메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 300, Issue 1-4, 2010, Pages 189-193

Suitability of two seaweeds, Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Sargassum pallidum, as feed for the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Author keywords

Abalone; Aquaculture; Feed and nutrition; Haliotis discus hannai Ino; Seaweeds

Indexed keywords

ALGA; ARTIFICIAL DIET; CONDITION FACTOR; GROWTH RATE; HERBIVORY; MOLLUSC CULTURE; SEAWEED; SURVIVAL;

EID: 76049120146     PISSN: 00448486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.01.019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (95)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 33646103678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) fed with macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tank
    • Alcantara L., and Noro T. Growth of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor (Reeve) fed with macroalgae in floating net cage and plastic tank. Aquac. Res. 37 7 (2006) 708-717
    • (2006) Aquac. Res. , vol.37 , Issue.7 , pp. 708-717
    • Alcantara, L.1    Noro, T.2
  • 2
    • 0003014630 scopus 로고
    • Diet of the South African abalone Haliotis midae
    • Barkai R., and Griffiths C.L. Diet of the South African abalone Haliotis midae. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 4 (1986) 37-44
    • (1986) S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 37-44
    • Barkai, R.1    Griffiths, C.L.2
  • 3
    • 0000399154 scopus 로고
    • Consumption, absorption efficiency, respiration and excretion in the South African abalone Haliotis midae
    • Barkai R., and Griffiths C.L. Consumption, absorption efficiency, respiration and excretion in the South African abalone Haliotis midae. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 5 (1987) 523-529
    • (1987) S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 523-529
    • Barkai, R.1    Griffiths, C.L.2
  • 4
    • 0037414051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet development and evaluation for juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinine and plant protein sources
    • Bautista-Teruel M.N., Fermin A.C., and Koshio S.S. Diet development and evaluation for juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinine and plant protein sources. Aquaculture 219 (2003) 645-653
    • (2003) Aquaculture , vol.219 , pp. 645-653
    • Bautista-Teruel, M.N.1    Fermin, A.C.2    Koshio, S.S.3
  • 5
    • 0035717348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative growth performance of juvenile Haliotis roei fed on enriched Ulva rigida and various artificial diets
    • Boarder S.J., and Shpigel M. Comparative growth performance of juvenile Haliotis roei fed on enriched Ulva rigida and various artificial diets. J. Shellfish Res. 20 (2001) 653-657
    • (2001) J. Shellfish Res. , vol.20 , pp. 653-657
    • Boarder, S.J.1    Shpigel, M.2
  • 6
    • 0002832330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance of South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed on fishmeal based semi-purified diets
    • Britz P.J. Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance of South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed on fishmeal based semi-purified diets. Aquaculture 140 (1996) 55-61
    • (1996) Aquaculture , vol.140 , pp. 55-61
    • Britz, P.J.1
  • 7
    • 0030588317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of different combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile Haliotis laevigata
    • Coote T., Hone P.W., Kenyon R., and Maguire G.B. The effect of different combinations of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the growth of juvenile Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture 145 (1996) 267-279
    • (1996) Aquaculture , vol.145 , pp. 267-279
    • Coote, T.1    Hone, P.W.2    Kenyon, R.3    Maguire, G.B.4
  • 8
    • 0038042019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in amino acid content of an algal feed species (Navicula sp.) and their effect on growth and survival of juvenile abalone (Haliotis rubra)
    • Daume S., Long B.M., and Crouch P. Changes in amino acid content of an algal feed species (Navicula sp.) and their effect on growth and survival of juvenile abalone (Haliotis rubra). J. Appl. Phycol. 15 (2003) 201-207
    • (2003) J. Appl. Phycol. , vol.15 , pp. 201-207
    • Daume, S.1    Long, B.M.2    Crouch, P.3
  • 9
    • 0001826723 scopus 로고
    • The determinants and measurement of abalone growth
    • Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzmán Del Próo S.A. (Eds), Fishing News Books, Oxford
    • Day R.W., and Fleming A.E. The determinants and measurement of abalone growth. In: Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzmán Del Próo S.A. (Eds). Abalone of the World. Biology, Fisheries and Culture (1992), Fishing News Books, Oxford 141-168
    • (1992) Abalone of the World. Biology, Fisheries and Culture , pp. 141-168
    • Day, R.W.1    Fleming, A.E.2
  • 10
    • 2442616982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced production of Pacific dulse Palmaria mollis for co-culture with abalone in a land-based system: nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metal nutrition
