, Gamma A, Liechti M et al (1998) Psychological and cardiovascular effects and short-term sequelae of MDMA (.,ecstasy") in MDMA-naive healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 19:241-251
    • (1998) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.19 , pp. 241-251
    • Vollenweider, F.X.1    Gamma, A.2    Liechti, M.3
  • 61
    • 33745738094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of modafinil on cognitive performance and alertness during sleep deprivation
    • Wesensten NJ (2006) Effects of modafinil on cognitive performance and alertness during sleep deprivation. Curr Pharm Des 12:2457-2471
    • (2006) Curr Pharm des , vol.12 , pp. 2457-2471
    • Wesensten, N.J.1
  • 62
    • 33748060215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
    • Whitlock JR, Heynen AJ, Shuler MG et al (2006) Learning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Science 313:1093-1097
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 1093-1097
    • Whitlock, J.R.1    Heynen, A.J.2    Shuler, M.G.3
  • 63
    • 0036936519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment, enhancement, and the ethics of neurotherapeutics
    • Wolpe PR (2002) Treatment, enhancement, and the ethics of neurotherapeutics. Brain Cogn 50:387-395
    • (2002) Brain Cogn , vol.50 , pp. 387-395
    • Wolpe, P.R.1
  • 64
    • 0037046984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Donepezil and flight simulator performance: Effects on retention of complex skills
    • Yesavage JA, Mumenthaler MS, Taylor JL et al (2002) Donepezil and flight simulator performance: effects on retention of complex skills. Neurology 59:123-125
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 123-125
    • Yesavage, J.A.1    Mumenthaler, M.S.2    Taylor, J.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.