Hair mercury levels in Amazonian populations: Spatial distribution and trends

International Journal of Health Geographics

Volumn 8, Issue , 2009, Pages

  Barbieri, Flavia L ^a   Gardon, Jacques ^a  

^a Institut de recherche pour le developpement Bolivia   (Bolivia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FISH; FOOD CONSUMPTION; HEALTH IMPACT; MERCURY (ELEMENT); METHYLMERCURY; POLLUTANT SOURCE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TOXIC SUBSTANCE; TREND ANALYSIS;

AMAZONIA; BRAZIL; TAPAJOS BASIN;

MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY DERIVATIVE;

BOLIVIA; BRAZIL; CHEMISTRY; ECUADOR; FRENCH GUIANA; HAIR; HUMAN; REVIEW;

BOLIVIA; BRAZIL; ECUADOR; FRENCH GUIANA; HAIR; HUMANS; MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS;

EID: 76249112845     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1476072X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1476-072X-8-71     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Wilding GE, Shamlaye CF, Huang LS, Cernichiari E, Sloane-Reeves J, Palumbo D, Clarkson TW. Methylmercury and neurodevelopment: longitudinal analysis of the Seychelles child development cohort. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006, 28:529-535. 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.06.002, 16904865.
2. Davidson PW, Palumbo D, Myers GJ, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Sloane-Reeves J, Cernichiari E, Wilding GE, Clarkson TW. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of Seychellois children from the pilot cohort at 108 months following prenatal exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet. Environ Res 2000, 84:1-11. 10.1006/enrs.2000.4084, 10991777.
3. Davidson PW, Strain JJ, Myers GJ, Thurston SW, Bonham MP, Shamlaye CF, Stokes-Riner A, Wallace JM, Robson PJ, Duffy EM, Georger LA, Sloane-Reeves J, Cernichiari E, Canfield RL, Cox C, Huang LS, Janciuras J, Clarkson TW. Neurodevelopmental effects of maternal nutritional status and exposure to methylmercury from eating fish during pregnancy. Neurotoxicology 2008, 29:767-775. 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.06.001, 2580738, 18590763.
4. Debes F, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Weihe P, White RF, Grandjean P. Impact of prenatal methylmercury exposure on neurobehavioral function at age 14 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006, 28:363-375. 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.02.004, 1543702, 16647838.
5. Grandjean P, Murata K, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Weihe P. Cardiac autonomic activity in methylmercury neurotoxicity: 14-year follow-up of a Faroese birth cohort. J Pediatr 2004, 144:169-176. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.058, 14760255.
6. Grandjean P, Weihe P, Needham LL, Burse VW, Patterson DG, Sampson EJ, Jorgensen PJ, Vahter M. Relation of a seafood diet to mercury, selenium, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl and other organochlorine concentrations in human milk. Environ Res 1995, 71:29-38. 10.1006/enrs.1995.1064, 8757236.
7. Hightower JM, Moore D. Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111:604-608. 1241452, 12676623.
8. Kjellström T. Sverige. Statens naturvårdsverk: Physical and mental development of children with prenatal exposure to mercury from fish. Stage 1, Preliminary tests at age 4. 1986, 96. City: National Swedish Environmental Protection Board [Statens naturvårdsverk].
9. Carmouze J, Boudou A, Lucotte M. Le mercure en Amazonie. Rôle de l'homme et de l'environnement, risques sanitaires. 2000, IRD, Paris.
10. Clarkson TW. Mercury: major issues in environmental health. Environ Health Perspect 1993, 100:31-38. 10.2307/3431518, 1519577, 8354179.
11. Lacerda LD, de Souza M, Ribeiro MG. The effects of land use change on mercury distribution in soils of Alta Floresta, Southern Amazon. Environ Pollut 2004, 129:247-255. 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.10.013, 14987810.
12. Malm O. Gold mining as a source of mercury exposure in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Res 1998, 77:73-78. 10.1006/enrs.1998.3828, 9600798.
