Protecting Earth-orbiting spacecraft against micro-meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage using composite structural systems and materials: An overview

Advances in Space Research

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 709-720

  Schonberg, William P ^a  

^a University of Missouri Rolla   (United States)

Author keywords

Composite material; Honeycomb sandwich panel; Hypervelocity impact; Satellite; Space debris

Indexed keywords

BALLISTICS; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; DYES; HONEYCOMB STRUCTURES; RISK ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SATELLITES; SPACE DEBRIS; SPACECRAFT; STRUCTURAL PANELS;

BALLISTIC LIMIT EQUATIONS; COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS; EARTH-ORBITING SPACECRAFT; HIGH SPEED IMPACT; HIGH-SPEED PARTICLES; HIGH-SPEED PROJECTILES; HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANELS; HYPERVELOCITY IMPACTS;

ORBITS;

EID: 76649083899     PISSN: 02731177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.11.014     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Anon. Effectiveness of Aluminum Honeycomb Shields in Preventing Meteoroid Damage to Liquid-Filled Spacecraft Tanks, NASA CR-65261, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, 1964.
2. Bettella A., Francesconi A., Pavarin D., Giacomuzzo C., and Angrilli F. Application of wavelet transform to analyze acceleration signals generated by HVI on thin aluminum plates and all-aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1427-1434
3. Blosser, M.L. Development of metallic thermal protection systems for the reusable launch vehicle, in: El-Genk, M.S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Space Technology and Applications International Forum, AIP CP 387, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York, pp. 1125-1144, 1997.
4. Bohannan A., and Fahrenthold E. Hypervelocity impact simulation using membrane particle elements. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1497-1502
5. Boslough M.B., Ang J.M., Chhabildas L.C., Reinhardt W.D., Hall C.A., Cour-Palais B.G., Christiansen E.L., and Crews J.L. Hypervelocity testing of advanced shielding concepts for spacecraft against impacts to 10 km/s. Int. J. Impact Eng. 14 (1993) 95-106
6. Cheng W.L., Langlie S., and Itoh S. Hypervelocity impact of thick composites. Int. J. Impact Eng. 29 (2003) 167-184
7. Christiansen, E.L. Evaluation of Space Station Meteoroid/Debris Shielding Materials. Report No. 87-163, Eagle Engineering Inc., Houston, Texas, 1987.
8. Christiansen E.L. Design and performance equations for advanced meteoroid and debris shields. Int. J. Impact Eng. 14 (1993) 145-156
9. Christiansen E.L., and Kerr J.H. Mesh double-bumper shield: a low-weight alternative for spacecraft meteoroid and orbital debris protection. Int. J. Impact Eng. 14 (1993) 169-180
10. Christiansen E.L., and Kerr J.H. Projectile shape effects on shielding performance at 7 km/s and 11 km/s. Int. J. Impact Eng. 20 (1997) 165-172
11. Christiansen E.L., Crews J.L., Williamsen J.E., Robinson J.H., and Nolen A.M. Enhanced meteoroid and orbital debris shielding. Int. J. Impact Eng. 17 (1995) 217-228
12. Clegg R.A., White D.M., Riedel W., and Harwick W. Hypervelocity impact damage prediction in composites. Part I - material model and characterization. Int. J. Impact Eng. 33 (2006) 190-200
13. Colombo P., Arcaro A., Francesconi A., Pavarin D., Rondini D., and Debei S. Effect of hypervelocity impact on microcellular ceramic foams from a preceramic polymer. Adv. Eng. Mater. 5 11 (2003) 802-805
14. Cour-Palais, B.G. Meteoroid Protection by Multiwall Structures. AIAA Paper No. 69-372, 1969 Hypervelocity Impact Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969.
15. Cour-Palais B.G. Hypervelocity impact in metals, glass and composites. Int. J. Impact Eng. 5 (1987) 221-237
16. Cour-Palais B.G., and Crews J.L. A multi-shock concept for spacecraft shielding. Int. J. Impact Eng. 10 (1990) 135-146
