High-resolution seismic and resistivity profiling of a buried Quaternary subglacial valley: Northern Alberta, Canada

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 121, Issue 11-12, 2009, Pages 1570-1583

  Ahmad, Jawwad ^a   Schmitt, Douglas R ^a   Dean Rokosh, C ^a,b   Pawlowicz, John G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b ALBERTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBERTA , CANADA; BASAL REFLECTIONS; COMPLEX SERIES; COMPRESSIONAL WAVES; DEPOSITION PROCESS; ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY; ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY; GLACIAL SEDIMENTS; GLACIOTECTONIC DEFORMATION; HIGH RESISTIVITY; HIGH RESOLUTION; ICE SHEET; METHANE GAS; NEAR-SURFACE; RESISTIVITY PROFILE; RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY; SATURATED ZONE; SHALLOW DEPTHS; WELL LOGS;

ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; LANDFORMS; METHANE; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; SEISMOLOGY; TOMOGRAPHY; WELL LOGGING;

REFLECTION;

COMPRESSION; DEFORMATION; DEPOSITION; ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY; GLACIOTECTONICS; ICE SHEET; METHANE; QUATERNARY; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; SEISMOLOGY; SUBGLACIAL DEPOSIT; WELL LOGGING;

ALBERTA; CANADA;

EID: 76249093909     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B26305.1     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Ahmad, J., 2006, High-Resolution Seismic and Electrical Resistivity Tomography Techniques Applied to Image and Characterize a Buried Channel [M.Sc. thesis]: Edmonton, University of Alberta, 201 p.
2. Anderson, F.J., Shurr, G.W., and Fischer, D.W., 2006, History, geology, and potential hydrogeochemical indicators of natural gas occurrence and production from Quaternary glacial drift and upper-Cretaceous sedimentary bedrock in north-central North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Geological Investigations 33, 25 p.
3. Andriashek, L.D., and Atkinson, N., 2007, Buried channels and glacial-drift aquifers in the Fort McMurray region, NE Alberta: Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Alberta Geological Survey, Energy and Utilities Board/Alberta Geological Survey Earth Sciences Report 2007-01, 170 p.
4. Baines, D., Smith, D.G., Froese, D.G., Bauman, P., and Nimeck, G., 2002, Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI): A new tool for mapping the lithol ogy and geometry of channel-belts and valley-fills: Sedimentology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 441-449, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00453.x.
5. Baker, G.S., 1999, Processing Near-Surface Seismic-Reflection Data: A Primer: Course Notes Series: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 77 p.
6. Baker, G.S., Steeples, D.W., and Drake, M., 1998, Muting the noise cone in near-surface reflection data: An example from southeastern Kansas: Geophysics, v. 63, no. 4, p. 1332-1338, doi: 10.1190/1.1444434.
7. Beaney, C.L., 2002, Tunnel channels in southeast Alberta, Canada: Evidence for catastrophic channelized drainage: Quaternary International, v. 90, p. 67-74, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00093-3.
8. Bergman, B., Tryggvason, A., and Juhlin, C., 2004, Highresolution seismic traveltime tomography incorporating static corrections applied to a till-covered bedrock environment: Geophysics, v. 69, no. 4, p. 1082-1090, doi: 10.1190/1.1778250.
9. Bersezio, R., Giudici, M., and Mele, M., 2007, Combining sedimentological and geophysical data for high-resolution 3-D mapping of fluvial architectural elements in the Quaternary Po Plain (Italy): Sedimentary Geology, v. 202, no. 1-2, p. 230-248, doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.05.002.
10. Boyce, J.I., Eyles, N., and Pugin, A., 1995, Seismic-reflection, borehole and outcrop geometry of late Wisconsin tills at a proposed landfill near Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1331-1349.
11. Boyd, R., Scott, D.B., and Douma, M., 1988, Glacial tunnel valleys and Quaternary history of the Outer Scotian shelf: Nature, v. 333, no. 6168, p. 61-64, doi: 10.1038/333061a0.
12. Bradford, J.H., Sawyer, D.S., Zelt, C.A., and Oldow, J.S., 1998, Imaging a shallow aquifer in temperate glacial sediments using seismic reflection profiling with DMO processing: Geophysics, v. 63, no. 4, p. 1248-1256, doi: 10.1190/1.1444426.