13. Malm O, Castro MB, Bastos WR, Branches FJP, Guimaraes JRD, Zuffo CE, Pfeiffer WC. An assessment of Hg pollution in different goldmining areas, Amazon Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 1995, 175:127-140.
14. Roulet M, Lucotte M, Canuel R, Farella N, Courcelles M, Guimaraes JRD, Mergler D, Amorim M. Increase in mercury contamination recorded in lacustrine sediments following deforestation in the central Amazon. Chemical Geology 2000, 165:243-266.
15. Roulet M, Lucotte M, Saint-Aubin A, Tran S, Rheault I, Farella N, De Jesus Da silva E, Dezencourt J, Sousa Passos CJ, Santos Soares G, Guimaraes JR, Mergler D, Amorim M. The geochemistry of mercury in central Amazonian soils developed on the Alter-do-Chao formation of the lower Tapajos River Valley, Para state, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 1998, 223:1-24. 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00265-4, 9850600.
16. Veiga MM, Maxson PA, Hylander LD. Origin and consumption of mercury in small-scale gold mining. Journal of Cleaner Production 2006, 14:436-447.
17. Beliveau A, Lucotte M, Davidson R, Lopes LO, Paquet S. Early Hg mobility in cultivated tropical soils one year after slash-and-burn of the primary forest, in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Total Environ 2009, 407:4480-4489. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.012, 19428050.
18. Sampaio da Silva D, Lucotte M, Paquet S, Davidson R. Influence of ecological factors and of land use on mercury levels in fish in the Tapajos River basin, Amazon. Environ Res 2009, 109:432-446. 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.011, 19356749.
19. Dolbec J, Mergler D, Sousa Passos CJ, Sousa de Morais S, Lebel J. Methylmercury exposure affects motor performance of a riverine population of the Tapajos river, Brazilian Amazon. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000, 73:195-203. 10.1007/s004200050027, 10787135.
20. Lebel J, Mergler D, Branches F, Lucotte M, Amorim M, Larribe F, Dolbec J. Neurotoxic effects of low-level methylmercury contamination in the Amazonian Basin. Environ Res 1998, 79:20-32. 10.1006/enrs.1998.3846, 9756677.
21. Steuerwald U, Weihe P, Jorgensen PJ, Bjerve K, Brock J, Heinzow B, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Grandjean P. Maternal seafood diet, methylmercury exposure, and neonatal neurologic function. J Pediatr 2000, 136:599-605. 10.1067/mpd.2000.102774, 10802490.
22. Yokoo EM, Valente JG, Grattan L, Schmidt SL, Platt I, Silbergeld EK. Low level methylmercury exposure affects neuropsychological function in adults. Environ Health 2003, 2:8. 10.1186/1476-069X-2-8, 165591, 12844364.
23. Axelrad DA, Bellinger DC, Ryan LM, Woodruff TJ. Dose-response relationship of prenatal mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data. Environ Health Perspect 2007, 115:609-615. 1852694, 17450232.
24. Grandjean P, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Jorgensen PJ, Weihe P. Umbilical cord mercury concentration as biomarker of prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:905-908. 1257654, 16002381.
25. Grandjean P, Weihe P, Burse VW, Needham LL, Storr-Hansen E, Heinzow B, Debes F, Murata K, Simonsen H, Ellefsen P, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Keiding N, White RF. Neurobehavioral deficits associated with PCB in 7-year-old children prenatally exposed to seafood neurotoxicants. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2001, 23:305-317. 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00155-6, 11485834.
26. Marques RC, Garrofe Dorea J, Rodrigues Bastos W, de Freitas Rebelo M, de Freitas Fonseca M, Malm O. Maternal mercury exposure and neuro-motor development in breastfed infants from Porto Velho (Amazon), Brazil. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007, 210:51-60. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.08.001, 17011234.
27. Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Jorgensen PJ, Grandjean P. Delayed brainstem auditory evoked potential latencies in 14-year-old children exposed to methylmercury. J Pediatr 2004, 144:177-183. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.059, 14760257.
