HIV-induced immune activation - Pathogenesis and clinical relevance: Summary of a workshop organized by the German Aids Society (DAIG E.V.) and the ICH Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, November 22, 2008

European Journal of Medical Research

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-12

  Stellbrink, H J ^a   Baldus, S ^b   Behrens, G ^b   Bogner, J R ^b   Harrer, T ^b   Hoffmann, C ^b   Van Lunzen, J ^b   Munch J ^b   Racz, P ^b   Scheller, C ^b   Stoll, M ^b   Tenner Racz, K ^b   Rockstroh, J ^b  

^a Infektionsmedizinisches Centrum Hamburg   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CCL3L1 CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CYTOKINE; LAMIVUDINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LOPINAVIR; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; NEF PROTEIN; RITONAVIR; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; TENOFOVIR; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DIVISION; CELL EXPANSION; CELL LOSS; CELL MATURATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STIMULATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOLYSIS; CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE LYMPHATIC TISSUE; LYMPHOCYTE DEPLETION; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENESCENCE; T CELL DEPLETION; TELOMERE; VIREMIA; VIRUS REPLICATION;

GERMANY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM;

EID: 77149151564     PISSN: 09492321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. Amendola A, Gougeon ML, Poccia F, Bondurand A, Fesus L, Piacentini M. Induction of "tissue" transglutaminase in HlV pathogenesis: evidence for high rate of apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes and accessory cells in lymphoid tissues. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 1996 Oct 1;93(20): 11057-62.
2. Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 1996;50:825-54.
3. Andersson J, Fehninger TE, Patterson BK, Pottage J, Agnoli M, Jones P, et al. Early reduction of immune activation in lymphoid tissue following highly active HIV therapy. Aids 1998 Jul 30;12(11):F123-F129.
4. Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, Asher TE, Silvestri G, Rao S, et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HlV infection. Nat Med 2006 Dec;12(12):1365-71.
5. Hazenberg MD, Stuart JW, Otto SA, Borleffs JC, Boucher CA, de Boer RJ, et al. T-cell division in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is mainly due to immune activation: a longitudinal analysis in patients before and during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Blood 2000 Jan;95(1):249-55.
6. Blomback M, Kjellman H, Schulman S, Egberg N, Bottiger B, Wiechel B. Immunoglobulin levels in haemophiliacs at HlV seroconversion and during follow up. Infection 1987 Jul;15(4):248-52.
7. McGowan JP, Shah SS, Small CB, Klein RS, Schnipper SM, Chang CJ, et al. Relationship of serum immunoglobulin and IgG subclass levels to race, ethnicity and behavioral characteristics in HIV infection. Med Sci Monit 2006 Jan;12(1): CR11-CR16.
8. Carbone J, Sarmiento E, Rodriguez-Molina JJ, Gil J, Fernandez-Cruz E. Immunoglobulin levels and prediction of progression to AIDS in HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2004 Dec;18(12):685-6.
9. Cavallin F, Traldi A, di GR, De BE, Davoli G, Gajo G, et al. Predictor of the rate of CD4 lymphocyte loss in HlV-1-seropositive asymptomatic hemophiliacs by in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996 Dec;81(3):224-8.
10. Sweet SP, Rahman D, Challacombe SJ. Serum and saliva immunoglobulin A concentrations show an inverse relationship in HIV infection and AIDS. Aids 1995 Nov;9(11): 1288-9.
11. Mares M, Sartori MT, Zerbinati P, Girolami A. The importance of serial immunoglobulin evaluations in HIV-sero-positive haemophiliacs. Haematologia (Budap) 1993; 25(4): 271-6.
12. Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, Price DA, Taylor JH, Beilman GJ, et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 2004 Sep 20;200(6):749-59.
13. Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Manuelli V, Jean-Pierre P, Lopez P, et al. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal CD4+ T-cell depletion during acute and early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2007 Jan; 81(2):599-612.
14. Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Horowitz A, Hurley A, Hogan C, et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 2004 Sep 20;200(6):761-70.
15. Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, Jean-Pierre P, Manuelli V, Lopez P, et al. Lack of Mucosal Immune Reconstitution during Prolonged Treatment of Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Med 2006 Dec 5;3(12): e484.
16. Gordon SN, Klatt NR, Bosinger SE, Brenchley JM, Milush JM, Engram JC, et al. Severe depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells in AIDS-free simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys. J Immunol 2007 Sep 1;179(5):3026-34.
17. Pandrea IV, Gautam R, Ribeiro RM, Brenchley JM, Butler IF, Pattison M, et al. Acute loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells is not predictive of simian immunodeficiency virus virulence. J Immunol 2007 Sep 1;179(5):3035-46.
18. Hahn BH, Shaw GM, De Cock KM, Sharp PM. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):607-14.
19. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 1999 Feb 4;397(6718):436-41.
20. Santiago ML, Rodenburg CM, Kamenya S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Gao F, Bailes E, et al. SIVcpz in wild chimpanzees. Science 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):465.
21. Wertheim JO, Worobey M. Dating the age of the SIV lineages that gave rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2. PLoS Comput Biol 2009 May;5(5):e1000377.
22. Gao F, Yue L, White AT, Pappas PG, Barchue J, Hanson AP, et al. Human infection by genetically diverse SIVSM-related HIV-2 in west Africa. Nature 1992 Aug 6;358 (6386): 495-9.
23. Keele BF, Jones JH, Terio KA, Estes JD, Rudicell RS, Wilson ML, et al. Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz. Nature 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):515-9.
24. Pandrea I, Silvestri G, Apetrei C. AIDS in african nonhuman primate hosts of SIVs: a new paradigm of SlV infection. Curr HIV Res 2009 Jan;7(1):57-72.
25. Kirchhoff F, Schindler M, Specht A, Arhel N, Munch J. Role of Nef in primate lentiviral immunopathogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008 Sep;65(17):2621-36.
26. Munch J, Schindler M, Wildum S, Rucker E, Bailer N, Knoop V, et al. Primary sooty mangabey simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 nef alleles modulate cell surface expression of various human receptors and enhance viral infectivity and replication. J Virol 2005 Aug;79(16):10547-60.
27. Collins KL, Chen BK, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Baltimore D. HlV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 1998 Jan 22; 391(6665):397-401.
28. Fortin JF, Barat C, Beausejour Y, Barbeau B, Tremblay MJ. Hyper-responsiveness to stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus-infected CD4+ T cells requires Nef and Tat virus gene products and results from higher NFAT, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 induction. J Biol Chem 2004 Sep 17; 279(38):39520-31.
29. Schindler M, Munch J, Kutsch O, Li H, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, et al. Nef-mediated suppression of T cell activation was lost in a lentiviral lineage that gave rise to HIV-1. Cell 2006 Jun 16;125(6):1055-67.
30. Paiardini M, Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Silvestri G. Lessons learned from the natural hosts of HIV-related viruses. Annu Rev Med 2009;60:485-95.
31. Rockstroh J. Besonderheiten im Verlauf der HIV-Infektion bei Hämophilen. Shaker-Verlag; 1999.
32. Giorgi JV, Huktin LE, McKeating JA, Johnson TD, Owens B, Jacobson LP, et al. Shorter Survival in Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection is More Closely Associated with T Lymphocyte Activation than with Plasma Virus Burden of Virus Chemokine Coreceptor Usage. J Infect Dis 1999;179:859-70.
33. Holm M, Pettersen FO, Kvale D. PD-1 predicts CD4 loss rate in chronic HIV-1 infection better than HIV RNA and CD38 but not in cryopreserved samples. Curr HIV Res 2008 Jan;6(1):49-58.
34. Steel A, John L, Shamji MH, Henderson DC, Gotch FM, Gazzard BG, et al. CD38 expression on CD8 T cells has a weak association with CD4 T-cell recovery and is a poor marker of viral replication in HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med 2008 Feb;9(2):118-25.
