메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 16-33

Farmers, factories and funds: Organised crime and illicit drugs cultivation within the british vietnamese community

Author keywords

Cannabis cultivation; Money laundering; People smuggling; Vietnamese organised crime

Indexed keywords


EID: 76049125691     PISSN: 17440572     EISSN: 17440580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17440570903475683     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (38)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 76049086520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • In May 1999, three suspected members of a Vietnamese Triad gang were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of a London waiter.
  • 2
    • 76049092679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Terror of the Triads
    • July 26, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • 'UK Terror of the Triads', BBC News Online, July 26, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/404338.stm (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (1999) Bbc News Online
  • 3
    • 76049130506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • Europol, 2005 EU Organised Crime Report Public Version, 2005, http://members.lycos.co.uk/ocnewsletter/reports/europol-OC2005-public.pdf (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2005) 2005 Eu Organised Crime Report Public Version
  • 4
    • 76049094273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Scotland Yard Tackles Asian Crime Gangs
    • June 15, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • B. Choudhury, 'UK Scotland Yard Tackles Asian Crime Gangs', BBC News, June 15, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3808165.stm (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2004) Bbc News
    • Choudhury, B.1
  • 6
    • 41849114878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant Warfare
    • March-April, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • M. Daly, 'Plant Warfare', Druglink 22, no. 2, March-April 2007, 6-9, http://www.drugscope.org.uk/OneStopCMS/Core/CrawlerResourceServer.aspx?resource=3B1D8801-3C4E-4F92-88A5-402CD0A17457andmode=linkandguid=677eca484c614bf995ba90f8f81449d7 (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2007) Druglink , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 6-9
    • Daly, M.1
  • 7
    • 34247211388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SOCA, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • and SOCA, The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Organised Crime, 2007/2008, http://www.soca.gov.uk/assessPublications/downloads/UKTA2008-9NPM.pdf (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2007) The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Organised Crime
  • 8
    • 53149103779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Police "Can't Cope" As vietnamese flood drugs trade
    • Sunday, September 11, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • T. Thompson, 'Police "Can't Cope" As Vietnamese Flood Drugs Trade', The Observer, Sunday, September 11, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/11/ukcrime.drugsandalcohol (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2005) The Observer
    • Thompson, T.1
  • 9
    • 76049113403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The UK's secret cannabis farms
    • December 20, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • W. Robinson and S. Mitchell, 'The UK's Secret Cannabis Farms', BBC Radio, December 20, 2007, 4, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7152709.stm (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2007) Bbc Radio , pp. 4
    • Robinson, W.1    Mitchell, S.2
  • 10
    • 76049107518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triads Run £1 billion scots cannabis industry
    • November 20, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • T. Hamilton, 'Triads Run £1 Billion Scots Cannabis Industry', Daily Record, November 20, 2007, http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2007/11/20/triads-run-1billion-scots-cannabis-industry-86908-20132304/ (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2007) Daily Record
    • Hamilton, T.1
  • 11
    • 76049116642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homes Turned into "Drug Factories"
    • February 22, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • and 'Homes Turned into "Drug Factories"', BBC News, February 22, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/7257476.stm (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2008) Bbc News
  • 12
    • 33745439110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home Office, (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • Home Office, One Step Ahead: A 21st Century Strategy to Defeat Organised Crime, 2004, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cons-organised-crime-300704/organised-crime-300704?view=Binary (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2004) One Step Ahead: A 21st Century Strategy to Defeat Organised Crime
  • 13
    • 46749154012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a detailed discussion of the issue of defining organised crime see, Cullompton: Willan
    • For a detailed discussion of the issue of defining organised crime see A. Wright, Organised Crime (Cullompton: Willan, 2006).
    • (2006) Organised Crime
    • Wright, A.1
  • 15
    • 76049124587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix Knowledge Group, 2nd ed. (Home Office Online Report), (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • Matrix Knowledge Group, The Illicit Drug Trade in the United Kingdom, 2nd ed. (Home Office Online Report 20/07, 2007), http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr2007.pdf (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2007) The Illicit Drug Trade in the United Kingdom , vol.20 , Issue.7
  • 16
    • 0242673460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the association between race and drugs see, (Aldershot: Ashgate)
    • For a discussion of the association between race and drugs see K. Murji, Policing Drugs (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