13. Brennand, T.A., and Shaw, J., 1994, Tunnel channels and associated landforms, south-central Ontario-Their implications for ice-sheet hydrology: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 3, p. 505-522.
14. Brouwer, J., and Helbig, K., 1998, Shallow High-Resolution Seismic Reflection; Handbook of Geophysical Exploration: Section I. Seismic Exploration: Oxford, UK, Elsevier Science, 404 p.
15. Buker, F., Green, A.G., and Horstmeyer, H., 1998, Shallow seismic reflection study of a glaciated valley: Geophysics, v. 63, no. 4, p. 1395-1407, doi: 10.1190/1.1444441.
16. Buker, F., Green, A.G., and Horstmeyer, H., 2000, 3-D highresolution reflection seismic imaging of unconsolidated glacial and glaciolacustrine sediments: Processing and interpretation: Geophysics, v. 65, no. 1, p. 18-34, doi: 10.1190/1.1444709.
17. Clayton, L., Attig, J.W., and Michelson, D.M., 1999, Tunnel channels formed in Wisconsin during the last glaciation, in Michelson, D.M., and Attig, J.W., eds., Glacial Processes Past and Present: Geological Society of America Special Paper 337, p. 69-82.
18. Cutler, P.M., Colgan, P.M., and Mickelson, D.M., 2002, Sedimentologic evidence for outburst floods from the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin in Wisconsin, USA: Implications for tunnel-channel formation: Quaternary International, v. 90, p. 23-40, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00090-8.
19. Daily, W., Ramirez, A., Binley, A., and LaBrecque, D., 2005, Electrical resistivity tomography-Theory and practice, in Butler, D.K., ed., Near-Surface Geophysics: Investigations in Geophysics: Tulsa, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 525-561.
20. Darling, T., 2005, Well Logging and Formation Evaluation, Gulf Drilling Guides: Boston, Elsevier, 326 p.
21. Denis, M., Buoncristiani, J.F., Konate, M., and Guiraud, M., 2007, The origin and glaciodynamic significance of sandstone ridge networks from the Hirnantian glaciation of the Djado Basin (Niger): Sedimentology, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1225-1243, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00879.x.
22. Eberle, D.G., and Siemon, B., 2006, Identification of buried valleys using the BGR helicopter-borne geophysical system: Near-Surface Geophysics, v. 4, no. 2, p. 125-133.
23. Ehlers, J., 2005, Quaternary climatic changes and landscape evolution, in Koster, E.A., ed., The Physical Geography of Western Europe: The Oxford Regional Environments Series: Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, p. 39-60.
24. Ehlers, J., and Linke, G., 1989, The origin of deep buried channels of Elsterian age in northwest Germany: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 4, no. 3, p. 255-265, doi: 10.1002/jqs.3390040306.
25. Eiriksson, J., Kristensen, P.H., Lykke-Andersen, H., Brooks, K., Murray, A., Knudsen, K.L., and Glaister, C., 2006, A sedimentary record from a deep Quaternary valley in the southern Lillebaelt area, Denmark: Eemian and early Weichselian lithology and chronology at Mommark: Boreas, v. 35, no. 2, p. 320-331, doi: 10.1080/03009480600612377.
26. Ellis, D.V., 1987, Well Logging for Earth Scientists: New York, Elsevier, 532 p.
27. Eyles, N., and de Broekert, P., 2001, Glacial tunnel valleys in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia cut below the late Paleozoic Pilbara ice sheet: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 171, no. 1-2, p. 29-40, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00265-6.
28. Eyles, N., Doughty, M., Boyce, J.I., Mullins, H.T., Halfman, J.D., and Koseoglu, B., 2003, Acoustic architecture of glaciolacustrine sediments deformed during zonal stagnation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet Mazinaw Lake, Ontario, Canada: Sedimentary Geology, v. 157, no. 1-2, p. 133-151, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00229-4.
29. Fennel, J., Sikstrom, C., and Lukie, T., 2001, A multidisciplinary approach to resolving complex hydrological systems, in 54th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, 2nd Joint International Association of Hydrologists and Canadian Geotechnical Soceity Groundwater Conference, Calgary, p. 133-140.
