Measuring spirituality, religiosity, and denial in individuals working in funeral service to predict death anxiety

Omega: Journal of Death and Dying

Volumn 60, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 129-142

  Harrawood, Laura ^a  

^a IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; COMORBIDITY; DENIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; POSTHUMOUS CARE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; RELIGION; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; ANXIETY; ATTITUDE TO DEATH; COMORBIDITY; DENIAL (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTUARY PRACTICE; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; QUESTIONNAIRES; SPIRITUALITY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77149136753     PISSN: 00302228     EISSN: 15413764     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/OM.60.2.b     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Al-Sabwah, M. N., & Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006) Religiosity and death distress in Arabic college students. Death Studies, 30, 365-375.
2. Alvarado, K. A., Templer, D. I., Bresler, C., & Dobson, S. T. (1995). The relationship of religious variables to death depression and death anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 202-204.
3. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press.
4. Brooks, C. W. (2000). The relationship among substance abuse counselors' spiritual well-being, values, Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 21, 11-34.
5. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). (2009). 2009 Standards. Alexandria, VA: CACREP.
6. Christiansen, C. (1997). Nationally speaking-Acknowledging a spiritual dimension in occupational therapy practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 169-172.
7. Choron, J. (1964). Modern man and mortality. New York: Macmillan.
8. Donica, D. L. (2008). Spirituality and occupational therapy: The application of the psychospiritual integration frame of reference. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 27, 107-121.
9. Duffy, R. D. (2006). Spirituality, religion, and career development: Current status and future directions. The Career Development Quarterly, 55, 52-63.
10. Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11, 330-340.
11. Ens, C., & Bond, H. B. (2007). Death anxiety in adolescents: The contribution of bereavement and religiosity. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 55, 169-184.
12. Fleischmann, K. R. (2002-2003). Cadaver use and coping mechanisms in a biomechanics laboratory. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 46, 117-135.
13. Fortner, B. V., & Neimeyer, R. A. (1999). Death anxiety in older adults: A quantitative review. Death Studies, 23, 387-412.
14. Furman, L. D. (2007). Grief is a brutal but empowering teacher: A social worker's reflections on the importance of spiritual assessment and support during the bereavement process. Crisis & Loss, 15(2), 99-112.
15. Graham, S., Furr, S., Flowers, C, & Burke, T. M. (2001). Religion and spirituality in coping with stress. Counseling and Values, 46, 2-13.
16. Green, R. L., Benshoff, J. J., & Harris-Forbes, J. A. (2001). Spirituality in rehabilitation counselor education: A pilot survey. Journal of Rehabilitation, 67, 55-60.
17. Hall, C. R., Dixon, W. A., & Mauzey, E. D. (2004). Spirituality and religion: Implications for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 504-507.
18. Harding, S. R., Flannelly, K. J., Weaver, A. J., & Costa, K. G. (2005). The influence of religion on death anxiety and death acceptance. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8, 253-261.
19. Harrawood, L. K., White L. J., & Benshoff, J. J. (2008). Death anxiety in a national sample of United States funeral directors and its relationship with death exposure, age, and sex. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 58, 131-148.
20. Heintz, L. M., & Baruss, I. (2001). Spirituality in late adulthood. Psychological Reports, 88, 651-654.
21. Hoelter, J.W. (1979). Multidimensional treatment for fear of death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 996-999.
22. Holness, D. L., & Nethercott, J. R. (1989). Health status of funeral service workers expose to formaldehyde. Archives of Environmental Health, 44, 222-228. Retrieved February 20, 2004 from the Ebsco Host Research Database.
23. Howarth, G., & Leaman, O. (Eds.). (2001). Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. New York: Routledge.
24. Hui, V. K., Bond, M. H., & Wing Ng, T. S. (2007). General beliefs about the world as defensive mechanisms against death anxiety. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 54, 199-214.
25. Keith, P. M. (1996). Feelings of deprivation, death anxiety, and depressive symptoms among funeral directors. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 34, 107-115.
26. Knox, S., Catlin, L., Casper, M., & Schlosser, L. Z. (2005). Addressing religion and spirituality in psychotherapy: Clients' perspectives. Psychotherapy Research, 15, 287-303.
27. Kroshus, J., Swarthout, D., & Tibbetts, S. (1995). Critical incident stress among funeral directors: Identifying factors relevant for mental health. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 17, 441-451.
28. Kruse, B. G., Ruder, S., & Martin, L. (2007). Spirituality and coping at the end of life. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 9, 296-304.
29. Leighton, S. (2008). Bereavement therapy with adolescents: Facilitating a process of spiritual growth. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 21, 24-34.
30. Lewis, J. G., Espe-Pfeifer, P., & Blair, G. (1999-2000). A comparison of death anxiety and denial in death-risk and death-exposure occupations. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 40, 421-434.
31. Lonetto, R., & Templer, D. I. (1986). Death Anxiety. New York: Hemisphere.
32. Mahoney, M. J., & Graci, G. M. (1999). The meanings and correlates of spirituality: Suggestions from an exploratory survey of experts. Death Studies, 23, 521-528.