17. Cour-Palais B.G., Piekutowski A.J., Dahl K.V., and Poormon K.L. Analysis of the UDRI tests on Nextel multi-shock shields. Int. J. Impact Eng. 14 (1993) 193-204
18. Daigo, K., Nagao, Y., Kibe, S., Francesconi, A. Hypervelocity Impact Studies on Composite Material. Paper No. IAC-04-IAA.5.12P.03, in: Proceedings of the 55th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Vancouver, Canada, 2004.
19. Destefanis R., and Faraud M. Testing of advanced materials for high resistance debris shielding. Int. J. Impact Eng. 20 (1997) 209-222
20. Finckenor, M. Meteoroid/space debris impacts on MSFC LDEF experiments, in: Levine, A.S. (Ed.), LDEF - 69 Months in Space - First Post-Retrieval Symposium: Part 1, NASA CP-3134, Langley Research Center, Virginia, pp. 435-442, 1992.
21. Francesconi A., Pavarin D., Bettella A., Giacomuzzo C., Faraud M., Destefanis R., Lambert M., and Angrilli F. Generation of transient vibrations an aluminum honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to hypervelocity impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1503-1509
22. Frate, D.T., Nahra, H.K. Hypervelocity Impact Testing of Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Cells. AIAA Paper No. 96-4292, 1996 AIAA Space Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, Alabama (also NASA TM-107325), 1996.
23. Frost, C.L., Rodriguez, P.I. AXAF hypervelocity impact test results, in: Flury, W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-393, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 423-428, 1997.
24. Giacomuzzo C., Pavarin D., Francesconi A., Lambert M., and Angrilli F. SPH evaluation of out-of-plane peak force transmitted during a hypervelocity impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1534-1540
25. Grujicic M., Pandurangan B., Zhao C.L., Biggers S.B., and Morgan D.R. Hypervelocity impact resistance of reinforced carbon-carbon/carbon-foam thermal protection systems. Appl. Surf. Sci. 252 (2006) 5035-5050
26. Herbert, M.K., Taylor, E.A. Hypervelocity impact response of honeycomb: shielding performance and spacecraft subsystem design issues, in: Fair, H. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Hypervelocity Impact Shielding Workshop, Institute for Advanced Technologies, Austin, Texas, pp. 73-79, 1998.
27. Homae T. Hypervelocity planar plate impact experiments of aramid fiber-reinforced plastics. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 25 11 (2006) 1215-1221
28. Horz, F., Cintala, M.J. Impact Experiments into Multiple-Mesh Targets: Concept Development of a Lightweight Collisional Bumper. NASA TM-104764, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, 1993.
29. Horz F., Cintala M.J., Bernhard R.P., and See T.H. Multiple-mesh bumpers: a feasibility study. Int. J. Impact Eng. 17 (1995) 431-442
30. Ito R., and Sekine H. Ballistic limits of GR/EP and hybrid composite rear walls protected by a debris shield. Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour. 13 2 (2006) 118-122
31. Jex, D.W., Miller, A.M., McKay, C.A. The Characteristics of Penetration for a Double-Sheet Structure with Honeycomb, NASA TM-X-53974, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, 1970.
32. Katz S., Grossman E., Gouzman I., Murat M., Wiesel E., and Wagner H.D. Response of composite materials to hypervelocity impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 (2008) 1606-1611
33. Lambert M. Hypervelocity impacts and damage laws. Adv. Space Res. 19 2 (1997) 369-378
34. Lambert M., and Schneider E. Shielding against space debris. A comparison between different shields: the effect of materials on their performances. Int. J. Impact Eng. 17 (1995) 477-485
35. Lambert M., Schäfer F., and Geyer T. Impact damage on sandwich panels and multi-layer insulation. Int. J. Impact Eng. 21 (2001) 369-380
