메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 268, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 171-175

Chlorophenols, chlorocatechols and chloroguaiacols induce DNA base oxidation in human lymphocytes (in vitro)

Author keywords

Chlorocatechols; Chloroguaiacols; Chlorophenols; Comet assay; Purines oxidation; Pyrimidines oxidation

Indexed keywords

2,4,5 TRICHLOROPHENOL; CATECHOL DERIVATIVE; CHLOROPHENOL; DNA; DNA FORMAMIDOPYRIMIDINE GLYCOSYLASE; ENDONUCLEASE; GUAIACOL; PENTACHLOROPHENOL;

EID: 76749126573     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (35)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 20644460774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different roles of Fpg and Endo II on catechol-induced DNA damage in extended-term cultures of human lymphocytes and L5178Y mous lymphoma cells
    • Andersson M., and Hellman B.E. Different roles of Fpg and Endo II on catechol-induced DNA damage in extended-term cultures of human lymphocytes and L5178Y mous lymphoma cells. Toxicol. In vitro 19 (2005) 779-786
    • (2005) Toxicol. In vitro , vol.19 , pp. 779-786
    • Andersson, M.1    Hellman, B.E.2
  • 2
    • 0019957867 scopus 로고
    • Chromosome changes in lymphocytes after occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP)
    • Bauchinger M., Dresp J., Schmid E., and Hauf R. Chromosome changes in lymphocytes after occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP). Mutat. Res. 102 (1982) 83-88
    • (1982) Mutat. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 83-88
    • Bauchinger, M.1    Dresp, J.2    Schmid, E.3    Hauf, R.4
  • 3
    • 1642415811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of 2,4-D and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol on antioxidant enzymes and level of glutathione in human erythrocytes
    • Bukowska B. Effects of 2,4-D and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol on antioxidant enzymes and level of glutathione in human erythrocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 135 (2003) 435-441
    • (2003) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C , vol.135 , pp. 435-441
    • Bukowska, B.1
  • 4
    • 0035009313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian DNA single-strand break repair: an X-ra(y)ted affair
    • Caldecott K. Mammalian DNA single-strand break repair: an X-ra(y)ted affair. Bioassays 23 (2001) 447-455
    • (2001) Bioassays , vol.23 , pp. 447-455
    • Caldecott, K.1
  • 5
    • 48149088430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorophenol in children's serum from industrial and rural populations after restricted use
    • Carizo D., Grimalt J., Ribas-Fito N., Torrent M., and Sunyer J. Pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorophenol in children's serum from industrial and rural populations after restricted use. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. 71 (2008) 260-266
    • (2008) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. , vol.71 , pp. 260-266
    • Carizo, D.1    Grimalt, J.2    Ribas-Fito, N.3    Torrent, M.4    Sunyer, J.5
  • 6
    • 0025239125 scopus 로고
    • The role of hydroxyl radical in tetrachloroquinone induced DNA strand breaks formation in PM2 DNA and human fibroblasts
    • Carstens C., Blum J., and Wittte I. The role of hydroxyl radical in tetrachloroquinone induced DNA strand breaks formation in PM2 DNA and human fibroblasts. Chem. Biol. Interact. 74 (1990) 305-314
    • (1990) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.74 , pp. 305-314
    • Carstens, C.1    Blum, J.2    Wittte, I.3
  • 7
    • 36849083519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrothermal treatment of mixed preservative-trated wood waste
    • Catallo W., and Shupe T. Hydrothermal treatment of mixed preservative-trated wood waste. Holzforshung 62 (2008) 119-122
    • (2008) Holzforshung , vol.62 , pp. 119-122
    • Catallo, W.1    Shupe, T.2
  • 8
    • 28944433823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of environmental exposure to PAHs on the susceptibility of lymphocytes to DNA-damage induction and on their repair capacity
    • Cebulska-Wasilewska A., Wiecheć A., Panek A., Binkova B., Sram J., and Farmer P. Influence of environmental exposure to PAHs on the susceptibility of lymphocytes to DNA-damage induction and on their repair capacity. Mutat. Res. 588 (2005) 73-81
    • (2005) Mutat. Res. , vol.588 , pp. 73-81
