Reacquisition of heroin and cocaine place preference involves a memory consolidation process sensitive to systemic and intra-ventral tegmental area naloxone

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Volumn 93, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 248-260

  Sticht, Martin ^a   Mitsubata, Jackie ^a   Tucci, Mark ^a   Leri, Francesco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cocaine; Conditioned place preference; Heroin; Memory consolidation; Naloxone; Rat; Reacquisition; Ventral tegmental area

Indexed keywords

17 METHYLNALOXONE; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; NALOXONE; OPIATE RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SENSITIVITY; MALE; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; NONHUMAN; PLACE PREFERENCE; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RAT; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS; COCAINE; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HEROIN; MALE; MEMORY; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; NARCOTICS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SPACE PERCEPTION; TIME FACTORS; VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA;

EID: 76949083738     PISSN: 10747427     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.10.005     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Aston-Jones G., and Harris G.C. Brain substrates for increased drug seeking during protracted withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 47 Suppl. 79 (2004)
2. Azar M.R., Jones B.C., and Schulteis G. Conditioned place aversion is a highly sensitive index of acute opioid dependence and withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 170 (2003) 42-50
3. Bao G., Kang L., Li H., Li Y., Pu L., Xia P., et al. Morphine and heroin differentially modulate in vivo hippocampal LTP in opiate-dependent rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2007) 1738-1749
4. Berman D.E., and Dudai Y. Memory extinction, learning anew, and learning the new: Dissociations in the molecular machinery of learning in cortex. Science 291 (2001) 2417-2419
5. Bevilaqua L., Ardenghi P., Schroder N., Bromberg E., Schmitz P.K., Schaeffer E., et al. Drugs acting upon the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signalling pathway modulate memory consolidation when given late after training into rat hippocampus but not amygdala. Behavioral Pharmacology 8 (1997) 331-338
6. Blaiss C.A., and Janak P.H. Post-training and post-reactivation administration of amphetamine enhances morphine conditioned place preference. Behavioral Brain Research 171 (2006) 329-337
7. Blaiss C.A., and Janak P.H. Post-training and post-reactivation administration of amphetamine enhances morphine conditioned place preference. Behavioral Brain Research 171 (2006) 329-337
8. Bonci A., and Williams J.T. Increased probability of GABA release during withdrawal from morphine. Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 796-803
9. Bouton M.E. A learning theory perspective on lapse, relapse, and the maintenance of behavior change. Health Psychology 19 Suppl. 63 (2000)
10. Centonze D., Siracusano A., Calabresi P., and Bernardi G. Removing pathogenic memories: A neurobiology of psychotherapy. Molecular Neurobiology 32 (2005) 123-132
11. Cestari V., and Castellano C. Caffeine and cocaine interaction on memory consolidation in mice. Archives of International Pharmacodynamic Therapy 331 (1996) 94-104
12. Childress A.R., Ehrman R., Rohsenow D.J., Robbins S.J., and O'Brien C.P. Classically conditioned factors in drug dependence. In: Lowinson J.H., Ruiz P., and Millman R.B. (Eds). Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook (1992), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 56-69
13. Chornock W.M., Stitzer M.L., Gross J., and Leischow S. Experimental model of smoking re-exposure: Effects on relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 108 (1992) 495-500
14. David V., Matifas A., Gavello-Baudy S., Decorte L., Kieffer B.L., and Cazala P. Brain regional Fos expression elicited by the activation of mu- but not delta-opioid receptors of the ventral tegmental area: Evidence for an implication of the ventral thalamus in opiate reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008) 1746-1759
15. de Wit H., and Stewart J. Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 79 (1983) 29-31
16. Devine D.P., Leone P., Pocock D., and Wise R.A. Differential involvement of ventral tegmental mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in modulation of basal mesolimbic dopamine release: In vivo microdialysis studies. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 266 (1993) 1236-1246
17. Devine D.P., Leone P., and Wise R.A. Mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission is increased by administration of mu-opioid receptor antagonists. European Journal of Pharmacology 243 (1993) 55-64
18. Di Chiara G., and Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America 85 (1988) 5274-5278