30. Fenton, M.M., Schriener, B.T., Nielsen, E., and Pawlowicz, J.G., 1994, Quaternary geology of the Western Plains, in Mossop, G.D., and Shetson, I., eds., Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Calgary, Alberta, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and the Alberta Research Council, p. 413-420.
31. Fisher, T.G., Jol, H.M., and Boudreau, A.M., 2005, Saginaw Lobe tunnel channels (Laurentide Ice Sheet) and their significance in south-central Michigan, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 24, no. 22, p. 2375-2391, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.11.019.
32. Francese, R.G., Hajnal, Z., and Prugger, A., 2002, Highresolution images of shallow aquifers-A challenge in near-surface seismology: Geophysics, v. 67, no. 1, p. 177-187, doi: 10.1190/1.1451490.
33. Gabriel, G., 2006, Gravity investigation of buried Pleistocene subglacial valleys: Near-Surface Geophysics, v. 4, no. 5, p. 321-332.
34. Gabriel, G., Kirsch, R., Siemon, B., and Wiederhold, H., 2003, Geophysical investigation of buried Pleistocene subglacial valleys in northern Germany: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 53, no. 4, p. 159-180, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.005.
35. Garcia-Gil, S., Vilas, F., and Garcia-Garcia, A., 2002, Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills (Ria de Vigo, NW Spain): A case study: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 16, p. 2303-2315, doi: 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00057-2.
36. Glasser, N.F., and Bennett, M.R., 2004, Glacial erosional landforms: Origins and significance for palaeoglaciology: Progress in Physical Geography, v. 28, no. 1, p. 43-75, doi: 10.1191/0309133304pp401ra.
37. Hall, H.D., and Hajnal, Z., 1962, The gravimeter in studies of buried valleys: Geophysics, v. 27, no. 6, p. 939-951, doi: 10.1190/1.1439120.
38. Halliday, E.J., Barrie, J.V., Chapman, N.R., and Rohr, K.M.M., 2008, Structurally controlled hydrocarbon seeps on a glaciated continental margin, Hecate Strait, offshore British Columbia: Marine Geology, v. 252, p. 193-206, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.04.009.
39. Hearst, J.R., Nelson, P.H., and Paillet, F.L., 2000, Well Logging for Physical Properties: A Handbook for Geophysicists, Geologists, and Engineers: New York, McGraw Hill Higher Education, 483 p.
40. Hobson, G.D., Hunter, J.M.A., and Scott, J.S., 1970, A shallow seismic survey, elastic constants and surficial geology of part of Defense Research Establishment Suffield (DRES), Suffield, Alberta: Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada Paper 69-13, 24 p.
41. Holzschuh, J., 2002, Low-cost geophysical investigations of a paleochannel aquifer in the Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia: Geophysics, v. 67, no. 3, p. 690-700, doi: 10.1190/1.1484512.
42. Hooke, R.L., and Jennings, C.E., 2006, On the formation of the tunnel valleys of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 25, no. 11-12, p. 1364-1372, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.018.
43. Hunter, J.A., Pullan, S.E., Burns, R.A., Gagne, R.M., and Good, R.L., 1984, Shallow seismic-reflection mapping of the overburden-bedrock interface with the engineering seismograph-Some simple techniques: Geophysics, v. 49, no. 8, p. 1381-1385, doi: 10.1190/1.1441766.
44. Huuse, M., and Lykke-Andersen, H., 2000, Overdeepened Quaternary valleys in the eastern Danish North Sea: Morphology and origin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 19, no. 12, p. 1233-1253, doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00103-1.
45. Huuse, M., Lykke-Andersen, H., and Michelsen, O., 2001, Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Danish North Sea: Marine Geology, v. 177, no. 3-4, p. 243-269, doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00168-2.
46. Huuse, M., Piotrowski, J.A., and Lykke-Andersen, H., 2003, Geophysical investigations of buried Quaternary November/December 2009 valleys in the formerly glaciated NW European lowland: Significance for groundwater exploration: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 53, no. 4, p. 153-157, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.003.
47. Jianyi, H., Lirong, D., and Qiming, L., 1999, The geology of natural gas in the People's Republic of China: A review: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 22, no. 2, p. 191-213, doi: 10.1111/j.1747-5457.1999.tb00467.x.