35. Wilson CM, Ellenberg JH, Douglas SD, Moscicki AB, Holland CA. CD8+CD38+ T cells but not HIV type 1 RNA viral load predict CD4+ T cell loss in a predominantly minority female HIV+ adolescent population. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004 Mar;20(3):263-9.
36. Perfetto SP, Malone JD, Hawkes C, McCrary G, August B, Zhou S, et al. CD38 expression on cryopreserved CD8+ T cells predicts HIV disease progression. Cytometry 1998 Oct 1;33(2):133-7.
37. Liu Z, Cumberland WG, Hultin LE, Prince HE, Detels R, Giorgi JV. Elevated CD38 antigen expression on CD8+ T cells is a stronger marker for the risk of chronic HIV disease progression to AIDS and death in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study than CD4+ cell count, soluble immune activation markers, or combinations of HLA-DR and CD38 expression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997 Oct 1;16(2):83-92.
38. Giorgi JV, Liu Z, Hultin LE, Cumberland WG, Hennessey K, Detels R. Elevated levels of CD38+ CD8+ T cells in HIV infection add to the prognostic value of low CD4+ T cell levels: results of 6 years of follow-up. The Los Angeles Center, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993 Aug;6(8):904-12.
39. Kestens L, Vanham G, Gigase P, Young G, Hannet I, Vanlangendonck F, et al. Expression of activation antigens, HLA-DR and CD38, on CD8 lymphocytes during HIV-1 infection. Aids 1992 Aug;6(8):793-7.
40. Muller P, Engelstadter M, Werner A, Braner J, Staszewski S, Miller V, et al. Increased serum and mRNA levels of RANTES associated with elevated levels of activated CD8+CD38+ T cells in HIV-1 infected individuals. Intervirology 1997;40(4):263-70.
41. Ndhlovu LC, Loo CP, Spotts G, Nixon DF, Hecht FM. FOXP3 expressing CD1271o CD4+ T cells inversely correlate with CD38+ CD8+ T cell activation levels in primary HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 2008 Feb;83(2):254-62.
42. Steel A, Cox AE, Shamji MH, John L, Nelson M, Henderson DC, et al. HIV-1 viral replication below 50 copies/ml in patients on antiretroviral therapy is not associated with CD8+ T-cell activation. Antivir Ther 2007; 12(6):971-5.
43. el-Sadr WM, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, Arduino RC, et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006 Nov 30; 355(22): 2283-96.
44. Korner C, Kramer B, Schulte D, Coenen M, Mauss S, Fatkenheuer G, et al. Effects of HCV co-infection on apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in HIV-positive patients. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009 Jan 7.
45. Sankaran S, George MD, Reay E, Guadalupe M, Flamm J, Prindiville T, et al. Rapid onset of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection is driven by an imbalance between immune response and mucosal repair and regeneration. J Virol 2008 Jan; 82(1): 538-45.
46. Chang JJ, Altfeld M. TLR-mediated immune activation in HIV. Blood 2009 Jan 8;113(2):269-70.
47. Hall JG. The functional anatomy of lymph nodes. In: Stansfeld AG, editor. Lymph Node Biopsy Interpretation.Edinburgh London Melbourne New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1985. p. 1-25.
48. Tenner-Racz K, Racz P. Follicular dendritic cells initiate and maintain infection of the germinal centers by human immunodeficiency virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 201:141-59.
49. Grouard G, Durand I, Filgueira L, Banchereau J, Liu YJ. Dendritic cells capable of stimulating T cells in germinal centres. Nature 1996 Nov 28;384(6607):364-7.
50. Kim CH, Rott L, Kunkel EJ, Genovese MC, Andrew DP, Wu L, et al. Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo. J Clin Invest 2001 Nov;108(9): 1331-9.
51. Breitfeld D, Ohl L, Kremmer E, Ellwart J, Sallusto F, Lipp M, et al. Follicular B helper T cells express CXC chemokine receptor 5, localize to B cell follicles, and support immunoglobulin production. J Exp Med 2000 Dec 4;192(11): 1545-52.