19. Diergaarde L., Schoffelmeer A.N., and De Vries T.J. Pharmacological manipulation of memory reconsolidation: Towards a novel treatment of pathogenic memories. European Journal of Pharmacology 585 (2008) 453-457
20. Ettenberg A., Pettit H.O., Bloom F.E., and Koob G.F. Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: Mediation by separate neural systems. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 78 (1982) 204-209
21. Ferbinteanu J., and McDonald R.J. Dorsal/ventral hippocampus, fornix, and conditioned place preference. Hippocampus 11 (2001) 187-200
22. Fields H.L., Hjelmstad G.O., Margolis E.B., and Nicola S.M. Ventral tegmental area neurons in learned appetitive behavior and positive reinforcement. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 30 (2007) 289-316
23. Floresco S.B., Seamans J.K., and Phillips A.G. Selective roles for hippocampal, prefrontal cortical, and ventral striatal circuits in radial-arm maze tasks with or without a delay. Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 1880-1890
24. Floresco S.B., and Tse M.T. Dopaminergic regulation of inhibitory and excitatory transmission in the basolateral amygdala-prefrontal cortical pathway. Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007) 2045-2057
25. Fricks-Gleason A.N., and Marshall J.F. Post-retrieval beta-adrenergic receptor blockade: Effects on extinction and reconsolidation of cocaine-cue memories. Learning & Memory 15 (2008) 643-648
26. Fulginiti S., and Cancela L.M. Effect of naloxone and amphetamine on acquisition and memory consolidation of active avoidance responses in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 79 (1983) 45-48
27. Garcin F., Radouco-Thomas S., Tremblay R., and Radouco-Thomas C. Experimental narcotic dependence models of primary dependence, abstinence and relapse obtained by intravenous self-administration in rat. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology 1 (1977) 61-81
28. Gerrits M.A., and van Ree J.M. Effect of nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion on motivational aspects involved in initiation of cocaine and heroin self-administration in rats. Brain Research 713 (1996) 114-124
29. Gossop M., Stewart D., Browne N., and Marsden J. Factors associated with abstinence, lapse or relapse to heroin use after residential treatment: Protective effect of coping responses. Addiction 97 (2002) 1259-1267
30. Groblewski P.A., Lattal K.M., and Cunningham C.L. Effects of d-cycloserine on extinction and reconditioning of ethanol-seeking behavior in mice. Alcohol Clinical Experimental Research 33 (2009) 772-782
31. Gutstein H.B., and Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Hardman J.G., and Limbird L.E. (Eds). Goodman & Gilman's: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York 569-619
32. Hand T.H., Koob G.F., Stinus L., and Le Moal M. Aversive properties of opiate receptor blockade: Evidence for exclusively central mediation in naive and morphine-dependent rats. Brain Research 474 (1988) 364-368
33. Hand T.H., Stinus L., and Le Moal M. Differential mechanisms in the acquisition and expression of heroin-induced place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 (1989) 61-67
34. Hsu E.H., Schroeder J.P., and Packard M.G. The amygdala mediates memory consolidation for an amphetamine conditioned place preference. Behavioral Brain Research 129 (2002) 93-100
35. Hyman S.E., Malenka R.C., and Nestler E.J. Neural mechanisms of addiction: The role of reward-related learning and memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience 29 (2006) 565-598
36. Introini-Collison I.B., and McGaugh J.L. Cocaine enhances memory storage in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 99 (1989) 537-541
37. Iorio M.A., and Frigeni V. Narcotic agonist/antagonist properties of quaternary diastereoisomers derived from oxymorphine and naloxone. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 19 (1984) 301-303
38. Iwamoto K., and Klaassen C.D. First-pass effect of morphine in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 200 (1977) 236-244
39. Izquierdo I. Effect of naloxone and morphine on various forms of memory in the rat: Possible role of engogenous opiate mechanisms in memory consolidation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 66 (1979) 199-203
40. Izquierdo I. Different forms of post-training memory processing. Behavioral Neural Biology 51 (1989) 171-202
41. Izquierdo I., and Dias R.D. Effect of ACTH, epinephrine, beta-endorphin, naloxone, and of the combination of naloxone or beta-endorphin with ACTH or epinephrine on memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 8 (1983) 81-87
42. Izquierdo I., and Medina J.H. Memory formation: The sequence of biochemical events in the hippocampus and its connection to activity in other brain structures. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 68 (1997) 285-316
43. Izquierdo I., Medina J.H., Izquierdo L.A., Barros D.M., de Souza M.M., and Mello e Souza. Short- and long-term memory are differentially regulated by monoaminergic systems in the rat brain. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 69 (1998) 219-224
