Use of Tourniquets and Their Effects on Limb Function in the Modern Combat Environment

Foot and Ankle Clinics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 23-40

  Kragh Jr , John F ^a  

^a US ARMY INSTITUTE OF SURGICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Disaster; First aid; Hemorrhage control; Mass casualties; Resuscitation

Indexed keywords

BLAST INJURY; BLEEDING; CONVALESCENCE; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; FEMALE; FIRST AID; FOLLOW UP; GUNSHOT INJURY; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; LEG INJURY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE; TOURNIQUET; UTILIZATION REVIEW; WAR;

BLAST INJURIES; EMERGENCY TREATMENT; FEMALE; FIRST AID; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEMORRHAGE; HEMOSTATIC TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; LEG INJURIES; MALE; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE; TOURNIQUETS; WAR; WOUNDS, GUNSHOT;

EID: 77049116574     PISSN: 10837515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2009.11.001     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Beekley A.C., Sebesta J.A., Blackbourne L.H., et al. Prehospital tourniquet use in Operation Iraqi Freedom: effect on hemorrhage control. J Trauma 64 2 (2008) S28-S37
2. Kragh Jr. J.F., Walters T.J., Baer D.G., et al. Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. J Trauma 64 (2008) S38-S50
3. Kragh Jr. J.F., Walters T.J., Baer D.G., et al. Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Ann Surg 249 1 (2009) 1-7
4. Pruitt Jr. B.A. The symbiosis of combat casualty care and civilian trauma care: 1914-2007. J Trauma 64 Suppl 2 (2008) S4-S8
5. Dozier K. Breathing the fire: fighting to report-and survive-the war in Iraq (2008), Meredith Books, Des Moines (IA)
6. Lakstein D., Blumenfeld A., Sokolov T., et al. Tourniquets for hemorrhage control on the battlefield: a 4-year accumulated experience. J Trauma 54 Suppl 5 (2003) S221-S225
7. Brodie S., Hodgetts T.J., Ollerton J., et al. Tourniquet use in combat trauma: UK military experience. J R Army Med Corps 153 4 (2007) 310-313
8. Anderson I.D., Woodford M., and Irving M.H. Preventability of death from penetrating injury in England and Wales. Injury 20 2 (1989) 69-71
9. Dorlac W.C., DeBakey M.E., Holcomb J.B., et al. Mortality from isolated civilian penetrating extremity injury. J Trauma 59 1 (2005) 217-222
10. Burns BD, Zuckerman S. Fragmentation panel of the static detonation committee, advisory council on Scientific Research and Technical Development. United Kingdom: Ministry of Supply; 1942. RC350.
11. Owens B.D., Kragh Jr. J.F., Wenke J.C., et al. Combat wounds in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. J Trauma 64 2 (2008) 295-299
12. Beebe G., and DeBakey M.E. Battle casualties: incidence, mortality and logistic considerations (1952), Charles C Thomas, Springfield (IL) p. 77-147
13. Owens B.D., Kragh Jr. J.F., Macaitis J., et al. Characterization of extremity wounds in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. J Orthop Trauma 21 4 (2007) 254-257
14. Holmes R.H. Wound ballistics and body armor. JAMA 150 2 (1952) 73-78
15. Holmes R.H., Enos Jr. W.F., and Beyer J.C. Medical aspects of body armor used in Korea. JAMA 155 17 (1954) 1477-1478
16. Ennis J.L., Chung K.K., Renz E.M., et al. Joint Theater Trauma System implementation of burn resuscitation guidelines improves outcomes in severely burned military casualties. J Trauma 64 Suppl 2 (2008) S146-S151 [discussion: S151-2]
17. Holcomb J.B., Wade C.E., Michalek J.E., et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg 248 3 (2008) 447-458
18. Cordts P.R., Brosch L.A., and Holcomb J.B. Now and then: combat casualty care policies for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom compared with those of Vietnam. J Trauma 64 Suppl 2 (2008) S14-S20 [discussion: S20]
19. Fox C.J., Gillespie D.L., Cox E.D., et al. Damage control resuscitation for vascular surgery in a combat support hospital. J Trauma 65 1 (2008) 1-9