28. Ramirez GB, Cruz MC, Pagulayan O, Ostrea E, Dalisay C. The Tagum study I: analysis and clinical correlates of mercury in maternal and cord blood, breast milk, meconium, and infants' hair. Pediatrics 2000, 106:774-781. 10.1542/peds.106.4.774, 11015522.
29. Ramirez GB, Pagulayan O, Akagi H, Rivera AF, Lee LV, Berroya A, Cruz MCV, Casintahan D. Tagum study II: Follow-up study at two years of age after prenatal exposure to mercury. Pediatrics 2003, 111. 10.1542/peds.111.3.e289, 12612286.
30. Amorim MI, Mergler D, Bahia MO, Dubeau H, Miranda D, Lebel J, Burbano RR, Lucotte M. Cytogenetic damage related to low levels of methyl mercury contamination in the Brazilian Amazon. An Acad Bras Cienc 2000, 72:497-507.
31. Shenker BJ, Guo TL, Shapiro IM. Mercury-induced apoptosis in human lymphoid cells: evidence that the apoptotic pathway is mercurial species dependent. Environ Res 2000, 84:89-99. 10.1006/enrs.2000.4078, 11068922.
32. Silbergeld EK, Silva IA, Nyland JF. Mercury and autoimmunity: implications for occupational and environmental health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005, 207:282-292. 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.035, 16023690.
33. Silva IA, Nyland JF, Gorman A, Perisse A, Ventura AM, Santos EC, Souza JM, Burek CL, Rose NR, Silbergeld EK. Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies in Amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2004, 3:11. 10.1186/1476-069X-3-11, 538267, 15522122.
34. Fillion M, Mergler D, Sousa Passos CJ, Larribe F, Lemire M, Guimaraes JR. A preliminary study of mercury exposure and blood pressure in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Health 2006, 5:29. 10.1186/1476-069X-5-29, 1617089, 17032453.
35. Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van't Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gomez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martin-Moreno JM, Kok FJ. Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1747-1754. 10.1056/NEJMoa020157, 12456850.
36. National Research Council. Toxicological effects of methylmercury 2000, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1.
37. Salonen JT, Seppanen K, Nyyssonen K, Korpela H, Kauhanen J, Kantola M, Tuomilehto J, Esterbauer H, Tatzber F, Salonen R. Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 1995, 91:645-655.
38. Mergler D, Anderson HA, Chan LH, Mahaffey KR, Murray M, Sakamoto M, Stern AH. Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern. Ambio 2007, 36:3-11. 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2, 17408186.
39. Dourson ML, Wullenweber AE, Poirier KA. Uncertainties in the reference dose for methylmercury. Neurotoxicology 2001, 22:677-689. 10.1016/S0161-813X(01)00060-2, 11770889.
40. Rice DC. The US EPA reference dose for methylmercury: sources of uncertainty. Environ Res 2004, 95:406-413. 10.1016/j.envres.2003.08.013, 15220074.
41. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Geneva 2004, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
42. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology. Water quality criterion for the protection of human health: methylmercury: final 2001, Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
43. UNEP Chemicals, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Global mercury assessment 2002, Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP Chemicals.
44. Castro MB, Albert B, Pfeiffer WC. Mercury levels in Yanomami indians hair from Roraima, Brazil. Proc 8th Intern Conf Heavy Metals in the Environment 1991, 367-370.
45. Couto RCS, Câmara VM, Sabroza PC. Intoxicação mercurial: resultados preliminares em duas áreas garimpeiras - PA. Cad Saúde Pública 1988, 4:301-315.
46. Dorea JG. Fish are central in the diet of Amazonian riparians: should we worry about their mercury concentrations?. Environ Res 2003, 92:232-244. 10.1016/S0013-9351(02)00092-0, 12804520.
47. Frery N, Maury-Brachet R, Maillot E, Deheeger M, de Merona B, Boudou A. Gold-mining activities and mercury contamination of native amerindian communities in French Guiana: key role of fish in dietary uptake. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109:449-456. 10.2307/3454702, 1240303, 11401755.