36. Lamontange C., Manuelpillai G.N., Taylor E.A., and Tennyson R.C. Normal and oblique hypervelocity impacts on carbon fiber/peek composites. Int. J. Impact Eng. 23 (1999) 519-532
37. Lamontange C., Manuelpillai G.N., Kerr J.H., Taylor E.A., Tennyson R.C., and Burchell M.J. Projectile density, impact angle and energy effects on hypervelocity impact damage to carbon fiber/peek composites. Int. J. Impact Eng. 26 (2001) 381-398
38. Lee M. Hypervelocity impact into oblique ceramic/metal composite systems. Int. J. Impact Eng. 29 (2003) 417-424
39. Lee M., Kim E.Y., and Yoo Y.H. Simulation of high-speed impact into ceramic composite systems using cohesive-law facture model. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1636-1641
40. Li Y., Li J.B., and Zhang R.Q. Energy-absorption performance of porous materials in sandwich composites under hypervelocity impact loading. Compos. Struct. 64 (2004) 71-78
41. McMillan, A.R. Hypervelocity Impacts into Stainless-Steel Tubes Armored with Reinforced Beryllium, NASA TN-D-3512, Washington, DC, 1966.
42. Munjal, A.K. Minimizing hypervelocity micrometeoroid impact damage to composite space structures, in: Leonid Meteoroid Storm and Satellite Threat Conference, The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California, Paper No. III.4, 1998.
43. Munjal, A.K., Rahnenfuehrer, E.W., Spencer, D.F., Pickett, B.E., Maloney, P.F. Impact damage evaluation of graphite/epoxy composite materials for space applications, in: Proceedings of the 22nd International SAMPE Technical Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 1200-1207, 1990.
44. Numata D., Ohtani K., Anyoji M., Takayama K., Togami K., and Sun M. HVI tests on CFRP laminates at low temperature. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1695-1701
45. Pavarin D., Francesconi A., Destefanis R., Lambert M., Bettella A., Debei S., De Cecco M., Faraud M., Giacomuzzo C., Marucchi-Chierro P.C., Parzianello G., Saggin B., and Angrilli F. Acceleration fields induced by hypervelocity impacts on spacecraft structures. Int. J. Impact Eng. 33 (2006) 580-591
46. Pavarin D., Francesconi A., Destefanis R., Faraud M., Lambert M., Bettella A., Giacomuzzo C., Marucchi-Chierro P.C., Ullio R., and Angrilli F. Analysis of transient vibrations on complex targets representing elementary configurations of GOCE satellite. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1709-1715
47. Putzar, R., Schäfer, F., Romberg, O., Lambert, M. Vulnerability of shielded fuel pipes and heat pipes to hypervelocity impacts, in: Danesy, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-587, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 459-464. 2005a.
48. Putzar, R., Schäfer, F., Stokes, H., Chant, R., Lambert, M. Vulnerability of spacecraft electronic boxes to hypervelocity impacts, in: Proceedings of the 56th International Astronautical Congress, Fukuoka, Japan, Paper No. IAC-05-B.6.4.02, 2005b.
49. Putzar R., Schäfer F., and Lambert M. Vulnerability of spacecraft harnesses to hypervelocity impacts. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1728-1734
50. Riedel W., Nahme H., White D., and Clegg R. Hypervelocity impact damage prediction in composites. Part II - experimental investigations and simulations. Int. J. Impact Eng. 33 (2006) 670-680
51. Robinson J.H., and Nolen A.M. An investigation of metal matrix composites as shields for hypervelocity orbital debris impacts. Int. J. Impact Eng. 17 (1995) 685-696
52. Roybal, R. A new technique for ground simulation of hypervelocity debris, in: Levine, A.S. (Ed.), LDEF - 69 Months in Space. Third Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 3, NASA CP-3275, Langley Research Center, Virginia, pp. 1379-1388, 1995.
53. Ryan S. Numerical simulation in micrometeoroid and orbital debris risk assessment. In: Hiermaier T.S. (Ed). Predictive Modeling of Dynamic Processes: A Tribute to Klaus (2009), Springer, Berlin
