Still paying the race tax? Analyzing property values in homogeneous and mixed-race suburbs

Journal of Urban Affairs

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 55-77

  Anacker, Katrin B ^a  

^a Metropolitan Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHNICITY; HOMEOWNERSHIP; NEIGHBORHOOD; PROPERTY MARKET; RACIAL SEGREGATION; SUBURBAN AREA; TAX SYSTEM; URBAN ECONOMY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 76249109374     PISSN: 07352166     EISSN: 14679906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2008.00437.x     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Adelman R M. Neighborhood opportunities, race, and class: The black middle class and residential segregation. City & Community 2004, 3:43-63.
2. Alba R D, Logan J R, Stults B J. How segregated are middle-class African Americans. Social Problems 2000, 47:543-558.
3. Anacker K B. Analyzing mature suburbs through property values. 2006, Unpublished dissertation, The Ohio State University, City and Regional Planning, Columbus, OH
4. Anacker K B, Morrow-Jones H A. Mature suburbs, property values, and decline in the Midwest? The case of Cuyahoga County. Housing Policy Debate 2008, 19:519-552.
5. The appraisal of real estate 2001, Appraisal Institute, Chicago, Appraisal Institute
6. Bailey M J. Effects of race and of other demographic factors on the values of single-family homes. Land Economics 1966, 42:215-220.
7. Belsky E S, Duda M. Asset appreciation, timing of purchases and sales, and returns to low-income homeownership. Low-income homeownership: Examining the unexamined goal 2002, 208-238. Retsinas N, Belsky E S. In, Eds., pp., Cambridge, MA, and, Washington, DC, Joint Center for Housing Studies & Brookings Institution Press
8. Bianchi S M, Farley R, Spain D. Racial inequalities in housing: An examination of recent trends. Demography 1982, 19:37-51.
9. Bier T. Moving up, filtering down: Metropolitan housing dynamics and public policy 2001, http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/es/urban/publications/bier.pdf, Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution Press, Available at, accessed September 3, 2003
10. Bier T, Howe S. Dynamics of suburbanization in Ohio metropolitan areas. Urban Geography 1998, 19:695-713.
11. Birnbaum H, Weston R. Home ownership and the wealth position of Black and White Americans. Review of Income and Wealth 1974, 20:103-118.
12. Boehm T P, Schlottmann A. Wealth accumulation and homeownership: Evidence for low-income households 2004, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development & Research
13. Bourassa S C, Hoesli M, Peng V S. Do housing submarkets really matter. Journal of Housing Economics 2003, 12:12-28.
14. Burgess E W. The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project. The city 1925, 47-62. Park R EBurgess E WMckenzie R D. In, Eds., pp., Chicago, University of Chicago Press
15. Cannaday R E, Sunderman M A. Estimation of depreciation for single-family appraisals. AREUEA Journal 1986, 14:255-273.
16. Carr J H. Responding to the foreclosure crisis. Housing Policy Debate 2007, 18:837-860.
17. Carr J H, Kutty N. The new imperative for equality. Segregation: The rising costs for America 2008, 1-38. Carr J H, Kutty N. In, Eds., pp., New York, NY, Routledge
18. Case K E, Marynchenko M. Home price appreciation in low- and moderate-income markets. Low-income homeownership: Examining the unexamined goal 2002, 239-256. Retsinas N, Belsky E. In, Eds., pp., Cambridge, MA, and, Washington, DC, Joint Center for Housing Studies & Brookings Institution Press
19. Choldin H M, Hanson C, Bohrer R. Suburban status instability. American Sociological Review 1980, 45:972-983.
20. Clapp J M, Giacotto C. Residential hedonic models: A rational expectations approach to age effects. Journal of Urban Economics 1998, 44:415-437.
21. Clark D E, Herrin W E. The impact of public school attributes on home sale prices in California. Growth and Change 2000, 31:385-407.
22. Collver A, Semyonov M. Suburban change and persistence. American Sociological Review 1979, 44:480-486.
23. Colton K W W. Housing in the twenty-first century 2003, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
24. Conley D. Decomposing the Black-White wealth gap: The role of parental resources, inheritance, and investment dynamics. Sociological Inquiry 2001, 71:39-66.