20. Fox C.J., Gillespie D.L., Cox E.D., et al. The effectiveness of a damage control resuscitation strategy for vascular injury in a combat support hospital: results of a case control study. J Trauma 64 Suppl 2 (2008) S99-S106 [discussion: S106-7]
21. Bellamy R.F. The causes of death in conventional land warfare: implications for combat casualty care research. Mil Med 149 2 (1984) 55-62
22. Champion H.R., Bellamy R.F., Roberts C.P., et al. A profile of combat injury. J Trauma 54 Suppl 5 (2003) S13-S19
23. Acosta J.A., Yang J.C., Winchell R.J., et al. Lethal injuries and time to death in a level I trauma center. J Am Coll Surg 186 5 (1998) 528-533
24. Sauaia A., Moore F.A., Moore E.E., et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma 38 2 (1885) 185-193
25. Holcomb J.B., McMullin N.R., Pearse L., et al. Causes of death in U.S. special operations forces in the Global War on Terrorism: 2001-2004. Ann Surg 245 6 (2007) 986-991
26. Kelly J.F., Ritenour A.E., McLaughlin D.F., et al. Injury severity and causes of death from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003-2004 versus 2006. J Trauma 64 Suppl 2 (2008) S21-S26 [discussion: S26-7]
27. Mabry R.L., Holcomb J.B., Baker A.M., et al. United States Army Rangers in Somalia: an analysis of combat casualties on an urban battlefield. J Trauma 49 3 (2000) 515-528 [discussion: 528-9]
28. Mucciarone J.J., Llewellyn C.H., and Wightman J.M. Tactical combat casualty care in the assault on Punta Paitilla Airfield. Mil Med 171 8 (2006) 687-690
29. Grant R.T., and Reeve E.B. Observations on the general effects of injury in man: with special reference to wound shock. Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 277 (1951), HM Stationery Office, London p. 3-67
30. Beecher H.K., Simeone F.A., Burnett C.H., et al. The internal state of the severely wounded man on entry to the most forward hospital. Surgery 22 (1947) 672-711
31. Ebert R.V., and Stead E.A. The effect of the application of tourniquets on the hemodynamics of the circulation. J Clin Invest 19 4 (1940) 561-567
32. Emerson C.P., and Ebert R.V. A study of shock in battle casualties: measurements of the blood volume changes occurring in response to therapy. Ann Surg 122 5 (1945) 745-772
33. Dougherty P.J. Long-term follow-up study of bilateral above-the-knee amputees from the Vietnam War. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81 10 (1999) 1384-1390
34. Beecher H.K. Early care of the seriously wounded man. JAMA 145 4 (1951) 193-200
35. Feltis J.M. Surgical experience in a combat zone. Am J Surg 119 (1970) 275-278
36. Wilson W.C. The wounded from Alamein: observations on wound shock and its treatment. Army Medical Department Bulletin Suppl 7 (1943) 1-32
37. Artz C.P., Howard J.M., Sako Y., et al. Clinical experiences in the early management of the most severely injured battle casualties. Ann Surg 141 3 (1955) 285-296
38. Rocko J.M., Tischler C., and Swan K.G. Exsanguination in public: a preventable death. J Trauma 22 7 (1982) 635
39. Swan K.G., and Swan R.C. Gunshot wounds: pathophysiology and management. 2nd edition (1989), Yearbook, Chicago p. 226-7, 23-4
40. National Research Council. Burns, shock, wound healing and vascular injuries. In: Mil Surg Manuals (1943), WB Saunders, Philadelphia
41. Klemcke H.G., Baer D.G., Pankratz V.S., et al. Is survival time after hemorrhage a heritable, quantifiable trait? An initial assessment. Shock 29 6 (2008) 748-753
42. Mannucci P.M., and Levi M. Prevention and treatment of major blood loss. N Engl J Med 356 22 (2007) 2301-2311
43. Tejwani N.C., Immerman I., Achan P., et al. Tourniquet cuff pressure: the gulf between science and practice. J Trauma 61 6 (2006) 1415-1418
44. Klenerman L. The tourniquet manual (2003), Springer, London
45. NAEMT (National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians). PHTLS prehospital trauma life support: military version. 6th edition (2007), Mosby, St. Louis (MO) p. 501-19
