Postpartum hemorrhage: Epidemiology, risk factors, and causes

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 147-156

  Oyelese, Yinka ^a   Ananth, Cande V ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Postpartum hemorrhage; Uterine atony

Indexed keywords

BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CESAREAN SECTION; DELIVERY; EPISIOTOMY; GENITAL INJURY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; UTERINE ATONY;

FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PREGNANCY; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77049101762     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181cc406d     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. World Health Organization. Maternal mortality in 2000; estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
2. AbouZahr C. Global burden of maternal death and disability. Br Med Bull. 2003; 67:1-11.
3. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 76, October 2006: postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:1039-1047.
4. Bouvier-Colle MH, Pequignot F, Jougla E. Maternal mortality in France: frequency, trends and causes. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2001;30:768-775.
5. Hall M. Hemorrhage. In: Lewis G, ed. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health. Why Mothers Die, 2000- 2002: The Sixth Report of the Confidential Enquiries inMaternal Death in the United Kingdom. London: RCOG Press; 2004.
6. Larsson C, Saltvedt S, Wiklund I, et al. Estimation of blood loss after cesarean section and vaginal delivery has low validity with a tendency to exaggeration. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85: 1448-1452.
7. Toledo P, McCarthy RJ, Hewlett BJ, et al. The accuracy of blood loss estimation after simulated vaginal delivery. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1736-1740, table of contents.
8. Stafford I, Dildy GA, Clark SL, et al. Visually estimated and calculated blood loss in vaginal and cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:519e1-519e7.
9. Gahres EE, Albert SN, Dodek SM. Intrapartum blood loss measured with Cr 51-tagged erythrocytes. Obstet Gynecol. 1962;19:455-462.
10. Pritchard JA, Baldwin RM, Dickey JC, et al. Blood volume changes during pregnancy and the puerperium. II. Red blood cell loss and changes in apparent blood volume during and following vaginal delivery, cesarean section, and cesarean section plus total hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;84:1271-1282.
11. Magann EF, Evans S, Hutchinson M, et al. Postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal birth: an analysis of risk factors. South Med J. 2005;98:419-422. (Pubitemid 40530326)
12. Combs CA, Murphy EL, Laros RK Jr. Factors associated with postpartum hemorrhage with vaginal birth. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;77:69-76.
13. Carroli G, Cuesta C, Abalos E, et al. Epidemiology of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;22: 999-1012.
14. Combs CA, Murphy EL, Laros RK Jr. Factors associated with hemorrhage in cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 77:77-82.
15. Sosa CG, Althabe F, Belizan JM, et al. Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage in vaginal deliveries in a Latin-American population. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113: 1313-1319.
16. Geller SE, Goudar SS, Adams MG, et al. Factors associated with acute postpartum hemorrhage in low-risk women delivering in rural India. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008;101:94-99.
17. Al-Zirqi I, Vangen S, Forsen L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of severe obstetric haemorrhage. BJOG. 2008;115: 1265-1272.
18. Bais JM, EskesM, Pel M, et al. Postpartum haemorrhage in nulliparous women: incidence and risk factors in low and high risk women. A Dutch population-based cohort study on standard (>or=500mL) and severe (> or=1000mL) postpartum haemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;115:166-172.
19. Sheiner E, Sarid L, Levy A, et al. Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum hemorrhage: a population-based study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005;18: 149-154.
20. Hoveyda F,MacKenzie IZ.Secondary postpartum haemorrhage: incidence, morbidity and current management. BJOG. 2001;108:927-930.
21. Cameron CA, Roberts CL, Olive EC, et al. Trends in postpartum haemorrhage. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2006;30: 151-156.
22. Ford JB, Roberts CL, Simpson JM, et al. Increased postpartum hemorrhage rates in Australia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007; 98:237-243.
23. Joseph KS, Rouleau J, KramerMS, et al. Investigation of an increase in postpartum haemorrhage in Canada. BJOG. 2007;114:751-759.
24. Ford JB, Roberts CL, Bell JC, et al. Postpartum haemorrhage occurrence and recurrence: a population-based study. Med J Aust. 2007;187:391-393.
25. Magann EF, Evans S, Chauhan SP, et al. The length of the third stage of labor and the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:290-293.
26. Brinsden PR, Clark AD. Postpartumhaemorrhage after induced and spontaneous labour. Br Med J. 1978;2:855-856.
27. Selo-Ojeme DO, Okonofua FE. Risk factors for primary postpartum haemorrhage. A case control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 1997;259:179-187.
28. Van Dongen PW, Van Roosmalen J, De Boer CN, et al. Oxytocics for the prevention of post-partum haemorrhages. A review. Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1991;13: 238-243.
29. Surbek DV, Fehr PM, Hosli I, Holzgreve W. Oral misoprostol for third stage of labor: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:255-258.
30. Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD000007.
31. James AH, Jamison MG. Bleeding events and other complications during pregnancy and childbirth in women with von Willebrand disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:1165-1169.
32. Kamani AA, McMorland GH, Wadsworth LD. Utilization of red blood cell transfusion in an obstetric setting. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;159:1177-1181.
33. Abu-Heija AT, Chalabi HE. Great grand multiparity: is it a risk? J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;18:136-138.
34. Stones RW, Paterson CM, Saunders NJ. Risk factors for major obstetric haemorrhage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1993;48:15-18.
35. King PA, Duthie SJ, Dong ZG, et al. Secondary postpartum haemorrhage. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989; 29:394-398.
36. Marchant S, Alexander J, Thomas P, et al. Risk factors for hospital admission related to excessive and/or prolonged postpartum vaginal blood loss after the first 24 h following childbirth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006;20: 392-402.