52. Schaerli P, Willimann K, Lang AB, Lipp M, Loetscher P, Moser B. CXC chemokine receptor 5 expression defines follicular homing T cells with B cell helper function. J Exp Med 2000 Dec 4;192(11):1553-62.
53. Chtanova T, Tangye SG, Newton R, Frank N, Hodge MR, Rolph MS, et al. T follicular helper cells express a distinctive transcriptional profile, reflecting their role as non-Th1/Th2 effector cells that provide help for B cells. J Immunol 2004 Jul 1;173(1):68-78.
54. Arnold CN, Campbell DJ, Lipp M, Butcher EC. The germinal center response is impaired in the absence of T cell-expressed CXCR5. Eur J Immunol 2007 Jan;37(1): 100-9.
55. Kim CH, Lim HW, Kim JR, Rott L, Hillsamer P, Butcher EC. Unique gene expression program of human germinal center T helper cells. Blood 2004 Oct 1;104(7):1952-60.
56. Ansel KM, Heyzer-Williams LJ, Ngo VN, Heyzer-Williams MG, Cyster JG. In vivo-activated CD4 T cells upregulate CXC chemokine receptor 5 and reprogram their response to lymphoid chemokines. J Exp Med 1999 Oct 18;190(8):1123-34.
57. Mazzucchelli L, Blaser A, Kappeler A, Scharli P, Laissue JA, Baggiolini M, et al. BCA-1 is highly expressed in Helicobacter pylori-induced mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and gastric lymphoma. J Clin Invest 1999 Nov; 104(10):R49-R54.
58. Amft N, Curnow SJ, Scheel-Toellner D, Devadas A, Oates J, Crocker J, et al. Ectopic expression of the B cell-attracting chemokine BCA-1 (CXCL13) on endothelial cells and within lymphoid follicles contributes to the establishment of germinal center-like structures in Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2001 Nov;44(11):2633-41.
59. Carlsen HS, Baekkevold ES, Johansen FE, Haraldsen G, Brandtzaeg P. B cell attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) and its receptor CXCR5 are expressed in normal and aberrant gut associated lymphoid tissue. Gut 2002 Sep; 51(3):364-71.
60. Burkle A, Niedermeier M, Schmitt-Graff A, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Burger JA. Overexpression of the CXCR5 chemokine receptor, and its ligand, CXCL13 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2007 Nov 1;110(9): 3316-25.
61. Gunn MD, Ngo VN, Ansel KM, Ekland EH, Cyster JG, Williams LT. A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt's lymphoma receptor-1. Nature 1998 Feb 19;391(6669):799-803.
62. Cagigi A, Mowafi F, Phuong Dang LV, Tenner-Racz K, Atlas A, Grutzmeier S, et al. Altered expression of the receptor-ligand pair CXCR5/CXCL13 in B cells during chronic HIV-1 infection. Blood 2008 Dec 1;112(12): 4401-10.
63. Allen SJ, Crown SE, Handel TM. Chemokine: receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism. Annu Rev Immunol 2007;25:787-820.
64. Bachmann MF, Kopf M, Marsland BJ. Chemokines: more than just road signs. Nat Rev Immunol 2006 Feb;6(2): 159-64.
65. Ahuja SK, Kulkarni H, Catano G, Agan BK, Camargo JF, He W, et al. CCL3L1-CCR5 genotype influences durability of immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1-infected individuals. Nat Med 2008 Apr;14(4):413-20.
66. Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, de WS, Drummond F, Lane HC, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 2008 Oct 21;5(10):e203.
67. Kovacs JA, Lempicki RA, Sidorov IA, Adelsberger JW, Herpin B, Metcalf JA, et al. Identification of dynamically distinct subpopulations of T lymphocytes that are differentially affected by HIV. J Exp Med 2001 Dec17; 194(12): 1731-41.
68. Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, Merriman B, Saag MS, Justice AC, et al. Effect of Early versus Deferred Anti-retroviral Therapy for HIV on Survival. N Engl J Med 2009 Apr 1.