54. Ryan, S., Riedel, W., Schäfer, F. Numerical study of hypervelocity space debris impacts on CFRP/Al honeycomb spacecraft structures, in: Proceedings of the 55th International Astronautical Congress, Vancouver, Canada, Paper No. IAC-04-W.1.02, 2004.
55. Ryan S., Schäfer F., and Riedel W. Numerical simulation of hypervelocity impact on CFRP/Al HC/SP spacecraft structures causing penetration and fragment ejection. Int. J. Impact Eng. 33 (2006) 703-712
56. Ryan S., Schäfer F., Destefanis R., and Lambert M. A ballistic limit equation for hypervelocity impacts on composite honeycomb sandwich panel satellite structures. Adv. Space Res. 41 7 (2007) 1152-1166
57. Ryan S., Schäfer F., Guyot M., Hiermaier S., and Lambert M. Characterizing the transient response of CFRP/Al HC spacecraft structures induced by space debris impact at hypervelocity. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1756-1763
58. Salome, R., Albouys, V., Le Floch, C., Sornette, D., Vila, J.-P. High pressure composite tank behavior under a hypervelocity impact, in: Sawaya-Lacoste, H. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-473, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, vol. 2, pp. 621-627, 2001.
59. Sanchez, G.A., Kerr, J.H. Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics (AXAF) Meteoroid and Orbital Debris (M/OD) Test Report. Report No. JSC-27354, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, 1996.
60. Schäfer, F. Impact Tests on METOP Sandwich Panels with MLI. EMI Report E-05/99, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 1999a.
61. Schäfer, F. Impact Tests on Rosetta Sandwich Panels with MLI. EMI Report E-02/99, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 1999b.
62. Schäfer, F. Impact Tests on ATV Sandwich Panels. EMI Report E-11/99, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 1999c.
63. Schäfer, F. Composite Materials Impact Damage Analysis. EMI Report I-83-05, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 2005.
64. Schäfer, F., Putzar, R. Vulnerability of Spacecraft Equipment to Space Debris and Meteoroid Impacts. EMI Report I-15-06, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 2006.
65. Schäfer, F., Schneider, E. Hypervelocity Impacts on CFRP. EMI Report CFRP-01, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 1996.
66. Schäfer, F., Schneider, E., Lambert, M. Review of ballistic limit equations for CFRP structure walls of satellites, in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Environmental Testing for Space Programs, ESA SP-558, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 431-444, 2004.
67. Schäfer, F., Destefanis, R., Ryan, S., Riedel, W., Lambert, M. Hypervelocity impact testing of CFRP/Al honeycomb satellite structures, in: Danesy, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-587, pp. 407-412, 2005a.
68. Schäfer, F., Lambert, M., Christiansen, E., Kibe, S., Stokes, H., Reimerdes, H.-G., Meshcheryakov, S.A., Angrilli, F., Zengayo, H. The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) protection manual, in: Danesy, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-587, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 39-46, 2005b.
69. Schäfer F., Ryan S., Lambert M., and Putzar R. Ballistic limit equation for equipment placed behind satellite structure walls. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1784-1791
70. Schonberg W.P. Hypervelocity impact response of spaced composite material structures. Int. J. Impact Eng. 10 (1990) 509-523
71. Schonberg W.P. Protecting spacecraft against meteoroid/orbital debris impact damage: an overview. Space Debris 1 (2001) 195-210
72. Schonberg, W.P. The Development of Ballistic Limit Equations for Dual-Wall Spacecraft Shielding: A Concise History and Suggestions for Future Development. AIAA Paper No. 2008-1966, in: Proceedings of the 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 2008.
73. Schonberg W.P., and Walker E.J. Use of composite materials in multi-wall structures to prevent perforation by hypervelocity projectiles. Compos. Struct. 19 (1991) 15-40