33. Marrone, R. (1999). Dying, mourning, and spirituality: A psychological perspective. Death Studies, 23, 495-511.
34. Neimeyer, R. A., & Moore, M. K. (1994). Validity and reliability of multidimensional fear of death scale. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application (pp. 103-119). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
35. Neimeyer, R. A., Wittkowski, J., & Moser, R. P. (2004). Psychological research on death attitudes: An overview and evaluation. Death Studies, 28, 309-340.
36. Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being, and the quality of life. In L. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy (pp. 224-237). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
37. Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Manual for the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Nyack, NY: Life Advance.
38. Pierce, J. D., Cohen, A. B., Chambers, A., & Meade, R. M. (2007). Gender differences in death anxiety and religious orientation among high school and college students. Mental Health, Religion, & Culture, 10, 143-150.
39. Rasmussen, C. H., & Johnson, M. E. (1994). Spirituality and religiosity: Relative relationships to death anxiety. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 29, 313-318.
40. Reiner, S. M. (2007). Religious and spiritual beliefs: An avenue to explore end-of-like issues. Adultspan Journal, 6, 111-118.
41. Rockwell, F. P. A. (1981). Death anxiety: Comparison of psychiatrists, psychologists, suicidologists, and funeral directors. Psychological Reports, 49, 979-982.
42. Rose, B. M., & O'Sullivan, M. J. (2002). Afterlife beliefs and death anxiety: An exploration of the relationship between afterlife expectations and fear of death in an under-graduate population. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 45(3), 229-243.
43. Schell, B. H., & Zinger, J. T. (1984). Death anxiety scale means and standard deviations for Ontario undergraduates and funeral directors. Psychological Reports, 54, 439-446.
44. Schultz, E. K. (2004). Spirituality and disability: An analysis of select themes. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 18, 57-83.
45. Sherman, D. W. (1997). Correlates of death anxiety in nurses who provide aids care. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 34, 117-137.
46. Spielberger, C. D. (1988). The Rationality/emotionality Defensiveness (r/ed) Scale: Preliminary Test Manual. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Center for Research in Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology.
47. Spielberger, C. D., Reheiser, E. C., & Lunsford, G. D. (2002). Preliminary Test Manual for the Lifestyle Defense Mechanisms Inventory. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Center for Research in Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology.
48. Stanard, R. P., Sandhu, D. S., & Painter, L. C. (2000). Assessment of spirituality in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 204-210.
49. Strachan, E., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2001). Coping with the inevitability of death: Terror management and mismanagement. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping with stress: Effective people and processes (pp. 114-136). New York: Oxford.
50. Suhail, K., & Akram, S. (2002). Correlates of death anxiety in Pakistan. Death Studies, 26, 39-50.
51. Swan, G. E., Carmelli, D., Dame, A., Rosenman, R. H., & Spielberger, C. D. (1991). The rationality/emotional defensiveness scale-I: Internal structure and stability. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 35, 545-554.
52. Swan, G. E., Carmelli, D., Dame, A., Rosenman, R. H., & Spielberger, C. D. (1992). The rationality/emotional defensiveness scale-II: Convergent and discriminant correlational analysis in males and females with and without cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 349-359.
53. Swanson, J. L., & Byrd, K. R. (1998). Death anxiety in young adults as a function of religious orientation, guilt, and separation-individuation conflict. Death Studies, 22, 257-268.
54. Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. Journal of General Psychology, 82, 165-177.
55. Theis, S. L., Biordi, D. L., Coeling, H., Nalepka, C., & Miller, B. (2003). Spirituality in caregiving and care receiving. Holistic Nursing Practice, January/February, 48-55.
56. Thorson, J. A. (1991). Afterlife constructs, death anxiety, and life reviewing: The importance of religion as a moderating variable. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19, 278-284.
57. Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1990). Meanings of death and intrinsic religiosity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 379-389.
58. Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1996). Undertakers' death anxiety. Psychological Reports, 78, 1228-1230.
59. Tomer, A., & Eliason, G. (1996). Toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety. Death Studies, 20, 343-365.
60. Turner, S. B., Kunches, L. M., Gordon, K. F., Travers, P. H., & Mueller, N. E. (1989). Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) among embalmers: A pilot seroprevalence study. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 1425-1426.
61. Wink, P. (2006). Who is afraid of death? Religiousness, spirituality, and death anxiety in late adulthood. Aging, Spirituality, and Palliative Care, 18, 93-110.
62. Wink, P., & Scott, J. (2005). Does religiousness buffer against the fear of death and dying in late adulthood? Findings from a longitudinal study. Journal of Gerontology Series B, 60(4), 207-214.
63. Wolf, C. T., & Stevens, P. (2001). Integrating religion and spirituality in marriage and family counseling. Counseling and Values, 46, 66-75.
64. Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the sun. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
65. Young, J. S., Wiggins-Frame, M., & Cashwell, C. S. (2007). Spirituality and counselor competence: A national survey of American counseling association members. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85, 47-52.