69. Zolopa A, Andersen J, Komarow L, Sanchez A, Suckow C, Sanne I, et al. Immediate vs Deferred ART in the Setting of Acute AIDS-related Opportunistic Infection: Final Results of a Randomized Strategy Trial, ACTG A5164. 15th Con Retrovir Opportun Infect 2008 Boston, USA abstract #142. 2008. Ref Type: Abstract
70. Lawn SD, Myer L, Bekker LG, Wood R. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease: incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa. Aids 2007 Jan 30;21(3):335-41.
71. Saraceni V, King BS, Pacheco AGF, Golub JE, Cavalcante SC, Moulton LH, et al. Tuberculosis, HAART use and survival in the THRio Cohort, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. XVII International AIDS Conference, 3-8 August 2008, Mexico City abstract #MOAB0305. 2008. Ref Type: Abstract
72. Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, Dabis F, et al. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet 2008 Apr 26;371(9622):1417-26.
73. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. Aids 2008 Sep 12;22(14):F17-F24.
74. Cutrell A, Hernandez J, Yeo J, Brothers C, Burkle W, Spreen W. Is abacavir (ABC)-containing combination anti-retroviral therapy (CART) associated with myocardial infarction (MI)? No association identified in pooled summary of 54 clinical trials. XVII International AIDS Conference, 3-8 August 2008, Mexico City abstract #WEAB0106. 2008. Ref Type: Abstract
75. McComsey GA, Smith KY, Patel P, Bellos NC, Sloan L, Lackey P, et al. Similar Reductions in Markers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation after Initiation of Abacavir/Lamivudine (ABC/3TC) or Tenofovir/Emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) in the HEAT Study. 16th Conf Retrovir Opportun Infect, Montreal, Canada abstract #732. 2009. Ref Type: Abstract
76. Martin AM, Nolan D, Gaudieri S, Almeida CA, Nolan R, James I, et al. Predisposition to abacavir hypersensitivity conferred by HLA-B*5701 and a haplotypic Hsp70-Hom variant. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 2004 Mar 23; 101(12):4180-5.
77. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 Jul;92(7): 2506-12.
78. Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2005 Jun 28;111(25):3481-8.
79. Hurlimann D, Weber R, Enseleit F, Luscher TF. [HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and endothelium]. Herz 2005 Sep;30(6):472-80.
80. Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA, Weber R, Monforte A, El-Sadr W, et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2007 Apr 26;356(17):1723-35.
81. Charakida M, Donald AE, Green H, Storry C, Clapson M, Caslake M, et al. Early structural and functional changes of the vasculature in HIV-infected children: impact of disease and antiretroviral therapy. Circulation 2005 Jul 5;112(1):103-9.
82. Coll B, Parra S, onso-Villaverde C, Aragones G, Montero M, Camps J, et al. The role of immunity and inflammation in the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with HIV infection. Stroke 2007 Sep;38(9):2477-84.
83. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM, Jr., Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2195-207.
84. Sorensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, Teasdale TW. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med 1988 Mar 24; 318(12):727-32.
85. Quasney MW, Zhang Q, Sargent S, Mynatt M, Glass J, McArthur J. Increased frequency of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308 A allele in adults with human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Ann Neurol 2001 Aug;50(2): 157-62.
86. Witkin SS, Linhares IM, Gerber S, Caetano ME, Segurado AC. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and circulating levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in Brazilian women. J Virol 2001 Jul;75(13): 6242-4.
87. Do H, Vasilescu A, Diop G, Hirtzig T, Coulonges C, Labib T, et al. Associations of the IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFN (gamma) R1 cytokine receptor genes with AIDS progression in a French AIDS cohort. Immunogenetics 2006 Apr;58(2-3):89-98.
88. Price P, James I, Fernandez S, French MA. Alleles of the gene encoding IL-1 alpha may predict control of plasma viraemia in HIV-1 patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2004 Jul 23;18(11):1495-501.