25. Conley D. Being Black, living in the Red: Race, wealth, and social policy in America 1999, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press
26. Degiovanni F. Introductions; returns to homeownership. Low-income homeownership: Examining the unexamined goal 2002, 201-207. Retsinas N PBelsky E S. In, Eds., pp., Cambridge, MA, and, Washington, DC, Joint Center for Housing Studies and Brookings Institution Press
27. Denton N A. Housing as a means of asset accumulation: A good strategy for the poor. Assets for the poor: The benefits of spreading asset ownership 2001, 232-266. Shapiro T MWolff E N. In, Eds., pp., New York, NY, Russell Sage Foundation
28. Di Z X. Does housing wealth contribute to or temper the widening wealth gap in America. Housing Policy Debate 2005, 16:281-296.
29. Di Z X, Liu X. The importance of wealth and income in the transition to homeownership 2004, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research
30. Downs A. Opening up the suburbs: An urban strategy for America 1973, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press
31. Ellen I G. Sharing America's neighborhoods: The prospects for stable racial integration 2000, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
32. Ellen I G. Continuing isolation: Segregation in America today. Segregation: The rising costs for America 2008, 261-278. Carr J HKutty N. In, Eds., pp., New York, NY, Routledge
33. Ellen I G. Race-based neighborhood projection: A proposed framework for understanding new data on racial integration. Urban Studies 2008, 37:1513-1533.
34. Farley R. Suburban persistence. American Sociological Review 1964, 29:38-47.
35. Fasenfest D, Booza J, Metzger K. Living together: A new look at racial and ethnic integration in metropolitan neighborhoods, 1990-2000. Redefining urban and suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000 2005, 93-118. Berube A, Katz B, Lang R E. In, Eds., pp., Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution
36. Flippen C. Unequal return to housing investments? A study of real housing appreciation among Black, White, and Hispanic households. Social Forces 2004, 82:1523-1551.
37. Fortura P, Kushner J. Canadian inter-city house price differentials. AREAUEA Journal 1986, 14:525-536.
38. Frey W H. Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Diversity 2001, http://www.frey-demographer.org/reports/billf.pdf, The Brookings Institution. Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy. Census 2000 Series, Available at, accessed 20 January, 2006
39. Friedman S, Rosenbaum E. Does suburban residence mean better neighborhood conditions for all households? Assessing the influence of nativity status and race/ethnicity. Social Science Research 2007, 36:1-27.
40. Friedman S, Rosenbaum E. Nativity status and racial/ethnic differences in access to quality housing: Does homeownership bring greater parity. Housing Policy Debate 2004, 15:865-901.
41. Gittleman M, Wolff E N. Racial differences in patterns of wealth accumulation. The Journal of Human Resources 2004, 39:193-227.
42. Gittleman M, Wolff E N. Racial wealth disparities: Is the gap closing 2000, http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0004058.html, Economics Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper No. 331, Available at, accessed 20 January, 2006
43. Glaeser E L, Gyourko J, Saks R E. Why have housing prices gone up 2005, http://www.nber.org/papers/w11129, National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper No. 11129, Available at, accessed 23 December, 2007
44. Goering J M. Neighborhood tipping and racial transition: A review of social science evidence. AIP Journal 1978, 68-78. January
45. Goodman A C, Thibodeau T G. Housing Market Segmentation. Journal of Housing Economics 1998, 7:121-143.
46. Goodman A C, Thibodeau T G. Dwelling-age-related heteroskedasticity in hedonic house price equations: An extension. Journal of Housing Research 1997, 8:299-316.
47. Guest A M. Suburban social status: Persistence or evolution. American Sociological Review 1978, 43:251-264.
48. Guest A M. Neighborhood life cycles and social status. Economic Geography 1974, 50:228-243.
49. Hamilton L C. Regression with graphics: A second course in applied statistics 1992, Pacific Grove, CA, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company
50. Hanlon B. The decline of older, inner suburbs in metropolitan America. Housing Policy Debate 2008, 19. forthcoming
51. Harris D R. All suburbs are not created equal: A new look at racial differences in suburban location 1999, http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr99-440.pdf, University of Michigan, Population Studies Center at the Institute for Social Research, Available at, accessed 20 December 2005
52. Haurin D R, Rosenthal S S. The Impact of House Price Appreciation on Portfolio Composition and Savings 2004, http://www.huduser.org/publications/affhsg/housepriceimpact.html, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development & Research, Available at, accessed 16 December 2006
53. Heikkila E, Gordon P, Kim J I, Richardson H, Dale-Johnson D. What happened to the CBD-distance gradient? Land values in a polycentric city. Environment and Planning A 1989, 21:221-232.