    • Demetropoulos C.L., and Langdon C.J. Enhanced production of Pacific dulse Palmaria mollis for co-culture with abalone in a land-based system: nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace metal nutrition. Aquaculture 235 (2004) 433-455
    • (2004) Aquaculture , vol.235 , pp. 433-455
    • Demetropoulos, C.L.1    Langdon, C.J.2
  • 11
    • 0002676938 scopus 로고
    • Parameters of an energy budget
    • Grodzinski W., Klekowski R.Z., and Duncan A. (Eds), IBP Handbook. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
    • Duncan A., and Klekowski R.Z. Parameters of an energy budget. In: Grodzinski W., Klekowski R.Z., and Duncan A. (Eds). Methods for Ecological Bioenergetics (1975), IBP Handbook. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 97-148
    • (1975) Methods for Ecological Bioenergetics , pp. 97-148
    • Duncan, A.1    Klekowski, R.Z.2
  • 12
    • 0000714608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of diet on the lipid composition of wild and cultured abalone
    • Dunstan G.A., Baillie H.J., Barret S.M., and Volkman J.K. Effect of diet on the lipid composition of wild and cultured abalone. Aquaculture 140 (1996) 115-127
    • (1996) Aquaculture , vol.140 , pp. 115-127
    • Dunstan, G.A.1    Baillie, H.J.2    Barret, S.M.3    Volkman, J.K.4
  • 14
    • 0028993581 scopus 로고
    • Growth, intake, feed conversion efficiency and chemosensory preference of the Australian abalone, Haliotis rubra
    • Fleming A.E. Growth, intake, feed conversion efficiency and chemosensory preference of the Australian abalone, Haliotis rubra. Aquaculture 132 (1995) 297-331
    • (1995) Aquaculture , vol.132 , pp. 297-331
    • Fleming, A.E.1
  • 15
    • 0035717510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World abalone supply, markets and pricing: historical, current and future prospectives
    • Gordon H.R., and Cook P. World abalone supply, markets and pricing: historical, current and future prospectives. J. Shellfish Res. 20 2 (2001) 567-570
    • (2001) J. Shellfish Res. , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 567-570
    • Gordon, H.R.1    Cook, P.2
  • 16
    • 32344436083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of diatom diets on growth and survival of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai postlarvae
    • Gordon N., Neori A., Shpigel M., Lee J., and Harpaz S. Effect of diatom diets on growth and survival of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai postlarvae. Aquaculture 252 (2006) 225-233
    • (2006) Aquaculture , vol.252 , pp. 225-233
    • Gordon, N.1    Neori, A.2    Shpigel, M.3    Lee, J.4    Harpaz, S.5
  • 18
    • 0002042280 scopus 로고
    • A review of the biology of abalone and its fishery in Mexico
    • Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzmán del Proó S.A. (Eds), Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Guzmán del Proó S.A. A review of the biology of abalone and its fishery in Mexico. In: Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzmán del Proó S.A. (Eds). Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Abalone (1992), Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom 341-360
    • (1992) Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Abalone , pp. 341-360
    • Guzmán del Proó, S.A.1
  • 19
    • 0032526844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth of abalone Haliotis fulgens fed diets with and without fish meal, compared to a commercial diet
    • Guzmán J.M., and Viana M.T. Growth of abalone Haliotis fulgens fed diets with and without fish meal, compared to a commercial diet. Aquaculture 165 (1998) 321-333
    • (1998) Aquaculture , vol.165 , pp. 321-333
    • Guzmán, J.M.1    Viana, M.T.2
  • 21
    • 0034840053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radula development in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, from larva to adult in relation to feeding transitions
    • Kawamura T., Takami H., Roberts R.D., and Yamashita Y. Radula development in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, from larva to adult in relation to feeding transitions. Fish. Sci. 67 (2001) 596-605
    • (2001) Fish. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 596-605
    • Kawamura, T.1    Takami, H.2    Roberts, R.D.3    Yamashita, Y.4
  • 22
    • 0011344975 scopus 로고
    • Food values of certain marine algae for the growth of the young abalone Haliotis discus hannai
    • Kikuchi S., Sakurai Y., Sasaki M., and Ito T. Food values of certain marine algae for the growth of the young abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 27 (1967) 93-100
    • (1967) Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , vol.27 , pp. 93-100
    • Kikuchi, S.1    Sakurai, Y.2    Sasaki, M.3    Ito, T.4
  • 23
    • 0001839582 scopus 로고
    • Observations of the effect of diet on shell coloration in the red abalone Hahotis rufescens
    • Leighton D.L. Observations of the effect of diet on shell coloration in the red abalone Hahotis rufescens. Veliger 4 (1961) 29-32
    • (1961) Veliger , vol.4 , pp. 29-32