46. Kalish J., Burke P., Feldman J., et al. The return of tourniquets: original research evaluates the effectiveness of prehospital tourniquets for civilian penetrating extremity injuries. JEMS 33 8 (2008) 44-54
47. Swan Jr. K.G., Wright D.S., Barbagiovanni S.S., et al. Tourniquets revisited. J Trauma 66 3 (2009) 672-675
48. Cain J.S. From the battlefield to our streets: how combat medicine is revolutionizing civilian prehospital care. The War on Trauma Supplement. JEMS Oct (2008) 16-23
49. Walsh M.J., and Walker G. Seal! (1994), Pocket Books, New York p.189
50. Pillgram-Larsen J., and Mellesmo S. [Not a tourniquet, but compressive dressing: experience from 68 traumatic amputations after injuries from mines]. [English abstract]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 112 17 (1992) 2188-2190
51. Pillgram-Larsen J. Compressive bandage, not tourniquet. Experience in 68 patients with traumatic amputation after mine injuries. NATO Research & Technical Organisation Human Factors and Medicine Panel 2004;109-02:1-8.
52. Ochoa J., Danta G., Fowler T.J., et al. Nature of the nerve lesion caused by a pneumatic tourniquet. Nature 233 5317 (1971) 265-266
53. Graham B., Breault M.J., McEwen J.A., et al. Perineural pressures under the pneumatic tourniquet in the upper extremity. J Hand Surg Br 17 3 (1992) 262-266
54. Graham B., Breault M.J., McEwen J.A., et al. Occlusion of arterial flow in the extremities at subsystolic pressures through the use of wide tourniquet cuffs. Clin Orthop 286 (1993) 257-261
55. Walters T.J., Wenke J.C., Kauvar D.S., et al. Effectiveness of self-applied tourniquets in human volunteers. Prehosp Emerg Care 9 4 (2005) 416-422
56. Wolf L.H., and Adkins T.F. Tourniquet problems in war injuries. Bull US Army Med Dep 87 (1945) 77-84
57. Walters T.J., and Mabry R.L. Issues related to the use of tourniquets on the battlefield. Mil Med 170 9 (2005) 770-775
58. Walters T.J., Kragh J.F., and Baer D.G. Influence of fiber-type composition on recovery from tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33 2 (2008) 272-281
59. Kragh Jr. J.F., Baer D.G., and Walters T.J. Extended (16-hour) tourniquet application after combat wounds: a case report and review of the current literature. J Orthop Trauma 21 4 (2007) 274-278
60. Husum H., Ang S.C., and Fosse E. War surgery field manual (1995), Third World Network, Penang (Malaysia) p. 85, 145
61. Husum H., Gilbert M., Wisborg T., et al. Prehospital tourniquets: there should be no controversy. J Trauma 56 1 (2004) 214-215
62. Moore F.A. Tourniquets: another adjunct in damage control?. Ann Surg 249 1 (2009) 8-9
63. Tien H.C., Jung V., Rizoli S.B., et al. An evaluation of tactical combat casualty care interventions in a combat environment. J Am Coll Surg 207 2 (2008) 174-178
64. Wilson H., and Roome N.W. The effects of constriction and release of an extremity: an experimental study of the tourniquet. Arch Surg 32 (1936) 334-345
65. van der Meer C., Valkenburg P.W., Ariens A.T., et al. Cause of death in tourniquet shock in rats. Am J Physiol 210 3 (1966) 513-525
66. Miller D.S. Vascular phenomena: vascular complications in orthopedics. Instr Course Lect 5 (1948) 48-58
67. Middleton R.W., and Varian J.P. Tourniquet paralysis. Aust N Z J Surg 44 2 (1974) 124-128
68. Odinsson A., and Finsen V. Tourniquet use and its complications in Norway. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88 8 (2006) 1090-1092
69. McGraw R.W., and McEwen J.A. The tourniquet. In: McFarlane R.M. (Ed). The hand and upper limb. unsatisfactory results in hand surgery vol. 3 (1987), Churchill Livingstone, New York 5-13
70. 75th Ranger Regiment Trauma Management Team. Ranger Medic Handbook (2007), Cielo Azul Publications, Las Vegas (NV)
71. Böhler L. The treatment of fractures, vol.1. [Tretter H, Luchini HB, Kreuz F, et al, trans.] New York: Grune & Stratton; 1956. p. 126-8.