44. Izquierdo I., and Netto C.A. Dual action of post-training naloxone on memory. Behavioral and Neural Biology 53 (1990) 140-146
45. Johnson S.W., and North R.A. Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons. Journal of Neuroscience 12 (1992) 483-488
46. Kalivas P.W. Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Research Reviews 18 (1993) 75-113
47. Kalivas P.W., Duffy P., and Eberhardt H. Modulation of A10 dopamine neurons by gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 253 (1990) 858-866
48. Kalivas P.W., Peters J., and Knackstedt L. Animal models and brain circuits in drug addiction. Molecular Interventions 6 (2006) 339-344
49. Kauer J.A., and Malenka R.C. Synaptic plasticity and addiction. Nature Reviews of Neuroscience 8 (2007) 844-858
50. Killian A.K., Bonese K., and Schuster C.R. The effects of naloxone on behavior maintained by cocaine and heroin injections in the rhesus monkey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 3 (1978) 243-251
51. Koob G.F., Ahmed S.H., Boutrel B., Chen S.A., Kenny P.J., Markou A., et al. Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27 (2004) 739-749
52. Koob G.F., Wall T.L., and Bloom F.E. Nucleus accumbens as a substrate for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 (1989) 530-534
53. Laroche S., Davis S., and Jay T.M. Plasticity at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses: Dual roles in working memory and consolidation. Hippocampus 10 (2000) 438-446
54. Lee J.L., Everitt B.J., and Thomas K.L. Independent cellular processes for hippocampal memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Science 304 (2004) 839-843
55. Leri F., and Rizos Z. Reconditioning of drug-related cues: A potential contributor to relapse after drug reexposure. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 80 (2005) 621-630
56. Leri F., and Stewart J. The consequences of different lapses on relapse to heroin-seeking in rats. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 10 (2002) 339-349
57. Leri F., Zhou Y., Goddard B., Cummins E., and Kreek M.J. Effects of high-dose methadone maintenance on cocaine place conditioning, cocaine self-administration, and mu-opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006) 1462-1474
58. Levy A., Choleris E., and Leri F. Enhancing effect of heroin on social recognition learning in male Sprague-Dawley rats: Modulation by heroin pre-exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 204 (2009) 413-421
59. Lisman J.E., and Grace A.A. The hippocampal-VTA loop: Controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron 46 (2005) 703-713
60. Lu L., Xu N.J., Ge X., Yue W., Su W.J., Pei G., et al. Reactivation of morphine conditioned place preference by drug priming: Role of environmental cues and sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159 (2002) 125-132
61. Lynch G. Memory enhancement: The search for mechanism-based drugs. Nature Neuroscience 5 Suppl. 8 (2002)
62. Mansour A., Burke S., Pavlic R.J., Akil H., and Watson S.J. Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned kappa 1 receptor in the rat CNS and pituitary. Neuroscience 71 (1996) 671-690
63. Mansour A., Fox C.A., Burke S., Akil H., and Watson S.J. Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned mu opioid receptor in the rat CNS. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 8 (1995) 283-305
64. Mansour A., Fox C.A., Burke S., Meng F., Thompson R.C., Akil H., et al. Mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: An in situ hybridization study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 350 (1994) 412-438
65. Manzoni O.J., and Williams J.T. Presynaptic regulation of glutamate release in the ventral tegmental area during morphine withdrawal. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999) 6629-6636
66. Margolis E.B., Hjelmstad G.O., Bonci A., and Fields H.L. Kappa-opioid agonists directly inhibit midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 23 (2003) 9981-9986
67. Margolis E.B., Lock H., Chefer V.I., Shippenberg T.S., Hjelmstad G.O., and Fields H.L. Kappa opioids selectively control dopaminergic neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America 103 (2006) 2938-2942
68. Marlatt G.A., Blume A.W., and Parks G.A. Integrating harm reduction therapy and traditional substance abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 33 (2001) 13-21
69. Marlatt G.A., and Gordon J.R. Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behavior (1985), Guilford Press, New York
70. McDonald R.J., and White N.M. A triple dissociation of memory systems: Hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal striatum. Behavioral Neuroscience 107 (1993) 3-22
71. McGaugh J.L. Memory - A century of consolidation. Science 287 (2000) 248-251
72. McGaugh J.L., and Cahill L. Interaction of neuromodulatory systems in modulating memory storage. Behavioral Brain Research 83 (1997) 31-38