    • Cebulska-Wasilewska, A.1    Wiecheć, A.2    Panek, A.3    Binkova, B.4    Sram, J.5    Farmer, P.6
  • 9
    • 0024378177 scopus 로고
    • Pentachlorophenol measurements in body fluids of people in log homes and workplaces
    • Cline R., Hill R., Philips D., and Needham L. Pentachlorophenol measurements in body fluids of people in log homes and workplaces. Arch. Environ. Health 18 (1989) 475-478
    • (1989) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.18 , pp. 475-478
    • Cline, R.1    Hill, R.2    Philips, D.3    Needham, L.4
  • 10
    • 0033103644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative DNA damage, antioxidants and cancer
    • Collins A.R. Oxidative DNA damage, antioxidants and cancer. BioEssays 21 (1999) 228-246
    • (1999) BioEssays , vol.21 , pp. 228-246
    • Collins, A.R.1
  • 11
    • 0027375157 scopus 로고
    • Direct enzymatic detection of endogenous base damage in human lymphocyte DNA
    • Collins A., Duthie S., and Dobson V. Direct enzymatic detection of endogenous base damage in human lymphocyte DNA. Carcinogenesis 14 (1993) 1733-1735
    • (1993) Carcinogenesis , vol.14 , pp. 1733-1735
    • Collins, A.1    Duthie, S.2    Dobson, V.3
  • 12
    • 0029037087 scopus 로고
    • Induction of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and single-strand breaks in DNA of V79 cells by tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone
    • Dahlhaus M., Almstadt E., Henschke P., Luttgert S., and Appel K. Induction of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and single-strand breaks in DNA of V79 cells by tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone. Mutat. Res. 329 (1995) 29-36
    • (1995) Mutat. Res. , vol.329 , pp. 29-36
    • Dahlhaus, M.1    Almstadt, E.2    Henschke, P.3    Luttgert, S.4    Appel, K.5
  • 13
    • 0034697371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clustered DNA damage, influence on damage excision by XRS5 nuclear extracts and Eschericha coli Nth and Fpg proteins
    • David-Cordonnier M.-H., Laval J., and O'Neil P. Clustered DNA damage, influence on damage excision by XRS5 nuclear extracts and Eschericha coli Nth and Fpg proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 11865-11873
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 11865-11873
    • David-Cordonnier, M.-H.1    Laval, J.2    O'Neil, P.3
  • 14
    • 20644468612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for cytochrome P450 2E1 catalytic activity and expression in rat blood lymphocytes
    • Dey A., Dhawan A., Seth P.K., and Parmar D. Evidence for cytochrome P450 2E1 catalytic activity and expression in rat blood lymphocytes. Life Sci. 77 (2005) 1082-1093
    • (2005) Life Sci. , vol.77 , pp. 1082-1093
    • Dey, A.1    Dhawan, A.2    Seth, P.K.3    Parmar, D.4
  • 15
    • 0023088299 scopus 로고
    • A highly conserved endonuclease activity present in Eschericha coli, bovine and human cells recognizes oxidative DNA damage at sites of pyrimidines
    • Doetsch P., Henner W., Cunningham P., Toney J., and Helland D. A highly conserved endonuclease activity present in Eschericha coli, bovine and human cells recognizes oxidative DNA damage at sites of pyrimidines. Mol. Cell Biol. 7 (1987) 26-32
    • (1987) Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 26-32
    • Doetsch, P.1    Henner, W.2    Cunningham, P.3    Toney, J.4    Helland, D.5
  • 16
    • 1842870007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lake Baikal: a unique place to study evolution of sponges and their stress response in an environment nearly unimpaired by anthropogenic perturbation
    • Efemrova S., Itskovich B., Parfenova V., Drucker V., Muller W., and Schroder C. Lake Baikal: a unique place to study evolution of sponges and their stress response in an environment nearly unimpaired by anthropogenic perturbation. Cell. Mol. Biol. 48 (2002) 359-371
    • (2002) Cell. Mol. Biol. , vol.48 , pp. 359-371
    • Efemrova, S.1    Itskovich, B.2    Parfenova, V.3    Drucker, V.4    Muller, W.5    Schroder, C.6
  • 17
    • 37149057228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative determination of chlorophenols in leather by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection
    • Favaro G., De Leo D., Pastore P., Magno F., and Allardin A. Qualitative determination of chlorophenols in leather by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. J. Chromatgr. 177 (2008) 36-42
    • (2008) J. Chromatgr. , vol.177 , pp. 36-42
    • Favaro, G.1    De Leo, D.2    Pastore, P.3    Magno, F.4    Allardin, A.5