54. The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American cities 1939, Hoyt, H./Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office
55. Jackson K T. Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States 1985, New York, NY, Oxford University Press
56. The state of the nation's housing 2007, Joint Center For Housing Studies Of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University
57. Kain J F. Housing segregation, negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1968, 82:175-197.
58. Keister L A. Race, family structure, and wealth: The effect of childhood family on adult asset ownership. Sociological Perspectives 2004, 47:161-187.
59. Keister L A. Wealth in America: Trends in wealth inequality 2000, New York, NY, Cambridge University Press
60. Kim S. Long-term appreciation of owner-occupied single-family house prices in Milwaukee neighborhoods. Urban Geography 2003, 24:212-231.
61. Kim S. Race and home price appreciation in urban neighborhoods: Evidence from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Review of Black Political Economy 2000, 9-28. Fall
62. Logan J R, Alba R D. Does race matter less for the truly advantaged? Residential patterns in the New York metropolis. The new politics of race: From Du Bois to the 21st century 2002, 71-88. Durr M, In, Ed., pp., Westport, CT, Praeger
63. Logan J R, Alba R D, Leung S-Y. Minority access to white suburbs: A multiregional comparison. Social Forces 1996, 74:851-881.
64. Logan J R, Molotch H. Urban fortunes: The political economy of place 1987, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press
65. Long J E, Caudill S B. Racial differences in homeownership and housing wealth, 1970-1986. Economic Inquiry 1992, 30:83-100.
66. Lucy W H, Phillips D L. Confronting suburban decline: Strategic planning for metropolitan renewal 2000, Washington, DC, Island Press
67. Macpherson D A, Sirmans G S. Neighborhood diversity and house-price appreciation. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 2001, 22:81-97.
68. Manning C A. Explaining intercity home price differences. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 1989, 2:131-149.
69. Manning C A. Intercity differences in home price appreciation. Journal of Real Estate Research 1986, 1:45-66.
70. Margulis H L. Suburban housing resale prices and housing market restructuring. Journal of Urban Affairs 2002, 24:461-477.
71. Massey D S, Denton N A. The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces 1988, 67:281-315.
72. McDonald J F, McMillen D P. Employment subcenters and land values in a polycentric urban area: The case of Chicago. Environment and Planning A 1990, 22:1561-1574.
73. McEntire D. The housing market in racially mixed areas. Urban analysis: Readings in housing and urban development 1970, 288-295. Page A NSeyfried W R. In, Eds., pp., Glenview, IL, Scott, Foresman and Company
74. Menchik P L, Jianakoplos N A. Black-White wealth inequality: Is inheritance the reason. Economic Inquiry 1997, 35:428-442.
75. Muth R F. Cities and housing: The spatial pattern of urban residential land use 1969, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press
76. Nellis J G, Longbottom J A. An empirical analysis of the determination of house prices in the United Kingdom. Urban Studies 1981, 18:9-21.
77. Nicolaides B M. My blue heaven: Life and politics in the working-class suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965 2002, Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press
78. Oliver M L, Shapiro T M. Black wealth/White wealth 2006, New York, NY, Routledge
79. Orfield M. American metropolitics: The new suburban reality 2002, Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution Press
80. O'Sullivan A. Urban economics 2000, Boston, MA, Irwin McGraw-Hill
81. Ozanne L, Thibodeau T. Explaining metropolitan housing price differences. Journal of Urban Economics 1983, 13:51-66.
82. Pinkerton J R. The changing class composition of cities and suburbs. Land Economics 1973, 49:462-469.
83. Puentes R, Warren D. One-fifth of America: A comprehensive guide to America's first suburbs 2006, Washington, DC, The Brookings Institution Press
84. Quercia R G, Mccarthy G W, Ryznar R M, Talen A C. Spatio-temporal measurement of house price appreciation in underserved areas. Journal of Housing Research 2000, 11:1-28.