48. Hacon S, Yokoo E, Valente J, Campos RC, da Silva VA, de Menezes ACC. Exposure to mercury in pregnant women from Alta Floresta-Amazon Basin, Brazil. Environmental Research 2000, 84:204-210. 10.1006/enrs.2000.4115, 11097793.
49. Lebel J, Roulet M, Mergler D, Lucotte M, Larribe F. Fish diet and mercury exposure in a riparian Amazonian population. Water Air and Soil Pollution 1997, 97:31-44.
50. Passos CJ, Mergler D. Human mercury exposure and adverse health effects in the Amazon: a review. Cad Saúde Pública 2008, 24(Suppl 4):s503-520.
51. Vasconcellos MBA, Saiki M, Paletti G, Pinheiro RMM, Baruzzi RG, Spindel R. Determination of mercury in head hair of brazilian populational groups by neutron-activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry-Articles 1994, 179:369-376.
52. Bastos WR, Gomes JP, Oliveira RC, Almeida R, Nascimento EL, Bernardi JV, de Lacerda LD, da Silveira EG, Pfeiffer WC. Mercury in the environment and riverside population in the Madeira River Basin, Amazon, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2006, 368:344-351. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.048, 16242177.
53. Bulletin d'Alerte et de Surveillance Antilles Guyane Mercury in French Guiana 2007, Cellule Inter Régionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles Guyane - Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Bulletin d'Alerte et de Surveillance Antilles Guyane.
54. Cordier S, Grasmick C, Paquier-Passelaigue M, Mandereau L, Weber JP, Jouan M. Mercury exposure in French Guiana: levels and determinants. Arch Environ Health 1998, 53:299-303. 10.1080/00039899809605712, 9709995.
55. Counter SA, Buchanan LH, Ortega F. Mercury levels in urine and hair of children in an Andean gold-mining settlement. Int J Occup Environ Health 2005, 11:132-137.
56. Webb J, Nicolas Mainville N, Mergler D, Lucotte M, Betancourt O, Davidson R, Cueva E, Quizhpe E. Mercury in Fish-eating Communities of the Andean Amazon, Napo River Valley, Ecuador. Eco Health 2004, 1:SU59-SU71.
57. Barbieri FL, Cournil A, Gardon J. Mercury exposure in a high fish eating Bolivian Amazonian population with intense small-scale gold-mining activities. Int J Environ Health Res 2009, 19:267-277.
58. Maurice-Bourgoin L, Quiroga I, Chincheros J, Courau P. Mercury distribution in waters and fishes of the upper Madeira rivers and mercury exposure in riparian Amazonian populations. Sci Total Environ 2000, 260:73-86. 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00542-8, 11032117.
59. Monrroy SX, Lopez RW, Roulet M, Benefice E. Lifestyle and mercury contamination of Amerindian populations along the Beni river (lowland Bolivia). J Environ Health 2008, 71:44-50.
60. Cordier S, Garel M, Mandereau L, Morcel H, Doineau P, Gosme-Seguret S, Josse D, White R, Amiel-Tison C. Neurodevelopmental investigations among methylmercury-exposed children in French Guiana. Environ Res 2002, 89:1-11. 10.1006/enrs.2002.4349, 12051779.
61. Barbosa AC, Jardim W, Dorea JG, Fosberg B, Souza J. Hair mercury speciation as a function of gender, age, and body mass index in inhabitants of the Negro River basin, Amazon, Brazil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2001, 40:439-444. 10.1007/s002440010195, 11443378.
62. Forsberg BR, Forsberg MCS, Padovani CR, Sargentini E, Malm O, Kato. High levels of mercury in fish and human hair from the Rio Negro basin (Brazilian Amazon): Natural background or anthropogenic contamination?. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Envorinmental Mercury Pollution and its Health Effects in the in the Amazon River Basin; National Institute for Minamata Disease/UFRJ 1995, 33-40. Kato HaWCP.