  • 18
    • 0037082953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotoxic effects of malathion: an organophosphorus insecticide, using three mammalian bioassays in vivo
    • Giri S., Prasarol S., Giri A., and Sharma G. Genotoxic effects of malathion: an organophosphorus insecticide, using three mammalian bioassays in vivo. Mutat. Res. 514 (2002) 223-231
    • (2002) Mutat. Res. , vol.514 , pp. 223-231
    • Giri, S.1    Prasarol, S.2    Giri, A.3    Sharma, G.4
  • 19
    • 0037413452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis-inducing neurotoxicity of dopamine and its metabolites via reactive quinine generation in neuroblastoma cells
    • Haque E., Asanuma M., Higashi Y., Miyazaki I., Tanaka K.-I., and Ogawa N. Apoptosis-inducing neurotoxicity of dopamine and its metabolites via reactive quinine generation in neuroblastoma cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1619 (2003) 39-52
    • (2003) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1619 , pp. 39-52
    • Haque, E.1    Asanuma, M.2    Higashi, Y.3    Miyazaki, I.4    Tanaka, K.-I.5    Ogawa, N.6
  • 20
    • 0021260536 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide and the yield of DNA strand breaks in cells of different species
    • Hoffman M., Mell-Fillio A., and Meneghini R. Correlation between cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide and the yield of DNA strand breaks in cells of different species. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 781 (1984) 234-238
    • (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.781 , pp. 234-238
    • Hoffman, M.1    Mell-Fillio, A.2    Meneghini, R.3
  • 21
    • 0022658150 scopus 로고
    • In vitro studies of biological effects of cigarette smoke condensate. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes by weakly acids semivolatile constituents
    • Jansson T., Curvall H., Hedin A., and Enzel C. In vitro studies of biological effects of cigarette smoke condensate. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes by weakly acids semivolatile constituents. Mutat. Res. 169 (1986) 129-136
    • (1986) Mutat. Res. , vol.169 , pp. 129-136
    • Jansson, T.1    Curvall, H.2    Hedin, A.3    Enzel, C.4
  • 22
    • 0032476142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redox cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon o-quinones: metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of catechols bypasses inhibition of superoxide dismutase
    • Jarabak R., Harvey G., and Jarabak J. Redox cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon o-quinones: metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of catechols bypasses inhibition of superoxide dismutase. Chem. Biol. Interact. 115 (1998) 201-213
    • (1998) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.115 , pp. 201-213
    • Jarabak, R.1    Harvey, G.2    Jarabak, J.3
  • 23
    • 0026101864 scopus 로고
    • The induction of DNA strand beaks and formation of semiquinone radicals by metabolites of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol
    • Juhl U., Blum J., Butte W., and Witte I. The induction of DNA strand beaks and formation of semiquinone radicals by metabolites of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 11 (1991) 195-305
    • (1991) Free Radic. Res. Commun. , vol.11 , pp. 195-305
    • Juhl, U.1    Blum, J.2    Butte, W.3    Witte, I.4
  • 25
    • 20744447636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis for in vitro toxicity of chlorophenol to HepG2 cells
    • Liu Y., Chen J., Zhao J., Yu H., Wang X., Jiang J., Jin H., Zhang J., and Wang L. Three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis for in vitro toxicity of chlorophenol to HepG2 cells. Chemosphere 60 (2005) 791-795
    • (2005) Chemosphere , vol.60 , pp. 791-795
    • Liu, Y.1    Chen, J.2    Zhao, J.3    Yu, H.4    Wang, X.5    Jiang, J.6    Jin, H.7    Zhang, J.8    Wang, L.9
  • 26
    • 0016669799 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic metabolism of hexachlorobenzene in rats
    • Lui H., and Sweeney G. Hepatic metabolism of hexachlorobenzene in rats. FEBS Lett. 51 (1975) 225-226
    • (1975) FEBS Lett. , vol.51 , pp. 225-226
    • Lui, H.1    Sweeney, G.2
  • 27
    • 0032128441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collection of two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated phenols, guaiacols and benzenes from ambient air using polyurethane foam/tenax-GC cartridgers
