Leaderless resistance today

First Monday

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2003, Pages

  Garfinkel, Simson L ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7644231652     PISSN: 13960466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5210/fm.v8i3.1040     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Peter Chalk, "Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam's (LTTE) International Organization and Operations - a Preliminary Analysis," Commentary No. 77 (17 March 2000).
2. Jessica Stern, lecture on LTTE, ISP-211, Harvard University, 4 November 2002
3. James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 30-56, 195-214.
4. Rohan Gunaratna, lecture on Al Qaeda, ISP-211, Harvard University, 30 October 2002
5. Background on bream can be found at the Anti-Defamation League's Web site "Louis Beam," Anti-Defamation League, cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/beam.asp?xpicked=2&item=beam.
6. Louis Beam, "Leaderless Resistance," Inter-Klan Newsletter & Survival Alert, undated, circa May 1983, pages not numbered. On file at Political Research Associates.
7. Louis Beam, "Leaderless Resistance," The Seditionist, 12 (February 1992); at http://www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm, pp. 12-13.
8. Dalit Sena, "Leaderless Resistance - Foundation Stone of the Dalit Sena," cited 7 January 2003, at http://www.dalitstan.org/sena/parivar/llessres.html.
9. "The Firebrand: Louis Beam, revolutionary leader, fire-breathing orator and racist strategist par excellence, could be facing his Waterloo," Intelligence Report 106 (Summer 2002), Southern Poverty Law Center, at http://www.splcenter.org/cgi-bin/goframe.pl?refname=/intelligenceproject /ip-4v4.html.
10. Paul de Armond, letter to author. 5 February 2003.
11. Anti Defamation League, "Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online. Identity Church Movement: Posse Comitatus," cited 8 February 2003, at http://www.adl.org/poisoning_web/posse.asp.
12. Chip Berlet, Political Research Associates, interview, 8 January 2003
13. Thanks to Amy Rosenberg for this observation
14. Jessica Stern, lecture on Abortion Doctor Killers, ISP-211, Harvard University, 15 November 2002
15. Gwendolyn Mariano, "Court cracks down on anti-abortion site," C|Net News.com, 17 May 2002, at http://news.com.com/2100-1023-917077.html.
16. Stan Morris, "The 'Nuremberg Files' Web Site: What Constitutes an Online Threat?" GigaLaw.com, cited 7 January 2003, at http://www.gigalaw.com/articles/2000-all/morris-2000-02-all.html.
17. SHAC, "SHAC - Who We Are," cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.shac.net/SHAC/who.html.
18. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, "SHAC - History," cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.shac.net/SHAC/history.html.
19. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, "Re: Questions about SHAC," e-mail to author, 3 December 2002
20. Lists.riseup.net, "smash-hls-boston@lists.riseup.net," cited 8 January 2003, at http://lists.riseup.net/www/info/smash-hls-boston.
21. SHAC, "SHAC Targets - HLS Senior Personnel," cited 6 January 2003, at http://www.shac.net/TARGETS/personel.html.
22. Research Defense Society, "Extremists turn to economic terrorism," (London, England) 28 April 2000, cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.rds-online.org.uk/aboutrds/news_april00_02.html.
23. The protesters originally called themselves the BUAV Reform Group, perhaps an attack against the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (which had apparently failed to abolish vivisection). After BUAF obtained an injunction against the group for using its name, the protestors changed their name to "The Group With No Name." It is likely that these individuals eventually became SHAC. [Source: Matt Born, "Animal Rights Group Tracks Down Lab Investor," cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.angelfire.com/in/xinfernos/labinvest.html
24. Jamie Wilson, "Animal protesters besiege pensioner," below.].
25. James Ashton, "Anti-vivisection threat to Huntingdon shareholders," electronic Telegraph, 29 March 2000, at http://portal.telegraph.co.uk/.
26. Jamie Wilson, "Animal protesters besiege pensioner," Guardian Unlimited, 11 April 2000, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,3984711,00.html.
27. "Lab firm ditched by share brokers," BBC News, 28 March 2001, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1247506.stm.
28. "US bank turns back on Huntingdon," BBC News, 9 January 2002, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1751512.stm.
29. "Government lifeline for lab test firm," BBC News, 2 July 2001, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1417755.stm.
30. "Government lifeline for lab test firm," BBC News, 2 July 2001, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1417755.stm.
31. "Government insures lab firm," BBC News, 18 December 2002, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2585889.stm.
32. "Annual Report 2001" Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., (2001), at http://www.mmc.com/about/AnnualReport_01.pdf.
33. "ALF Destroy Marsh Director's Golf Course," Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, cited 1 August 2002, at http://shacamerica.net/news_aug01_02.htm.