48. Jorgensen, F., and Sandersen, P.B.E., 2006, Buried and open tunnel valleys in Denmark-Erosion beneath multiple ice sheets: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 25, no. 11-12, p. 1339-1363, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.11.006.
49. Jørgensen, F., and Sandersen, P.B.E., 2008, Mapping of buried tunnel valleys in Denmark: New perspectives for the interpretation of the Quaternary succession: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, v. 15, p. 33-36.
50. Jorgensen, F., Lykke-Andersen, H., Sandersen, P.B.E., Auken, E., and Normark, E., 2003, Geophysical investigations of buried Quaternary valleys in Denmark: An integrated application of transient electromagnetic soundings, reflection seismic surveys and exploratory drillings: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 53, no. 4, p. 215-228, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.017.
51. Keiswetter, D., Black, R., and Steeples, D., 1994, Mapping bedrock beneath glacial till using cdp seismicreflection methods: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 453-456, doi: 10.1029/94GL00051.
52. Kilner, M., West, L.J., and Murray, T., 2005, Characterisation of glacial sediments using geophysical methods for groundwater source protection: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 57, no. 4, p. 293-305, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.02.002.
53. Kirsch, R., Rumpel, H.-M., Scheer, W., and Wiederhold, H., 2006, Groundwater Resources in Buried Valleys-A Challenge for Geosciences: Hannover, Germany, Leibniz Institute for Applied Geosciences (CGA-Institut), 303 p.
54. Kluiving, S.J., Bosch, J.H.A., Ebbing, J.H.J., Mesdag, C.S., and Westerhoff, R.S., 2003, Onshore and offshore seismic and lithostratigraphic analysis of a deeply incised Quaternary buried valley-system in the northern Netherlands: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 53, no. 4, p. 249-271, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.002.
55. Kristensen, T.B., Huuse, M., Piotrowski, J.A., and Clausen, O.R., 2007, A morphometric analysis of tunnel valleys in the eastern North Sea based on 3D seismic data: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 22, no. 8, p. 801-815, doi: 10.1002/jqs.1123.
56. Kristensen, T.B., Plotrowski, A.A., Huuse, M., Clausen, O.R., and Hamberg, L., 2008, Time-transgressive tunnel valley formation indicated by infill sediment structure, North Sea-The role of glaciohydraulic super cooling: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 33, no. 4, p. 546-559, doi: 10.1002/esp.1668.
57. Kuhlmann, G., and Wong, T.E., 2008, Pliocene paleoenvironment evolution as interpreted from 3D-seismic data in the southern North Sea, Dutch offshore sector: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 25, no. 2, p. 173-189, doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.009.
58. Kuhn, O., 2004, Ancient Chinese drilling: Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Recorder, v. 29, no. 6, p. 39-43.
59. Langenberg, C.W., Hein, F.J., Lawton, D., and Cunningham, J., 2002, Seismic modeling of fluvial-estuarine deposits in the Athabasca oil sands using ray-tracing techniques, Steepbank River area, northeastern Alberta: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 50, no. 1, p. 178-204, doi: 10.2113/50.1.178.
60. Lennox, D.H., and Carlson, V., 1967, Geophysical exploration for buried valleys in an area north of 2 Hills Alberta: Geophysics, v. 32, no. 2, p. 331-362, doi: 10.1190/1.1439871.
61. Letourneau, J., Miller, R., Muehlenbachs, K., and Rostron, B., 2000, Stable isotope geochemistry of some natural gas macroseeps in Alberta, in GeoCanada 2000 Conference, Calgary, abstract 569, p. 4.
62. Lin, C.M., Gu, L.X., Li, G.Y., Zhao, Y.Y., and Jiang, W.S., 2004, Geology and formation mechanism of late Quaternary shallow biogenic gas reservoirs in the Hangzhou Bay area, eastern China: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 88, no. 5, p. 613-625, doi: 10.1306/01070403038.
63. Loke, M.H., 2004, Tutorial: 2D and 3D Electrical Imaging Surveys: Panang, Malaysia, Geotomo Software, 136 p.
64. Loke, M.H., and Barker, R.D., 1996, Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion: Geophysical Prospecting, v. 44, no. 3, p. 499-523, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00162.x.