    • McConnell L., and Bidleman T. Collection of two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated phenols, guaiacols and benzenes from ambient air using polyurethane foam/tenax-GC cartridgers. Chemosphere 37 (1998) 885-898
    • (1998) Chemosphere , vol.37 , pp. 885-898
    • McConnell, L.1    Bidleman, T.2
  • 29
    • 18544387607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of chlorophenols, chlorocatechols and chlorinated methoxyphenols in drinking water of the largest cities in Poland
    • Michałowicz J. The occurrence of chlorophenols, chlorocatechols and chlorinated methoxyphenols in drinking water of the largest cities in Poland. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 3 (2005) 327-333
    • (2005) Polish J. Environ. Stud. , vol.3 , pp. 327-333
    • Michałowicz, J.1
  • 30
    • 26044440899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ability of 13 chemical agents used in dental practice to induce sister-chromatid exchanges in Syrian hamster embryo cells
    • Miyachi T., and Tsutsui T. Ability of 13 chemical agents used in dental practice to induce sister-chromatid exchanges in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Odontology 93 (2005) 24-35
    • (2005) Odontology , vol.93 , pp. 24-35
    • Miyachi, T.1    Tsutsui, T.2
  • 33
    • 0031214374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone on heme-regulated eIF-2a kinase eIF-2B activities in eucaryotic protein synthesis
    • Ramaiah A., Chen J.-J., Gallop P., and London M. The effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone on heme-regulated eIF-2a kinase eIF-2B activities in eucaryotic protein synthesis. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 23 (1997) 177-187
    • (1997) Blood Cells Mol. Dis. , vol.23 , pp. 177-187
    • Ramaiah, A.1    Chen, J.-J.2    Gallop, P.3    London, M.4
  • 34
    • 0025288686 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic studies on pentachlorophenol (PCP) in rats
    • Renner G., and Hopper C. Metabolic studies on pentachlorophenol (PCP) in rats. Xenobiotica 20 (1990) 573-582
    • (1990) Xenobiotica , vol.20 , pp. 573-582
    • Renner, G.1    Hopper, C.2
  • 35
    • 0024957767 scopus 로고
    • Observation of overwintering juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawutscha) exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in Upper Fraser River, British Columbia
    • Rogers I., Levings C., Lockhart W., and Norstrom R. Observation of overwintering juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawutscha) exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in Upper Fraser River, British Columbia. Chemosphere 19 (1989) 1853-1868
    • (1989) Chemosphere , vol.19 , pp. 1853-1868
    • Rogers, I.1    Levings, C.2    Lockhart, W.3    Norstrom, R.4
  • 36
    • 0023426871 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of an index of hydrophobocity of DNA interior using 5-methoxypsoralles as a fluorescent probe
    • Sasaki M., Nakasato I., Suiguria H., Fujita H., and Sakata T. Estimation of an index of hydrophobocity of DNA interior using 5-methoxypsoralles as a fluorescent probe. Photochem. Photobiol. 46 (1987) 551-555
    • (1987) Photochem. Photobiol. , vol.46 , pp. 551-555
    • Sasaki, M.1    Nakasato, I.2    Suiguria, H.3    Fujita, H.4    Sakata, T.5
  • 37
    • 36049018112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised reference value for pentachlorophenol in morning urine
    • Schultz C., and Butte W. Revised reference value for pentachlorophenol in morning urine. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 44 (2007) 741-744
    • (2007) Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , vol.44 , pp. 741-744
    • Schultz, C.1    Butte, W.2
  • 39
    • 0042827262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of chromosomal aberrations by phenolic compounds: possible role of reactive oxygen species
    • Silva M., Gaspar J., Silva I., Leao D., and Rueff J. Induction of chromosomal aberrations by phenolic compounds: possible role of reactive oxygen species. Mutat. Res. Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 540 (2003) 29-34
    • (2003) Mutat. Res. Gen. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. , vol.540 , pp. 29-34
    • Silva, M.1    Gaspar, J.2    Silva, I.3    Leao, D.4    Rueff, J.5
  • 40
    • 0023919963 scopus 로고
    • A simple technique for quantification of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells
    • Singh N., McCoy T., Tice R., and Schneider E. A simple technique for quantification of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell Res. 175 (1988) 184-192
    • (1988) Exp. Cell Res. , vol.175 , pp. 184-192
    • Singh, N.1    McCoy, T.2    Tice, R.3    Schneider, E.4
  • 41
    • 0023100690 scopus 로고
    • Formation of glutathione-conjugated semiquinones by the reaction of quinones with glutathine: an ESR study
    • Takahashi N., Schreiber J., and Fischer V. Formation of glutathione-conjugated semiquinones by the reaction of quinones with glutathine: an ESR study. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 252 (1987) 41-48
    • (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.252 , pp. 41-48
    • Takahashi, N.1    Schreiber, J.2    Fischer, V.3
  • 42
    • 0035857758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of metabolic activation of pentachlorophenol to quinines and semiquinones in rodent liver
    • Tsai Ch.-H., Lin P.-H., Waidyantha S., and Rappaport S. Characterization of metabolic activation of pentachlorophenol to quinines and semiquinones in rodent liver. Chem. Biol. Interact. 134 (2001) 55-71
    • (2001) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.134 , pp. 55-71
    • Tsai, Ch.-H.1    Lin, P.-H.2    Waidyantha, S.3    Rappaport, S.4
  • 43
    • 17444394448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pesticides on human peripherial lymphocytes in vitro: induction of DNA damage
    • Underer U., and Basaran N. Effects of pesticides on human peripherial lymphocytes in vitro: induction of DNA damage. Arch. Toxicol. 79 (2005) 169-176
    • (2005) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.79 , pp. 169-176
    • Underer, U.1    Basaran, N.2
  • 44
    • 76749166436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA, 2006. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/minimize/factsshts/pentchlb.pdf.
    • (2006)
    • US, E.P.A.1
  • 45
    • 4344625740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient increase in micronucleus frequency and DNA effects in the comet assay in two patients after intoxication with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
    • Valic E., Jahn O., Papke O., Winker R., Wolf Ch., and Rudiger H. Transient increase in micronucleus frequency and DNA effects in the comet assay in two patients after intoxication with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 77 (2004) 301-306
    • (2004) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , vol.77 , pp. 301-306
    • Valic, E.1    Jahn, O.2    Papke, O.3    Winker, R.4    Wolf, Ch.5    Rudiger, H.6
  • 46
    • 0036330511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ipso-substitution by cytochrome P450 with conversion of p-hydrobenzene derivatives to hydroquinone. Evidence for hydroperoxo-iron as the active oxygen species
    • Vatsis K.P., and Coon M.J. Ipso-substitution by cytochrome P450 with conversion of p-hydrobenzene derivatives to hydroquinone. Evidence for hydroperoxo-iron as the active oxygen species. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 397 (2002) 119-129
    • (2002) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , vol.397 , pp. 119-129
    • Vatsis, K.P.1    Coon, M.J.2
  • 47
    • 0025950232 scopus 로고
    • Residue of pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated contaminants in human tissues: analysis by electron capture gas chromatography and electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry
    • Wagner S., Durand L., Inman L., Kiigemagi U., and Deinzer M. Residue of pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated contaminants in human tissues: analysis by electron capture gas chromatography and electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21 (1991) 596-606
    • (1991) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , vol.21 , pp. 596-606
    • Wagner, S.1    Durand, L.2    Inman, L.3    Kiigemagi, U.4    Deinzer, M.5
  • 48
    • 36249005062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity correlations in pentachloro-benzene oxidation engineered cytochrome P450 (Cam.)
    • Xu F., Bell S., Rao Z., and Wong L. Structure-activity correlations in pentachloro-benzene oxidation engineered cytochrome P450 (Cam.). Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 20 (2007) 473-480
    • (2007) Protein Eng. Des. Sel. , vol.20 , pp. 473-480
    • Xu, F.1    Bell, S.2    Rao, Z.3    Wong, L.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.