Manufacturing exotica: Edith wharton and tourism in French Morocco, 1917-20

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 59-77

  Hunter, F Robert ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC HISTORY; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; IMAGERY; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURISM ECONOMICS; TOURISM MARKET; TOURIST DESTINATION;

MOROCCO;

EID: 76649110269     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: 17437881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263200903432266     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Ministry of Tourism. Office national marocain du Tourisme.
2. E. Wharton, In Morocco (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920). The edition used for this article was published by the Ecco Press, Hopewell, New Jersey, 1996.
3. C. Avonde, 'Le Maroc Touristique. L'Organisation du Tourisme', France-Maroc (15 Oct.-15 Nov. 1918), p.9.
4. F. Robert Hunter, 'Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook and Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868- 1914', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40, No.5 (Sept. 2004), pp.28-54.
5. H. Lee, Edith Wharton (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), pp.6-8, 446-9, 513.
6. The reviews are those of the New York Evening Post, 13 Nov. 1930.
7. Dial, 70/231, 21 Feb. 1920
8. The Times (London) Literary Supplement, 7 Oct. 1920
9. and the New York Times, 31 Oct. 1920.
10. Wharton, In Morocco, viii-x, pp.4-5.
11. Ibid., ix-xii, pp.3-4.
12. C. René -Leclerc, 'Les Routes et pistes au Maroc', France-Maroc (15 Oct.-15 Nov. 1918), pp.319-21.
13. For the expansion of this system after the war, see C.F. Stewart, The Economy of Morocco 1912-1962 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), p.148.
14. Wharton, In Morocco, xii, pp.46, 80, 113, 124, 140, 150, 180, 184, 189, 198, 231 note.
15. K. Baedeker, The Mediterranean. Seaports and Sea Routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coasts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (Leipzig: Karl Baedeker Publisher; London: T. Fisher Unwin; New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1911), pp.1-2, 96.
16. Ibid., p.97.
17. C.R. Pennell, Morocco since 1830. A History (New York: New York University Press, 2000), p.121.
18. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.5, 9, 12-13, 14-15.
19. Ibid., pp.11, 16, 23, 38.
20. See also Pennell, Morocco since 1830, p.172.
21. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.4-5, 14, 38-9, 46, 47, 49, 52, 56, 77, 123, 231 note.
22. Ibid., pp.8-10, 11-12, 14.
23. Ibid., pp.37, 38, 40, 42-3, 110-11.
24. Ibid., pp.131, 132, 145-6, 147.
25. Ibid., pp.4, 12.
26. Ibid., pp.17, 79, 129.
27. Ibid., pp.57-74.
28. Ibid., pp.79-80.
29. Ibid., pp.94-5, 97, 104-6.
30. Ibid., pp.84, 108-9.
31. Ibid., pp.85, 92.
32. Ibid., pp.126-7.
33. Ibid., pp.128-9, 151-3.
34. Ibid., pp.134-5, 139-40.
35. Ibid., pp.32, 267.
36. Ibid., pp.155, 264-5.
37. Ibid., pp.19-21, 129-30.
38. Ibid., 16-17, 28-30, 31-2.
39. Ibid., pp.105-7, 155-7 (see also page 21).
40. Ibid., p.161.
41. Lee, Edith Wharton, p.517.
42. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.24-5, 26-7, 29, 41-2.
43. Ibid., pp.28, 52-7, 112, 136, 137, 148-9.
44. Ibid., p.10.
45. Lee, Edith Wharton, p.517.
46. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.15, 40, 43, 50, 52, 82.
47. Ibid., pp.161-91.
48. Ibid., pp.10, 18, 53, 78, 123, 128-9, 156.
49. See also J. Windus, A Journey to Mequiniz (London: J. Tonson, 1725).
50. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.25-6, 79, 85, 86, 92.
51. Lee, Edith Wharton, pp.514-15.
52. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.20, 22-3, 26.
53. The literature on Orientalism is vast. A good summary of the emergence of the Orientalist perspective and its gradual intersection with the colonial point of point can be found in A.L. Mcfie, Orientalism (London: Longman, 2002), pp.3-49.
54. A. de Botton, The Art of Travel (New York: Vintage International, 2004), pp.69-85.
55. On Loti and de Foucauld, see R. Lebel, Les voyageurs franç ais au Maroc. L'Exoticisme marocain dans la litèrature de voyage (Paris: Librairie coloniale et Orientaliste, 1936), pp.171-204.
56. Loti's book was Au Maroc, and de Foucauld's was Reconnaissance au Maroc.
57. Marquis de Segonzac, Voyages au Maroc, 1899-1901 (Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1903), i-v, pp.4, 7, 30, 156, 166.
58. A. Chevrillon, Un Crépuscle d'Islam. Maroc (Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie., 1906).
59. A. Bernard, Le Maroc (Paris: F. Alcan, 1913).
60. E. Burke III, 'The Creation of the Moroccan Colonial Archive, 1880-1930', History and Anthropology, Vol.18, No.1 (March 2007), pp.1-19.
61. Lee, Edith Wharton, p.515.
62. A. Gide, The Immoralist/L'Immoraliste (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003), pp.21-57, 175-85.
63. Chevrillon, Un Crépuscle d'Islam, pp.14, 27-8, 33-6, 40-43, 97, 107, 109, 111, 114, 117-18, 122-3, 129, 142, 144, 147-8, 150, 159, 230-31, 240, 260.
64. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.157-8.
65. Lee, Edith Wharton, p.515.
66. Bernard, Le Maroc, pp.102, 181, 393.
67. Lee, Edith Wharton, pp.6-8, 513-15.
68. Wharton, In Morocco, pp.20, 22, 26.
69. France-Maroc, Oct.-Nov. 1918, pp.301-6, 311, 317, 331, 337, 338, 339.
70. Ibid., pp.301, 317, 321-33, 334, 337-9.
71. P. Ricard, Le Maroc (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1919).
72. Ibid., v, vi, x, pp.22-4, 27, 31-3.