65. Lonergan, L., Maidment, S.C.R., and Collier, J.S., 2006, Pleistocene subglacial tunnel valleys in the central North Sea basin: 3-D morphology and evolution: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 21, no. 8, p. 891-903, doi: 10.1002/jqs.1015.
66. Mathews, W.H., 1980, Retreat of the Last Ice Sheets in Northeastern British Columbia and Adjacent Alberta: Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada 331, 24 p.
67. McKercher, R.B., and Wolfe, B., 1986, Understanding Western Canada's Dominion Land Survey System: Saskatoon, University of Saskatchewan, 26 p.
68. Miller, R.D., 1992, Normal moveout stretch mute on shallow-reflection data: Geophysics, v. 57, no. 11, p. 1502-1507, doi: 10.1190/1.1443217.
69. Miller, R.D., and Xia, J.H., 1998, Large near-surface velocity gradients on shallow seismic reflection data: Geophysics, v. 63, no. 4, p. 1348-1356, doi: 10.1190/1.1444436.
70. Møller, M.J., Olsen, H., Ploug, C., Strykowski, G., and Hjorth, H., 2007, Gravity field separation and mapping of buried Quaternary valleys in Lolland, Denmark, using old geophysical data: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 43, no. 2, p. 330-337, doi: 10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.021.
71. Munro-Stasiuk, M.J., 2003, Subglacial Lake McGregor, south-central Alberta, Canada: Sedimentary Geology, v. 160, no. 4, p. 325-350, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(03)00090-3.
72. Musil, M., Maurer, H., Green, A.G., Horstmeyer, H., Nitsche, F.O., Vonder Muhll, D., and Springman, S., 2002, Shallow seismic surveying of an Alpine rock glacier: Geophysics, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1701-1710, doi: 10.1190/1.1527071.
73. Nitsche, F.O., Green, A.G., Horstmeyer, H., and Buker, F., 2002, Late Quaternary depositional history of the Reuss delta, Switzerland: Constraints from highresolution seismic reflection and georadar surveys: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 17, no. 2, p. 131-143, doi: 10.1002/jqs.645.
74. O'Cofaigh, C., 1996, Tunnel valley genesis: Progress in Physical Geography, v. 20, no. 1, p. 1-19, doi: 10.1177/030913339602000101.
75. Pawlowicz, J.G., Hicken, A.S., Nicoll, T.J., Fenton, M.M., Paulen, R.C., Plouffe, A., and Smith, I.R., 2004, Shallow gas in drift: Northwestern Alberta: Energy and Utilities Board/Alberta Geological Survey Information Series 130: Edmonton, Alberta Energy and Utilities Board.
76. Pawlowicz, J.G., Hicken, A.S., Nicoll, T.J., Fenton, M.M., Paulen, R.C., Plouffe, A., and Smith, I.R., 2005a, Bedrock topography of the Zama Lake Area, Alberta (NTS 84L): Energy and Utilities Board/Alberta Geological Survey Map 328, scale 1:250,000.
77. Pawlowicz, J.G., Hicken, A.S., Nicoll, T.J., Fenton, M.M., Paulen, R.C., Plouffe, A., and Smith, I.R., 2005b, Drift Thickness of the Zama Lake Area, Alberta (NTS 84L): Alberta Energy and Utility Board Map 329, scale 1:250,000.
78. Pelton, J.R., 2005, Near-surface seismology: Surface-based methods, in Butler, D.K., ed., Near-Surface Geophysics: Investigations in Geophysics: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 219-263.
79. Piotrowski, J.A., 1994, Tunnel-valley formation in northwest Germany-Geology, mechanisms of formation and subglacial bed conditions for the Bornhoved Tunnel Valley: Sedimentary Geology, v. 89, no. 1-2, p. 107-141, doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(94)90086-8.
80. Praeg, D., 2003, Seismic imaging of mid-Pleistocene tunnelvalleys in the North Sea Basin-High resolution from low frequencies: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 53, no. 4, p. 273-298, doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.001.
81. Pugin, A., and Rossetti, S., 1992, Acquisition of land based high-resolution seismic profiles in glacial basins: 2. Case-studies in the Alpine foreland of Switzerland: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 85, no. 2, p. 491-502.