63. Guimaraes JRD, Fostier AH, Forti MC, Melfi JA, Kehrig H, Mauro JBN, Malm O, Krug JF. Mercury in human and environmental samples from two lakes in Amapa, Brazilian Amazon. Ambio 1999, 28:296-301.
64. Leino T, Lodenius M. Human hair mercury levels in Tucurui area, State of Para, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 1995, 175:119-125. 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04908-J, 8560241.
65. Pinheiro MC, Crespo-Lopez ME, Vieira JL, Oikawa T, Guimaraes GA, Araujo CC, Amoras WW, Ribeiro DR, Herculano AM, do Nascimento JL, Silveira LC. Mercury pollution and childhood in Amazon riverside villages. Environ Int 2007, 33:56-61. 10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.024, 16930706.
66. Pinheiro MC, Oikawa T, Vieira JL, Gomes MS, Guimaraes GA, Crespo-Lopez ME, Muller RC, Amoras WW, Ribeiro DR, Rodrigues AR, Cortes MI, Silveira LC. Comparative study of human exposure to mercury in riverside communities in the Amazon region. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006, 39:411-414. 10.1590/S0100-879X2006000300012, 16501821.
67. Pinheiro MCN, Macchi BM, Vieira JLF, Oikawa T, Amoras WW, Guimaraes GA, Costa CA, Crespo-Lopez ME, Herculano AM, Silveira LCL, do Nascimento JLM. Mercury exposure and antioxidant defenses in women: A comparative study in the Amazon. Environmental Research 2008, 107:53-59. 10.1016/j.envres.2007.08.007, 17905226.
68. Vasconcellos MBA, Bode P, Paletti G, Catharino MGM, Ammerlaan AK, Saiki M, Favaro DIT, Byrne AR, Baruzzi R, Rodrigues DA. Determination of mercury and selenium in hair samples of Brazilian Indian populations living in the Amazonic region by NAA. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 2000, 244:81-85.
69. Santos EC, Camara Vde M, Brabo Eda S, Loureiro EC, de Jesus IM, Fayal K, Sagica F. Mercury exposure evaluation among Pakaanova Indians, Amazon Region, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública 2003, 19:199-206.
70. Harada M, Nakanishi J, Yasoda E, Pinheiro MC, Oikawa T, de Assis Guimaraes G, da Silva Cardoso B, Kizaki T, Ohno H. Mercury pollution in the Tapajos River basin, Amazon: mercury level of head hair and health effects. Environ Int 2001, 27:285-290. 10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00059-9, 11686639.
71. Passos CJ, Mergler D, Fillion M, Lemire M, Mertens F, Guimaraes JR, Philibert A. Epidemiologic confirmation that fruit consumption influences mercury exposure in riparian communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Res 2007, 105:183-193. 10.1016/j.envres.2007.01.012, 17374370.
72. Pinheiro MC, Guimaraes GA, Nakanishi J, Oikawa T, Vieira JL, Quaresma M, Cardoso B, Amoras W. Total mercury in hair samples of inhabitants of Tapajos River, Para State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000, 33:181-184.
73. Pinheiro M, Nakanishi J, Oikawa T, Guimaraes G, Quaresma M, Cardoso B, Amoras WW, Harada M, Magno C, Vieira JL, Xavier MB, Bacelar DR. Methylmercury human exposure in riverside villages of Tapajos basin, Para State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000, 33:265-269.
74. Barbosa AC, Garcia AM, deSouza JR. Mercury contamination in hair of riverine populations of Apiacas Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. Water Air and Soil Pollution 1997, 97:1-8.
75. Dorea JG, Barbosa AC, Ferrari I, De Souza JR. Fish consumption (hair mercury) and nutritional status of Amazonian Amer-Indian children. Am J Hum Biol 2005, 17:507-514. 10.1002/ajhb.20410, 15981188.
76. Dorea JG, de Souza JR, Rodrigues P, Ferrari I, Barbosa AC. Hair mercury (signature of fish consumption) and cardiovascular risk in Munduruku and Kayabi Indians of Amazonia. Environ Res 2005, 97:209-219. 10.1016/j.envres.2004.04.007, 15533337.