    • (1998) Policing Drugs
    • Murji, K.1
  • 19
    • 0005458166 scopus 로고
    • For recent examples of this see, (Bidford-on-Avon: Headline Press)
    • For recent examples of this see, J. Silverman, Crack of Doom (Bidford-on-Avon: Headline Press, 1993).
    • (1993) Crack of Doom
    • Silverman, J.1
  • 23
    • 76049123107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IMF, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • IMF, Consultative Group Meeting for Vietnam, 2007, http://www.imf.org/external/np/dm/2007/121007.htm (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (2007) Consultative Group Meeting For Vietnam
  • 25
    • 76049111165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RDS-IND, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • RDS-IND, Country of Information Report: Vietnam, 2006, www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/vietnam_221206.doc (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (2006) Country of Information Report: Vietnam
  • 26
    • 76049104429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foreign Banks Face Big Hurdle in Vietnam
    • (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • 'Foreign Banks Face Big Hurdle in Vietnam', LA Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jan/07/business/ft-vietbanks7 (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • La Times
  • 27
    • 42449117214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transparency International, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2007, http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007 (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • Corruption Perceptions Index 2007
  • 30
    • 0023466775 scopus 로고
    • Refugees "in Transit": Vietnamese in a Refugee Camp in Hong Kong
    • Migration and Health (Autumn)
    • B. Kwok, K.B. Chan, and D. Loveridge, 'Refugees "in Transit": Vietnamese in a Refugee Camp in Hong Kong', International Migration Review 21, no. 3, Special Issue: Migration and Health (Autumn, 1987): 745-59.
    • (1987) International Migration Review , vol.21 , Issue.3 SPEC. ISSUE. , pp. 745-759
    • Kwok, B.1    Chan, K.B.2    Loveridge, D.3
  • 31
    • 84872512903 scopus 로고
    • Families in Refugee Camps
    • H. Williams, 'Families in Refugee Camps', Human Organization 49, no. 2 (1990): 100-9.
    • (1990) Human Organization , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 100-109
    • Williams, H.1
  • 34
    • 76049095715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IOM, (London: IOM), (accessed August 20, 2008)
    • IOM, Mapping Exercise Vietnam (London: IOM, 2006), http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/Vietnam%20Mapping%20Exercise%20Final%20Report.pdf (accessed August 20, 2008).
    • (2006) Mapping Exercise Vietnam
  • 35
    • 76049107776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Research interview with law enforcement, August 2006. All interviews were conducted on the condition of anonymity.
  • 36
    • 34248637040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Where Are They Going": Immigrant inclusion in the czech republic, a case study on ukrainians, vietnamese and armenians in Prague
    • D. Drbohlav and D. Dzurova, '"Where Are They Going": Immigrant Inclusion in the Czech Republic, A Case Study on Ukrainians, Vietnamese and Armenians in Prague', International Migration 45, no. 2 (2007): 69-95.
    • (2007) International Migration , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 69-95
    • Drbohlav, D.1    Dzurova, D.2
  • 37
    • 34248639873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Path-Dependency and Path-Creation Perspectives on migration trajectories: The economic experiences of vietnamese migrants in Slovakia
    • A. Balaz and A. Williams, 'Path-Dependency and Path-Creation Perspectives on Migration Trajectories: The Economic Experiences of Vietnamese Migrants in Slovakia', International Migration 45, no.2 (2007): 37-67.
    • (2007) International Migration , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 37-67
    • Balaz, A.1    Williams, A.2
  • 39
    • 33747092663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning, Then Losing, the Battle with Globalization: Vietnamese petty traders in Slovakia
    • and A. Williams and V. Balaz, 'Winning, Then Losing, the Battle with Globalization: Vietnamese Petty Traders in Slovakia', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29, no. 3 (2005): 533-49.
    • (2005) International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 533-549
    • Williams, A.1    Balaz, V.2
  • 41
    • 38949148492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the Emergence of the Cigarette Black Market in Germany
    • ed. P. Duyne et al. (Nijemegen: Wolf Legal Publishers)
    • K. Lampe, 'Explaining the Emergence of the Cigarette Black Market in Germany', in The Organised Crime Economy: Managing Crime Markets in Europe, ed. P. Duyne et al. (Nijemegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2005), 209-27.
    • (2005) The Organised Crime Economy: Managing Crime Markets in Europe , pp. 209-227
    • Lampe, K.1
  • 42
    • 76049122539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berlin Journal: In Germany, Vietnamese Terrorize Vietnamese
    • May 23, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • S. Kinzer, 'Berlin Journal: In Germany, Vietnamese Terrorize Vietnamese', The New York Times, May 23, 1996, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D91039F930A15756C0A960958260andsec=andspon=andpagewanted=all (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (1996) The New York Times
    • Kinzer, S.1
  • 45
    • 76049088227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Each respondent was asked to estimate the number of people living here illegally.
  • 48
    • 76049114625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • Interview with Vietnamese law enforcement, August 2008.
  • 50
    • 76049114131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 500 Children face forcible repatriation