74. Schonberg W.P., and Walker E.J. Hypervelocity impact of dual-wall structures with graphite/epoxy inner walls. Compos. Eng. 4 10 (1994) 1045-1054
75. Schonberg W.P., and Williamsen J.E. Empirical hole size and crack length models for dual-wall systems under hypervelocity projectile impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 20 (1997) 711-722
76. Schonberg W.P., and Williamsen J.E. Modeling damage in spacecraft impacted by orbital debris particles. J. Astronaut. Sci. 47 (1999) 103-115
77. Schonberg W.P., Schäfer F., and Putzar R. Effectiveness of HC/SP Ballistic Limit Equations in Predicting Perforation/Non-Perforation Response. J. Spacecraft Rockets 46 5 (2009) 976-981
78. Schonberg W.P., Schäfer F., and Putzar R. Hypervelocity impact response of honeycomb sandwich panels. Acta Astronaut. 66 3-4 (2010) 455-466
79. Sennett, R.E., Lathrop, B.L. The effects of hypervelocity impact on honeycomb structures. in: Proceedings of the Ninth AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Palm Springs, California, Paper No. 68-314, 1968.
80. Shephard G.L.Y., and Scheer S.A. Secondary debris impact damage and environment study. Int. J. Impact Eng. 14 (1993) 671-682
81. Sibeaud, J.M., Prieur, C., Puillet, C. Hypervelocity impact on honeycomb target structures, in: Danesy, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-587, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 401-405, 2005.
82. Sibeaud J.M., Thamie L., and Puillet C. Hypervelocity impact on honeycomb target structures: experiments and modeling. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1799-1807
83. Sil'vestrov V.V., Plastinin A.V., and Gorshkov N.N. Hypervelocity impact on laminate composite panels. Int. J. Impact Eng. 17 (1995) 751-762
84. Sil'vestrov V.V., Plastinin A.V., Pai V.V., and Yakovlev I.V. Protective properties of shields of ceramic/aluminum composite for hypervelocity impact. Combust. Explosion Shock Waves 35 3 (1999) 331-337
85. Sil'vestrov V.V., Plastinin A.V., Pai V.V., and Yakovlev I.V. An investigation of ceramic/aluminum composites as shields for hypervelocity impacts. Int. J. Impact Eng. 23 (1999) 859-867
86. Tamura H., and Mutou Y. Quantitative analysis of debris clouds from SiC-fiber-reinforced silicon nitride bumpers. Int. J. Impact Eng. 31 (2005) 1192-1207
87. Taylor, E.A. Cost effective debris shields for unmanned spacecraft, in: Fair, H. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Hypervelocity Impact Shielding Workshop, Institute for Advanced Technologies, Austin, Texas, pp. 139-149, 1998.
88. Taylor, E.A., Herbert, M.K., Gardner, D.J., Kay, L., Thomson, R., Burchell, M.J. Hypervelocity impact on spacecraft carbon fiber reinforced plastic/aluminum honeycomb, in: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (UK), 211(G), pp. 355-363, 1997a.
89. Taylor, E.A., Herbert, M.K., Kay, L. Hypervelocity impact on carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)/aluminum honeycomb at normal and oblique angles, in: Flury, W. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Space Debris, ESA SP-393, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, pp. 429-434, 1997b.
90. Taylor E.A., Herbert M.K., Vaughan B.A.M., and McDonnell J.A.M. Hypervelocity impact on carbon fiber reinforced plastic/aluminum honeycomb: comparison with Whipple bumper shields. Int. J. Impact Eng. 23 (1999) 863-893
91. Taylor E.A., Glanville J.P., Clegg R.A., and Turner R.G. Hypervelocity impact on spacecraft honeycomb: hydrocode simulation and damage laws. Int. J. Impact Eng. 29 (2003) 691-702
92. Tennyson, R.C. Additional results on space environmental effects on polymer matrix composites: experiment A0180, in: Stein, A.B., Young, P.R. (Eds.), LDEF Materials Workshop 1991, Part 2, NASA Langley Research Center, Virginia, pp. 571-592, 1992.
93. Tennyson R.C., and Lamontange C. Hypervelocity impact damage to composites. Compos. Part A 31 (2000) 785-794