77. Malm O, Branches FJ, Akagi H, Castro MB, Pfeiffer WC, Harada M, Bastos WR, Kato H. Mercury and methylmercury in fish and human hair from the Tapajos river basin, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 1995, 175:141-150. 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04910-X, 8560242.
78. Santos EC, Camara VM, Jesus IM, Brabo ES, Loureiro EC, Mascarenhas AF, Fayal KF, Sa Filho GC, Sagica FE, Lima MO, Higuchi H, Silveira IM. A contribution to the establishment of reference values for total mercury levels in hair and fish in amazonia. Environ Res 2002, 90:6-11. 10.1006/enrs.2002.4366, 12359185.
79. Santos EC, Jesus IM, Brabo ES, Loureiro EC, Mascarenhas AF, Weirich J, Camara VM, Cleary D. Mercury exposures in riverside Amazon communities in Para, Brazil. Environ Res 2000, 84:100-107. 10.1006/enrs.2000.4088, 11068923.
80. Akagi H, Malm O, Kinjo Y, Harada M, Branches FJP, Pfeiffer WC, Kato H. Methylmercury pollution in the Amazon, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 1995, 175:85-95.
81. Crompton P, Ventura AM, de Souza JM, Santos E, Strickland GT, Silbergeld E. Assessment of mercury exposure and malaria in a Brazilian Amazon riverine community. Environmental Research 2002, 90:69-75. 10.1006/enrs.2002.4358, 12483796.
82. Barbosa AC, Dorea JG. Indices of mercury contamination during breast feeding in the Amazon Basin. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 1998, 6:71-79.
83. Barbosa AC, Silva SR, Dorea JG. Concentration of mercury in hair of indigenous mothers and infants from the Amazon basin. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1998, 34:100-105. 10.1007/s002449900291, 9419279.
84. Boischio AA, Barbosa A. Exposure to organic mercury in riparian populations on the Upper Madeira river, Rondonia, Brazil, 1991: preliminary results. Cad Saúde Pública 1993, 9:155-160.
85. Boischio AA, Henshel DS. Linear regression models of methyl mercury exposure during prenatal and early postnatal life among riverside people along the Upper Madeira river, Amazon. Environmental Research 2000, 83:150-161. 10.1006/enrs.2000.4050, 10856188.
86. Malm O, Guimaraes JRD, Castro MB, Bastos WR, Viana JP, Branches FJP, Silveira EG, Pfeiffer WC. Follow-up of mercury levels in fish, human hair and urine in the Madeira and Tapajos basins, Amazon, Brazil. Water Air and Soil Pollution 1997, 97:45-51.
87. Grandjean P, White RF, Nielsen A, Cleary D, de Oliveira Santos EC. Methylmercury neurotoxicity in Amazonian children downstream from gold mining. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107:587-591. 10.2307/3434402, 1566671, 10379006.
88. Dolbec J, Mergler D, Larribe F, Roulet M, Lebel J, Lucotte M. Sequential analysis of hair mercury levels in relation to fish diet of an Amazonian population, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2001, 271:87-97. 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00835-4, 11346043.
89. Hacon S, Barrocas PR, Vasconcellos AC, Barcellos C, Wasserman JC, Campos RC, Ribeiro C, Azevedo-Carloni FB. An overview of mercury contamination research in the Amazon basin with an emphasis on Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública 2008, 24:1479-1492.
90. Pinheiro MC, Muller RC, Sarkis JE, Vieira JL, Oikawa T, Gomes MS, Guimaraes GA, do Nascimento JL, Silveira LC. Mercury and selenium concentrations in hair samples of women in fertile age from Amazon riverside communities. Sci Total Environ 2005, 349:284-288. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.06.026, 16091288.
91. Santos Filho E, Silva Rde S, Sakuma AM, Scorsafava MA. Lead and mercury in the hair of children living in Cubatao, in the southeast region of Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 1993, 27:81-86.