73. McGaugh J.L., McIntyre C.K., and Power A.E. Amygdala modulation of memory consolidation: Interaction with other brain systems. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 78 (2002) 539-552
74. Milton A.L., Lee J.L., and Everitt B.J. Reconsolidation of appetitive memories for both natural and drug reinforcement is dependent on {beta}-adrenergic receptors. Learning & Memory 15 (2008) 88-92
75. Mucha R.F. Is the motivational effect of opiate withdrawal reflected by common somatic indices of precipitated withdrawal? A place conditioning study in the rat. Brain Research 418 (1987) 214-220
76. Mucha R.F., and Iversen S.D. Reinforcing properties of morphine and naloxone revealed by conditioned place preferences: A procedural examination. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 82 (1984) 241-247
77. Nadel L., and Bohbot V. Consolidation of memory. Hippocampus 11 (2001) 56-60
78. Nader K., and Hardt O. A single standard for memory: The case for reconsolidation. Nature Reviews of Neuroscience 10 (2009) 224-234
79. Nader K., Schafe G.E., and LeDoux J.E. The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature Reviews of Neuroscience 1 (2000) 216-219
80. Netto C.A., Dias R.D., and Izquierdo I. Differential effect of posttraining naloxone, beta-endorphin, leu-enkephalin and electroconvulsive shock administration upon memory of an open-field habituation and of a water-finding task. Psychoneuroendocrinology 11 (1986) 437-446
81. O'Callaghan J.P., and Holtzman S.G. Quantification of the analgesic activity of narcotic antagonists by a modified hot-plate procedure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 192 (1975) 497-505
82. Olmstead M.C., and Franklin K.B. The development of a conditioned place preference to morphine: Effects of lesions of various CNS sites. Behavioral Neuroscience 111 (1997) 1313-1323
83. Olmstead M.C., and Franklin K.B. The development of a conditioned place preference to morphine: Effects of microinjections into various CNS sites. Behavioral Neuroscience 111 (1997) 1324-1334
84. Ovari J., and Leri F. Inactivation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex mimics re-emergence of heroin seeking caused by heroin reconditioning. Neuroscience Letters 444 (2008) 52-55
85. Packard M.G., and White N.M. Memory facilitation produced by dopamine agonists: Role of receptor subtype and mnemonic requirements. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 33 (1989) 511-518
86. Paolone G., Botreau F., and Stewart J. The facilitative effects of d-cycloserine on extinction of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference can be long lasting and resistant to reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 202 (2009) 403-409
87. Pavlov I.P. Conditioned reflexes (1927), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
88. Paxinos G., and Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 5th ed. (2005), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego
89. Peters J., Kalivas P.W., and Quirk G.J. Extinction circuits for fear and addiction overlap in prefrontal cortex. Learning & Memory 16 (2009) 279-288
90. Pettit H.O., Ettenberg A., Bloom F.E., and Koob G.F. Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 84 (1984) 167-173
91. Pu L., Bao G.B., Xu N.J., Ma L., and Pei G. Hippocampal long-term potentiation is reduced by chronic opiate treatment and can be restored by re-exposure to opiates. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 1914-1921
92. Quirk G.J., and Mueller D. Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008) 56-72
93. Rescorla R.A. Retraining of extinguished Pavlovian stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animals Behavior Processes 27 (2001) 115-124
94. Rescorla R.A. More rapid associative change with retraining than with initial training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animals Behavior Processes 29 (2003) 251-260
95. Rizos Z., Ovari J., and Leri F. Reconditioning of heroin place preference requires the basolateral amygdala. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 82 (2005) 300-305
96. Routtenberg A. Participation of brain stimulation reward substrates in memory: Anatomical and biochemical evidence. Federal Proceedings 38 (1979) 2446-2453
97. Schroeder J.P., and Packard M.G. Differential effects of intra-amygdala lidocaine infusion on memory consolidation and expression of a food conditioned place preference. Psychobiology 28 (2000) 486-491
98. Schroeder J.P., and Packard M.G. Posttraining intra-basolateral amygdala scopolamine impairs food- and amphetamine-induced conditioned place preferences. Behavioral Neuroscience 116 (2002) 922-927
99. Schroeder J.P., and Packard M.G. Facilitation of memory for extinction of drug-induced conditioned reward: Role of amygdala and acetylcholine. Learning & Memory 11 (2004) 641-647
100. Schulteis G., Markou A., Gold L.H., Stinus L., and Koob G.F. Relative sensitivity to naloxone of multiple indices of opiate withdrawal: A quantitative dose-response analysis. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 271 (1994) 1391-1398