34. SHAC, "Marsh Offices Attacked," communiqué of 12 May 2002, cited 10 January 2003, at http://www.shac.net/ARCHIVES/2002/12/05.html.
35. Andrew Bolger and Patrick Jenkins, "Animal Rights Activists Target US-based Insurer," Financial Times (14 August 2002), page 1
36. Joe Spurr, "Animal Activsits Charged with Stalking," Boston Globe (20 August 2002)
37. Associated Press, "12 Animal Rights Activists Indicted," 26 October 2002
38. "Government insures lab firm," BBC News, 18 December 2002, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2585889.stm.
39. Smash-hls-boston@lists.riseup.com, "[smash-hls-boston] ez.ast;trade Protest - 12/14," e-mail to mailing list.
40. Shac-Usa, "Re: Information requested," e-mail to author, 11 December 2002
41. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, "Direct Action," cited January 7, 2003, at http://shacamerica.net/shac_info.htm.
42. 'Mez, webmaster of huntingdonsucks.com, "Re: Questions about SHAC," e-mail to author, 6 January 2003.
43. Earth Liberation Front.com, "Meet the E.L.F.," cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.earthliberationfront.com/about/.
44. North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office, Frequently Asked Questions About The Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 2001, at http://www.earthliberationfront.com/library/elf_faq.pdf.
45. Bill Meyers, "Re: violence and anti-globalization," e-mail to author, 8 January 2003
46. Factnet, "Earth Liberation Front sets off incendiary at Vail Colorado," cited 8 February 2003, at http://www.factnet.org/cults/earth_liberation_front/vail_fire.html.
47. Paul de Armond, "Elves and autonomous cells," unpublished, e-mail to author, 8 February 2003
48. Earth Liberation Front.com, "Diary of Actions," cited 8 February 2003, at http://www.earthliberationfront.com/doa/.
49. ELFPress, "ELF Torches SUVs in Eric, Pennsylvania," 3 January 2003, cited 8 February 2003, at http://vancouver.indymedia.org/news/2003/01/26503.php.
50. Rick Barrett, "Wisconsin Mink Farmers to Improve Security Measures after Vandalism," Wisconsin State Journal, 10 August 1999, cited 8 February 2003, at http://www.furcommission.com/news/newsE52.htm.
51. North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office, "Frontline: Former Spokesperson for Earth Liberation Front Press Office Returns," 2 February 2002, cited 8 February 2003, at http://www.skeptictank.org/ecowar/gen01410.htm
52. Earth Liberation Fromt.com, "Media Information," cited 10 January 2003, at http://www.earthliberationfront.com/media/.
53. Earth Liberation Front.com, "EarthLiberationFront.com Disclaimer," cited 8 January 2003.
54. "Ecoterrorism," interview with Craig Rosebraugh, spokesman for the Earth Liberation Front, All Things Considered, 13 February 2002, cited 11 January 2003, at http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1138005.
55. U.S. House of Representatives Western Caucus, "Western Caucus Leaders Condemn Eco-Terrorism, Call for Crackdown on Purveyors of Criminal Environmental Activity," (Washington, DC) 12 February 2002, cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.house.gov/pombo/wc/press/press2002/february12_02.htm.
56. Earth Liberation Front.com, "ELF Torches SUVS in Erie, Pennsylvania," 2 January 2003, cited 8 January 2003, at http://www.earthliberationfront.com/news/2003/010203.shtml.
57. Fireant Collective, Setting Fires With Electrical Timers: An Earth Liberation Front Guide, January 2001. at http://www.earthliberationfront.com/library/elf_manual300.pdf.
58. EnviroLink Network, "About the EnviroLink Newtork," cited 10 January 2003, at http://www.envirolink.org/about.html.
59. "whois enviroweb.org," WHOIS database, VeriSign, cited 8 January 2003.
60. Marla, "Re: information about envirolink," e-mail to author, 10 January 2003
61. "whois earthliberationfront.org," WHOIS database, VeriSign, cited 8 January 2003.
62. The Support Campaign for David Barbarash and Darren Thurston, "Darren Thurston and David Barbarash Receive Stay of Charges," No Compromise, (Santa Cruz, Calif.), issue 7 (25 September 2000), at http://www.nocompromise.org/issues/17darren_david.html.
63. Dale L. Watson, "Statement for the Record of Dale L. Watson, Executive Assistant Director, Counterterrorism and Counterintelligence, Federal Bureau of Investigation, on The Terrorist Threat Confronting the United States, Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Washington, DC," 6 February 2002, at http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm.