92. Soares MC, Sarkis JE, Muller RC, Brabo ES, Santos EO. Correlation between mercury and selenium concentrations in Indian hair from Rondjnia State, Amazon region, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 2002, 287:155-161. 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01002-6, 11883757.
93. Berglund M, Lind B, Bjornberg KA, Palm B, Einarsson O, Vahter M. Inter-individual variations of human mercury exposure biomarkers: a cross-sectional assessment. Environ Health 2005, 4:20. 10.1186/1476-069X-4-20, 1262739, 16202128.
94. Santos EC, de Jesus IM, Camara Vde M, Brabo E, Loureiro EC, Mascarenhas A, Weirich J, Luiz RR, Cleary D. Mercury exposure in Munduruku Indians from the community of Sai Cinza, State of Para, Brazil. Environ Res 2002, 90:98-103. 10.1006/enrs.2002.4366, 12483799.
95. Olivero J, Mendonza C, Mestre J. Hair mercury levels in different occupational groups in a gold mining zone in the north of Colombia. Rev Saude Publica 1995, 29:376-379. 10.1590/S0034-89101995000500006, 8731277.
96. Palheta D, Taylor A. Mercury in environmental and biological samples from a gold mining area in the Amazon region of Brazil. Sci Total Environ 1995, 168:63-69. 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04533-7, 7610384.
97. Fillion M, Passos CJ, Lemire M, Fournier B, Mertens F, Guimaraes JR, Mergler D. Quality of life and health perceptions among fish-eating communities of the brazilian Amazon: an ecosystem approach to well-being. Ecohealth 2009, 6:121-134. 10.1007/s10393-009-0235-z, 19669837.
98. Lemire M, Mergler D, Fillion M, Passos CJ, Guimaraes JR, Davidson R, Lucotte M. Elevated blood selenium levels in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Total Environ 2006, 366:101-111. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.057, 16289298.
99. Mergler D. Review of neurobehavioral deficits and river fish consumption from the Tapajo's (Brazil) and St. Lawrence (Canada). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2002, 12:93-99.
100. Passos CJ, Mergler D, Gaspar E, Morais S, Lucotte M, Larribe F, Davidson R, de Grosbois S. Eating tropical fruit reduces mercury exposure from fish consumption in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ Res 2003, 93:123-130. 10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00019-7, 12963396.
101. Tavares LM, Camara VM, Malm O, Santos EC. Performance on neurological development tests by riverine children with moderate mercury exposure in Amazonia, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública 2005, 21:1160-1167.
102. Benefice E, Monrroy SJ, Rodriguez RW. A nutritional dilemma: fish consumption, mercury exposure and growth of children in Amazonian Bolivia. Int J Environ Health Res 2008, 18:415-427. 10.1080/09603120802272235, 19031146.
103. Boischio AA, Henshel D. Human biomonitoring to optimize fish consumption advice: reducing uncertainty when evaluating benefits and risks. Environmental Research 2000, 84:108-126. 10.1006/enrs.2000.4035, 11068924.
104. Arnold SM, Lynn TV, Verbrugge LA, Middaugh JP. Human biomonitoring to optimize fish consumption advice: reducing uncertainty when evaluating benefits and risks. Am J Public Health 2005, 95:393-397. 10.2105/AJPH.2004.042879, 1449190, 15727965.
105. Dorea JG. Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances in fish: human health considerations. Sci Total Environ 2008, 400:93-114. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.017, 18653214.
106. Kehrig HA, Malm O, Akagi H, Guimaraes JR, Torres JP. Methylmercury in fish and hair samples from the Balbina Reservoir, Brazilian Amazon. Environ Res 1998, 77:84-90. 10.1006/enrs.1998.3836, 9600800.
107. Harkins DK, Susten AS. Hair analysis: exploring the state of the science. Environ Health Perspect 2003, 111:576-578. 1241447, 12676618.
108. Miekeley N, Dias Carneiro MT, da Silveira CL. How reliable are human hair reference intervals for trace elements?. Sci Total Environ 1998, 218:9-17. 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00185-5, 9718741.