89. Lori F, Maserati R, Lisziewicz J, Minoli L. Immune Reconstitution and Control of HIV. Conference Report. June 5-6, 2003; Stresa, Italy. 2004 p. 170-82.
90. Song H, Nakayama EE, Likanonsakul S, Wasi C, Iwamoto A, Shioda T. A three-base-deletion polymorphism in the upstream non-coding region of human interleukin 7 (IL-7) gene could enhance levels of IL-7 expression. Int J Immunogenet 2007 Apr;34(2):107-13.
91. Price P, Mathiot N, Krueger R, Stone S, Keane NM, French MA. Immune dysfunction and immune restoration disease in HIV patients given highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Virol 2001 Oct;22(3):279-87.
92. Haas DW, Geraghty DE, Andersen J, Mar J, Motsinger AA, D'Aquila RT, et al. Immunogenetics of CD4 lymphocyte count recovery during antiretroviral therapy: An AIDS Clinical Trials Group study. J Infect Dis 2006 Oct 15;194(8):1098-107.
93. Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Goedert JJ, Virgo P, McNeel TS, Scoppa SM, et al. Trends in cancer risk among people with AIDS in the United States 1980-2002. Aids 2006 Aug 1;20(12):1645-54.
94. Wyen C, Fätkenheuer G, Oette M, Plettenberg A, Rockstroh J, van Lunzen J, et al. Treatment of AIDS-related Lymphoma: Rituximab May Be Beneficial Even in Severely Immunosuppressed Patients. 15th Con Retrovir Opportun Infect 2008 Boston, USA abstract #1026. 2008. Ref Type: Abstract
95. Gloghini A, Carbone A. Why would the incidence of HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma increase in the setting of improved immunity? Int J Cancer 2007 Jun 15;120(12):2753-4.
96. Bonnet F, Burty C, Lewden C, Costagliola D, May T, Bouteloup V, et al. Changes in cancer mortality among HIV-infected patients: the Mortalite 2005 Survey. Clin Infect Dis 2009 Mar 1;48(5):633-9.
97. d'Arminio MA, Sabin CA, Phillips A, Sterne J, May M, Justice A, et al. The changing incidence of AIDS events in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med 2005 Feb 28;165(4):416-23.
98. Silverberg MJ, Neuhaus J, Bower M, Gey D, Hatzakis A, Henry K, et al. Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretro-viral therapy in the SMART study. Aids 2007 Sep 12;21(14):1957-63.
99. Monforte A, Abrams D, Pradier C, Weber R, Reiss P, Bonnet F, et al. HIV-induced immunodeficiency and mortality from AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Aids 2008 Oct 18;22(16):2143-53.
100. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007 Jul 7;370(9581):59-67.
101. Grulich AE, Wan X, Law MG, Milliken ST, Lewis CR, Garsia RJ, et al. B-cell stimulation and prolonged immune deficiency are risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in people with AIDS. Aids 2000 Jan 28;14(2):133-40.
102. Breen EC, Fatahi S, Epeldegui M, Boscardin WJ, Detels R, Martinez-Maza O. Elevated serum soluble CD30 precedes the development of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma. Tumour Biol 2006;27(4):187-94.
103. Epeldegui M, Breen EC, Hung YP, Boscardin WJ, Detels R, Martinez-Maza O. Elevated expression of activation induced cytidine deaminase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells precedes AIDS-NHL diagnosis. Aids 2007 Nov 12;21(17):2265-70.
104. Zoufaly A, Stellbrink H-J, an der Heiden M, Kollan C, Hoffmann C, van Lunzen J, et al. Cumulative HIV viremia during highly active antiretroviral therapy is a strong predictor for AIDS-related lymphoma. Journal Of Infectious Diseases in press. 2009. Ref Type: Abstract
105. Oksenhendler E, Boulanger E, Galicier L, Du MQ, Dupin N, Diss TC, et al. High incidence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients with HIV infection and multicentric Castleman disease. Blood 2002 Apr 1;99(7):2331-6.