64. "SUV's torched in Pennsylvania," Associated Press via CNN.com, 4 January 2003, cited 11 January 2003, at http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Northeast/01/04/eco.terrorism.ap/index.html.
65. Chip Berlet, Political Research Associates (Somerville, Mass.), interview, 8 January 2003.
66. Daniel Glick, Powder Burn: Arson, Money, and Mystery on Vail Mountain, Public Affairs. January 2001.
67. McIntyre V. Ohio Elections Commission (93-986), 514 US 334 (1995), at http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-986.ZO.html.
68. Born in Palestine in 1941, Abdullah Assam is the founder of the modern Jihad movement. Osama Bin Laden was one of his followers. Steve Emerson, "Abdullah Assam: The Man Before Osama Bin Laden," cited 11 January 2003, at http://www.iacsp.com/itobli3.html.
69. American Jihad, p. 73.
70. Tim Weiner, "U.S. Seizes Suspect in Killing of Two C.I.A. Officers," New York Times, 18 June 1997, pp. A1, A8.
71. American Jewish Committee, "The Brooklyn Bridge Shooting," cited 5 January 2003, at http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/Publications.asp?did=138.
72. Institute for Public Affairs, "OU Applauds US Justice Department Decision Recognizing 1994 Van Attack as Terrorist Act," cited 11 December 2000, at http://www.ou.org/public/statements/2000/betty38.htm.
73. John M. Goshko, "Family Says Killer Lost Life Savings; Despair Apparently Motivated Shootings," Washington Post, 25 February 1997, p. A9.
74. Peg Tyre and Charles Feldman, "Relatives say Brooklyn bomb suspects are not militants," CNN, 1 August 1997, at http://www.cnn.com/US/9708/01/brooklyn.bomb/.
75. Charles Feldman, "Los Angeles airport shooting kills 3," CNN, 5 July 2002, at http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/07/04/la.airport.shooting/.
76. Kelli Arena, "INS: Airport gunman spoke of terrorism allegation in '92 interview," 25 September 2002, at http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/09/25/lax.shooting.asylum/index.html.
77. Charles Feldman, "Federal investigators: L.A. airport shooting a terrorist act," CNN, 5 September 2002, at http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/09/04/lax.shooting/index.html.
78. Chris Burns and Claudia Otto, "Pair arrested for 9/11 attack plan," CNN, 6 September 2002, at http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/09/06/germany.arrest.explosives/ind ex.html.
79. American Jihad, p. 50.
80. American Jihad, p. 49.
81. American Jihad, p. 46.
82. American Jihad, p. 47.
83. Albert-László, Linked: The New Science of Networks, Perseus Publishing (Cambridge, Mass.), 2002. p. 58.
84. Martin Edwin Andersen, "Is Torture an Option in War on Terror?," Insight on the News, 27 May 2002, at http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm/include/detail/storyid/253614.html.
85. "Chirac condemns torture general," BBC News, 4 May 2001, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1312556.stm.
86. "French veteran fined for excusing torture," BBC News, 25 January 2002, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1781607.stm.
87. Karl M. van Meter, "Terrorist/Liberators: Researching and dealing with adversary social networks," Connections, volume 24, number 3 (2002), pp. 66-78.
88. Malcom K. Sparrow, "Network Vulnerabilities and Strategic Intelligence in Law Enforcement," Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume 5, number 3, pp. 255-274.
89. Rothenberg notes that a recovered Al Qaeda manual "urges that persons in cells not know those in other cells, so as to have less to tell when captured." If true, one of the reasons for the success of the September 11th hijackers may have been their adoption of some aspects of Leaderless Resistence.
90. Richard Rothenberg, "From Whole Cloth: Making up the terrorist network," Connections, volume 24, number 3 (2002), pp. 36-42.
91. William Meyers, Nonviolence and Its Violent Consequences, III Publishing (Gualala, Calif.), 2000, at http://www.iiipublishing.com/.
92. Nonviolence and Its Violent Consequences, p. 1.
93. Nonviolence and Its Violent Consequences, p. 2.
94. The author of this research paper found Nonviolence and Its Violent Consequences by searching for "No Business As Usual Day"; Meyers helped organize NBAU day in Seattle in 1985 and notes this accomplishment in his author's credits
95. Andrew Leonard, Bots: The Origin of New Species, Hardwired (San Francisco), 1997
96. Thomas Jackson, "For Christmas: The E.L.F. Interview," Delicate Monster, Volume 3 (December 2002), cited 7 January 2003, at http://www.delicatemonster.com/vol3/index.html.
97. Blain Rethmeier, "McInnis Presses Forward with 'ELF' Subpoena," press release, 2 October 2001, at http://www.house.gov/mcinnis/pr011002.htm.