94. Tennyson R.C., and Lamontange C. High-velocity impact damage to polymer matrix composites. In: Reid S.R., and Zhou G. (Eds). Impact Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials and Structures (2000), Woodhead Publishing Ltd., England 280-299
95. Tennyson, R.C., Manuelpillai, G. Prediction of space hypervelocity impact damage in composite materials, in: Proceedings of the Eighth CASI Conference on Astronautics, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 441-450, 1994.
96. Tennyson R.C., and Shortliffe G.D. Hypervelocity impact tests on composite boom structures for space robot applications. Can. Aeronaut. Space J. 43 3 (1997) 195-202
97. Tennyson, R.C., Shortliffe, G.D. MOD impact damage on composite materials in space, in: Guyenne, T.D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment, ESA SP-399, Noordwijk, Netherlands, pp. 485-492, 1997b.
98. Tennyson, R.C., George, P., Steckel, G.L., Zimcik, D.G. Proposed test program and data base for LDEF polymer matrix composites, in: Stein, A.B., Young, P.R. (Eds.), LDEF Materials Workshop 1991, Part 2, NASA Langley Research Center, Virginia, pp. 593-600, 1992.
99. Terrillon, F., Warren, H.R., Yelle, M.J. Orbital debris shielding design of the RadarSat spacecraft, in: Proceedings of the 42nd International Astronautical Congress, Montreal, Canada, Paper No. IAF-91-283, 1991.
100. Thompson L.E., and Johnson M.S. Response of woven ceramic bumpers to hypervelocity impacts. Int. J. Impact Eng. 14 (1993) 739-749
101. Turner, R.G., Taylor, E.A. Cost Effective Debris Shields for Unmanned Spacecraft. Final Report, ESA Contract No. 12378/97/NL, Matra Marconi Space, 2000.
102. Turner R.J., Taylor E.A., McDonnell J.A.M., Stokes H., Marriott P., Wilkinson J., Catling D.J., Vignjevic R., Berthoud L., and Lambert M. Cost effective honeycomb and multi-layer insulation debris shields for unmanned spacecraft. Int. J. Impact Eng. 26 (2001) 785-796
103. Unda, J., Weisz, J., Uriarte, A., Capitano, R.S. Residual strength of CFRP tubes subjected to hypervelocity debris impact, in: Proceedings of the 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Jerusalem, Israel, Paper No. IAF-94-I.5.212, 1994.
104. Vergniaud J.B., Guyot M., Lambert M., Schafer F., Ryan S., Hiermaier S., and Taylor E.A. Structural vibrations induced by HVI - application to the GAIA spacecraft. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1836-1843
105. Verker R., Grossman E., Gouzman I., and Eliaz N. Residual stress effect on degradation of polyimide under simulated hypervelocity space debris and atomic oxygen. Polymer 48 (2007) 19-24
106. White D.M., Taylor E.A., and Clegg R. Numerical simulation and experimental characterization of direct hypervelocity impact on a spacecraft hybrid carbon fiber/Kevlar composite structure. Int. J. Impact Eng. 29 (2003) 779-790
107. Wicklein, M. Carbon Fiber Material Models for Hypervelocity Impact Simulations: Testing. EMI Report No. I-73/06, Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany, 2006.
108. Wicklein M., Ryan S., White D.M., and Clegg R.A. Hypervelocity impact on CFRP: testing, material modeling, and numerical simulation. Int. J. Impact Eng. 35 12 (2008) 1861-1869
109. Williams, J.G. High-Velocity-Impact Tests Conducted with Polyethylene Terephthalate Projectiles and Flexible Composite Wall Panels. NASA TN-D-6135, Washington, DC, 1971.
110. Williams, J.G., Goodman, G.P. Structural and Materials Investigation of a 1/8-Scale-Model Space Structure of Toroidal Configuration and Filamentary Construction. NASA TN-D-2652, Washington, DC, 1965.
111. Williamsen J.E., Evans H.A., and Schonberg W.P. Effect of multi-wall system composition on survivability for spacecraft impacted by orbital debris. Space Debris 1 1 (1999) 37-43
112. Yew C.H., and Kendrick R.B. A study of damage in composite panels produced by hypervelocity impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 5 (1987) 729-738