85. Rosen S. Wage based indexes of the urban quality of life. Current issues in urban economics 1979, 74-104. Mieszkowski PStraszheim M. In, Eds., pp., Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press
86. Rosen S. Hedonic prices and implicit markets: product differentiation in pure competition. The Journal of Political Economy 1974, 82:34-55.
87. Rubin G M. Is housing age a commodity? Hedonic price estimates of unit age. Journal of Housing Research 1993, 4:165-184.
88. Schelling T. Micromotives and macrobehavior 1978, New York, NY, W. W. Norton Co
89. Schnore L F. Urban structure and suburban selectivity. Demography 1964, 1:164-176.
90. Schnore L F. The socio-economic status of cities and suburbs. American Sociological Review 1963a, 28:76-85.
91. Schnore L F, Jones J K O. The evolution of city-suburban types in the course of a decade. Urban Affairs Quarterly 1969, 421-442. June
92. Shapiro T M. The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality 2004, New York, NY, Oxford University Press
93. Shlay A B. Research for democracy: Linking community organizing and research to leverage blight policy. City and Community 2006, 5:153-171.
94. Sirmans G S, Macpherson D A. The composition of hedonic pricing models: A review of the literature 2003, http://www.realtor.com/Research.nsf/files/fullrptsirmansmacpherson1.pdf/$FILE/fullrptsirmansmacpherson1.pdf, National Association of Realtors: National Center for Real Estate Research, Available at, accessed May 28, 2004
95. Smith J. Socioeconomic status distributions. Urban Affairs Quarterly 1970, 5:423-453.
96. Spilerman S. Wealth and stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology 2000, 26:497-524.
97. Squires G D. Prospects and pitfalls of fair housing enforcement efforts. Segregation: The rising costs for America 2008, 307-324. Carr J HKutty N. In, Eds., pp., New York, NY, Routledge
98. Stahura J M. Suburban status evolution/persistence: A structural model. American Sociological Review 1979, 44:937-947.
99. Straszheim M R. Housing market discrimination and Black housing consumption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1974, 88:19-43.
100. Sutker S, Gilman R C, Plax K A. The patterns and concomitants of neighborhood change in two inner suburban areas. Racial transition in the inner suburb: Studies of the St. Louis area 1974, 21-79. Sutker S, Sutker S S, In, Eds., pp., New York, NY, Praeger Publishers
101. Taeuber K E, Taeuber A F. Negroes in cities: Residential segregation and neighborhood change 1965, Chicago, IL, Aldine Publishing Company
102. Turner M A. Residential segregation and employment inequality. Segregation: The rising costs for America 2008, 151-198. Carr J HKutty N. In, Eds., pp., New York, NY, Routledge
103. Summary Files 1 and 3. 2000, U.S. Bureau Of The Census, Retrieved 25 January, 2006
104. Vicino T J. The spatial transformation of first-tier suburbs, 1970 to 2000: The case of metropolitan Baltimore. Housing Policy Debate 2008, 19. forthcoming)
105. Wiese A. Places of their own: African American suburbanization in the twentieth century 2004, Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press
106. Winsborough H H. An ecological approach to the theory of suburbanization. The American Journal of Sociology 1963, 68:565-570.
107. Wirt A D, Walter B, Rabinovitz F F, Hensler D R. On the city's rim: Politics and policy in suburbia 1972, Lexington, MA, D.C. Health and Company
108. Wolf E P. The tipping-point in racially changing neighborhoods. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 1963, 217-222. August
109. Wolff E N. Recent trends in the size distribution of household wealth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 1998, 12:131-150.
110. Wolff E N. Life-cycle savings and the individual distribution of wealth by class. Modelling the accumulation and distribution of wealth 1988, 261-280. Kessler DMasson A. In, Eds., pp., Oxford, Clarendon Press
111. Yinger J. Evidence on discrimination in consumer markets. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 1998a, 12:23-40.
112. Yinger J. Housing discrimination is still worth worrying about. Housing Policy Debate 1998b, 9:893-927.
113. Yinger J. Cash in your face: The cost of racial and ethnic discrimination in housing. Journal of Urban Economics 1997, 42:339-365.
114. Yinger J. Acts of discrimination: Evidence from the 1989 housing discrimination study. Journal of Housing Economics 1991, 1:318-346.
115. Yinger J. Measuring racial discrimination with fair housing audits: Caught in the act. The American Economic Review 1986, 76:881-893.