82. Pugin, A., Pullan, S.E., and Sharpe, D.R., 1996, Observations of tunnel channels in glacial sediments with shallow land-based seismic reflection: Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 176-180.
83. Rafaelsen, B., Andreassen, K., Hogstad, K., and Kuilman, L.W., 2007, Large-scale glaciotectonic-imbricated thrust sheets on three-dimensional seismic data: Facts or artefacts?: Basin Research, v. 19, no. 1, p. 87-103, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00313.x.
84. Rains, R.B., Shaw, J., Sjogren, D.B., Munro-Stasiuk, M.J., Skoye, K.R., Young, R.R., and Thompson, R.T., 2002, Subglacial tunnel channels, Porcupine Hills, southwest Alberta, Canada: Quaternary International, v. 90, p. 57-65, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00092-1.
85. Roberts, M.C., Pullan, S.E., and Hunter, J.A., 1992, Applications of land-based high-resolution seismic-reflection analysis to Quaternary and geomorphic research: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 11, no. 5, p. 557-568, doi: 10.1016/0277-3791(92)90012-W.
86. Ross, M., Parent, M., Benjumea, B., and Hunter, J., 2006, The late Quaternary stratigraphic record northwest of Montreal: Regional ice-sheet dynamics, ice-stream activity, and early deglacial events: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, no. 4, p. 461-485, doi: 10.1139/E05-118.
87. Russell, H.A.J., Arnott, R.W.C., and Sharpe, D.R., 2003, Evidence for rapid sedimentation in a tunnel channel, Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada: Sedimentary Geology, v. 160, no. 1-3, p. 33-55, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00335-4.
88. Schmelzbach, C., Green, A.G., and Horstmeyer, H., 2005, Ultra-shallow seismic reflection imaging in a region characterized by high source-generated noise: Near-Surface Geophysics, v. 3, no. 1, p. 33-46.
89. Schmitt, D.R., 1999, Seismic attributes for monitoring of a shallow heated heavy oil reservoir: A case study: Geophysics, v. 64, no. 2, p. 368-377, doi: 10.1190/1.1444541.
90. Sharpe, D.R., Pullan, S.E., and Warman, T.A., 1992, A basin analysis of the Wabigoon area of Lake Agassiz, a Quaternary clay basin in northwestern Ontario: Géographie physique et Quaternaire, v. 46, no. 3, p. 295-309.
91. Shaw, J., 2002, The meltwater hypothesis for subglacial bedforms: Quaternary International, v. 90, p. 5-22, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00089-1.
92. Sjogren, D.B., Fisher, T.G., Taylor, L.D., Jol, H.M., and Munro-Stasiuk, M.J., 2002, Incipient tunnel channels: Quaternary International, v. 90, p. 41-56, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00091-X.
93. Smith, R.C., and Sjogren, D.B., 2006, An evaluation of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) in Quaternary sediments, southern Alberta, Canada: Geosphere, v. 2, no. 6, p. 287-298, doi: 10.1130/GES00048.1.
94. Sørensen, K. I., and Auken, E., 2004, SkyTEM-A new high-resolution helicopter transient electromagnetic system: Exploration Geophysics, v. 35, p. 191-199.
95. Stalker, A. M., 1960, Buried Valleys in Central and Southern Alberta: Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada 60-32, p. 13.
96. Thomsen, R., Søndergaard, V.H., and Sørensen, K.I., 2004, Hydrogeological mapping as a basis for establishing site-specific groundwater protection zones in Denmark: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 5, p. 550-562, doi: 10.1007/s10040-004-0345-1.
97. van Overmeeren, R.A., 2001, Hagedoorn's plus-minus method: The beauty of simplicity: Geophysical Prospecting, v. 49, no. 6, p. 687-696, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2478.2001.00283.x.
98. Wiederhold, H., Buness, H.A., and Bram, K., 1998, Glacial structures in northern Germany revealed by a highresolution reflection seismic survey: Geophysics, v. 63, no. 4, p. 1265-1272, doi: 10.1190/1.1444428.
99. Yilmaz, Ö., 2001, Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data: Tulsa, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Investigations in Geophysics 10, 526 p.