    • August 18, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • P. Lewis, '500 Children Face Forcible Repatriation', The Guardian, August 18, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/aug/18/immigration.immigrationandpublicservices1 (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (2006) The Guardian
    • Lewis, P.1
  • 53
    • 76049129789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note
    • For example, 'Vietnamese boys and girls have been identified as a specific vulnerable group with 22 children documented in the data set. Some of these children were found being exploited in cannabis 'farms' or 'factories' and others were suspected to have been trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation'.
  • 54
    • 41849121855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CEOP, (accessed December 29, 2009)
    • CEOP, A Scoping Project on Child Trafficking in the UK, 2007, 7, http://www.ceop.gov.uk/downloads/documents/child_trafficking_report0607.pdf (accessed December 29, 2009).
    • (2007) A Scoping Project On Child Trafficking in the UK , pp. 7
  • 59
    • 76049098226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Public Policy Sources Number 74, The Fraser Institute), (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • S. Easton, Marijuana Growth in British Columbia (Public Policy Sources Number 74, The Fraser Institute, 2004) http://www.fraserinstitute.org/commerce.web/product_files/Marijuana.pdf (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (2004) Marijuana Growth in British Columbia
    • Easton, S.1
  • 64
    • 76049092678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IDMU, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • IDMU, Homegrown's Place in the UK Cannabis Market, 2001, http://www.idmu.co.uk/homegrowmarket.htm (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (2001) Homegrown's Place in the UK Cannabis Market
  • 68
    • 76049116382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note, (accessed August 22 2008)
    • There are detailed and voluminous websites devoted to marijuana growth operations available to anyone who peruses the Internet. There are also several chat-rooms where growers and users trade tips on all aspects of cannabis cultivation, including the latest efforts of law enforcement. Some examples are http://www.allsalvia.co.uk/lighting.htm (accessed August 22, 2008).
  • 69
    • 76049124863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note, (accessed August 22, 2008), Cannabis has now been reclassified back to a Class B drug but it is too early to review the impact of this decision
    • and http://www.uk420.com/boards (accessed August 22, 2008) Cannabis has now been reclassified back to a Class B drug but it is too early to review the impact of this decision.
  • 70
    • 85085826503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant warfare
    • Daly, 'Plant Warfare'.
    • Daly1
  • 73
    • 33746520334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Remittance Working Group, (accessed August 22, 2008)
    • UK Remittance Working Group, UK Remittance Market, 2005, www.dfid.gov.uk/Pubs/files/uk-remittances-report.pdf (accessed August 22, 2008).
    • (2005) UK Remittance Market
  • 74
    • 0004079802 scopus 로고
    • (New York: Columbia University Press)
    • P. Adler, Wheeling and Dealing (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).
    • (1985) Wheeling and Dealing
    • Adler, P.1
  • 76
    • 27144555616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in Canada: A Study of High-Level Drug Networks
    • ed. Margaret Beare (Toronto: University of Toronto Press)
    • F. Desroches, 'Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in Canada: A Study of High-Level Drug Networks', in Critical Reflections on Transnational Organized Crime, Money Laundering and Corruption, ed. Margaret Beare (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 237-55.
    • (2003) Critical Reflections On Transnational Organized Crime, Money Laundering and Corruption , pp. 237-255
    • Desroches, F.1
  • 77
    • 84933477901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Going Down the Glocal: The local context of organised crime
    • D. Hobbs, 'Going Down the Glocal: The Local Context of Organised Crime', The Howard Journal 37, no. 4 (1998): 407-22.
    • (1998) The Howard Journal , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 407-422
    • Hobbs, D.1
  • 78
    • 84870308527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The network paradigm applied to criminal organizations: Theoretical nitpicking or a relevant doctrine for investigators? recent developments in the Netherlands
    • For further discussion of criminal networks see, (London: Routledge)
    • For further discussion of criminal networks see P. Klerks, 'The Network Paradigm Applied to Criminal Organizations: Theoretical Nitpicking or a Relevant Doctrine for Investigators? Recent Developments in the Netherlands', in Transnational Organized Crime Perspectives on Global Security, ed. Adam Edwards and Peter Gill (London: Routledge, 2003).
    • (2003) Transnational Organized Crime Perspectives On Global Security, Ed. Adam Edwards and Peter Gill
    • Klerks, P.1
  • 79
    • 0035618638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It's not what you know-it's who you know that counts: Analysing serious crime groups as social networks
    • N. Coles, 'It's Not What You Know-It's Who You Know That Counts: Analysing Serious Crime Groups As Social Networks', British Journal of Criminology 41 (2001): 580-94.
    • (2001) British Journal of Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 580-594
    • Coles, N.1
  • 81
    • 33750689886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British South Asian communities and drug supply networks in the UK: A qualitative study
    • V. Ruggerio and K. Khan, 'British South Asian Communities and Drug Supply Networks in the UK: A Qualitative Study', International Journal of Drug Policy 17 (2006): 473-83.
    • (2006) International Journal of Drug Policy , vol.17 , pp. 473-483
    • Ruggerio, V.1    Khan, K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.