101. See R.E., Fuchs R.A., Ledford C.C., and McLaughlin J. Drug addiction, relapse, and the amygdala. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 985 (2003) 294-307
102. Shaham Y., Erb S., and Stewart J. Stress-induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in rats: A review. Brain Research Reviews 33 (2000) 13-33
103. Shaham Y., Shalev U., Lu L., de Wit H., and Stewart J. The reinstatement model of drug relapse: History, methodology and major findings. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 168 (2003) 3-20
104. Sherman J.E., Pickman C., Rice A., Liebeskind J.C., and Holman E.W. Rewarding and aversive effects of morphine: Temporal and pharmacological properties. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 13 (1980) 501-505
105. Shippenberg T.S., and Bals-Kubik R. Involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system in mediating the aversive effects of opioid antagonists in the rat. Behavioral Pharmacology 6 (1995) 99-106
106. Shoji Y., Delfs J., and Williams J.T. Presynaptic inhibition of GABA(B)-mediated synaptic potentials in the ventral tegmental area during morphine withdrawal. Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999) 2347-2355
107. Simon N.W., and Setlow B. Post-training amphetamine administration enhances memory consolidation in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning: Implications for drug addiction. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 86 (2006) 305-310
108. Sinha R., Fuse T., Aubin L.R., and O'Malley S.S. Psychological stress, drug-related cues and cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 152 (2000) 140-148
109. Spanagel R., Herz A., and Shippenberg T.S. Opposing tonically active endogenous opioid systems modulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America 89 (1992) 2046-2050
110. Stewart J. Neurobiology of conditioning to drugs of abuse. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 654 (1992) 335-346
111. Stinus L., Le M.M., and Koob G.F. Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal. Neuroscience 37 (1990) 767-773
112. Sugita S., Johnson S.W., and North R.A. Synaptic inputs to GABAA and GABAB receptors originate from discrete afferent neurons. Neuroscience Letters 134 (1992) 207-211
113. Suzuki A., Josselyn S.A., Frankland P.W., Masushige S., Silva A.J., and Kida S. Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 4787-4795
114. Taylor J.R., Olausson P., Quinn J.J., and Torregrossa M.M. Targeting extinction and reconsolidation mechanisms to combat the impact of drug cues on addiction. Neuropharmacology 56 Suppl. 95 (2009)
115. Thomas M.J., Kalivas P.W., and Shaham Y. Neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system and cocaine addiction. British Journal of Pharmacology 154 (2008) 327-342
116. Thompson T., and Ostlund Jr. W. Susceptibility to readdiction as a function of the addiction and withdrawal environments. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 60 (1965) 388-392
117. Tiffany S.T. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review 97 (1990) 147-168
118. van Wolfswinkel L., Seifert W.F., and van Ree J.M. Catecholamines and endogenous opioids in ventral tegmental self-stimulation reward. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 30 (1988) 589-595
119. Walsh S.L., Sullivan J.T., Preston K.L., Garner J.E., and Bigelow G.E. Effects of naltrexone on response to intravenous cocaine, hydromorphone and their combination in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 279 (1996) 524-538
120. Warburton D.M. Nicotine as a cognitive enhancer. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 16 (1992) 181-191
121. White F.J. Synaptic regulation of mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 19 (1996) 405-436
122. White N.M., and Carr G.D. The conditioned place preference is affected by two independent reinforcement processes. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 23 (1985) 37-42
123. White N.M., Chai S.C., and Hamdani S. Learning the morphine conditioned cue preference: Cue configuration determines effects of lesions. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 81 (2005) 786-796
124. White N.M., Major R., and Siegel J. Effects of morphine on one-trial appetitive learning. Life Science 23 (1978) 1967-1971
125. White N.M., and Milner P.M. The psychobiology of reinforcers. Annual Review of Psychology 43 (1992) 443-471
126. Wise R.A. Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Review of Neuroscience 5 (2004) 483-494
127. Witkiewitz K., and Marlatt G.A. Relapse prevention for alcohol and drug problems: That was Zen, this is Tao. American Psychologist 59 (2004) 224-235
128. Woolfolk D.R., and Holtzman S.G. Mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists do not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine or d-amphetamine in rats. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 48 (1997) 209-220