    • Leighton, D.L.1
  • 24
    • 0001328989 scopus 로고
    • The influence of temperature on larval and juvenile growth in three species of Southern California abalones
    • Leighton D.L. The influence of temperature on larval and juvenile growth in three species of Southern California abalones. Fish. Bull. 72 (1974) 1137-1145
    • (1974) Fish. Bull. , vol.72 , pp. 1137-1145
    • Leighton, D.L.1
  • 25
    • 76049106695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of diets acclimati on the feeding preference of juvenile black abalone
    • in Chinese with English abstract
    • Li M., Zhu C.B., Zhang H.H., Chen L.X., and Wu J.F. Effects of diets acclimati on the feeding preference of juvenile black abalone. South. Chin. Fish. Sci. 13 14 (2007) 14-19 in Chinese with English abstract
    • (2007) South. Chin. Fish. Sci. , vol.13 , Issue.14 , pp. 14-19
    • Li, M.1    Zhu, C.B.2    Zhang, H.H.3    Chen, L.X.4    Wu, J.F.5
  • 26
    • 76049095891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of differences between Qingdao Laminaria japonica and Ningbo Laminaria japonica
    • in Chinese with English abstract
    • Liu H.Y., Xue C.H., Zhang H., and Zhang H.L. A comparison of differences between Qingdao Laminaria japonica and Ningbo Laminaria japonica. J. Agric. Univ. Hebei 28 2 (2005) 61-63 in Chinese with English abstract
    • (2005) J. Agric. Univ. Hebei , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 61-63
    • Liu, H.Y.1    Xue, C.H.2    Zhang, H.3    Zhang, H.L.4
  • 27
    • 0029201020 scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies on the nutrition of two species of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata L. and Haliotis discus hannai Ino. IV. Optimum dietary protein level for growth
    • Mai K., Mercer J.P., and Donlon J. Comparative studies on the nutrition of two species of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata L. and Haliotis discus hannai Ino. IV. Optimum dietary protein level for growth. Aquaculture 136 (1995) 165-180
    • (1995) Aquaculture , vol.136 , pp. 165-180
    • Mai, K.1    Mercer, J.P.2    Donlon, J.3
  • 28
    • 0030059675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies on the nutrition of two species of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata L. and Haliotis discus hannai Ino. V. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids of macroalgae in abalone nutrition
    • Mai K., Mercer J.P., and Donlon J. Comparative studies on the nutrition of two species of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata L. and Haliotis discus hannai Ino. V. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids of macroalgae in abalone nutrition. Aquaculture 139 (1996) 77-89
    • (1996) Aquaculture , vol.139 , pp. 77-89
    • Mai, K.1    Mercer, J.P.2    Donlon, J.3
  • 29
    • 0000698945 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content
    • Mattson W.J. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Ann. Rev. Ecolog. Syst. 11 (1980) 119-161
    • (1980) Ann. Rev. Ecolog. Syst. , vol.11 , pp. 119-161
    • Mattson, W.J.1
  • 30
    • 33845388475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of various seaweed-based diets and formulated feed on growth rate of abalone in a land-based aquaculture system
    • Naidoo K., Maneveldt G., Ruck K., and Bolton J.J. A comparison of various seaweed-based diets and formulated feed on growth rate of abalone in a land-based aquaculture system. J. Appl. Phycol. 18 (2006) 437-443
    • (2006) J. Appl. Phycol. , vol.18 , pp. 437-443
    • Naidoo, K.1    Maneveldt, G.2    Ruck, K.3    Bolton, J.J.4
  • 32
    • 76049086466 scopus 로고
    • Studies on food habit of adult abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino
    • in Chinese with English abstract
    • Nie Z.Q., and Yan J.P. Studies on food habit of adult abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. J. Fish. Chin. 9 1 (1985) 19-27 in Chinese with English abstract
    • (1985) J. Fish. Chin. , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-27
    • Nie, Z.Q.1    Yan, J.P.2
  • 33
    • 0002895302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The abalone market: opportunities for cultured abalone
    • Oakes F.R., and Ponte R.D. The abalone market: opportunities for cultured abalone. Aquaculture 140 (1996) 187-195
    • (1996) Aquaculture , vol.140 , pp. 187-195
    • Oakes, F.R.1    Ponte, R.D.2
  • 34
    • 0344176795 scopus 로고
    • Banding patterns in Haliotis-II. Some behavioral considerations and the effect of diet on shell coloration for Haliohs rufescens, Haliotis corrugata, Haliotis sorenseni, and Haliotis assirnilis
    • Olsen D.A. Banding patterns in Haliotis-II. Some behavioral considerations and the effect of diet on shell coloration for Haliohs rufescens, Haliotis corrugata, Haliotis sorenseni, and Haliotis assirnilis. Veliger 11 (1968) 135-139
    • (1968) Veliger , vol.11 , pp. 135-139
    • Olsen, D.A.1
  • 35
    • 0037521203 scopus 로고
    • Culture of the California red abalone Haliotis rufescens Swanson (1822) in Chile
    • Owen B., Disaivo L.H., Ebert E.E., and Fonck E. Culture of the California red abalone Haliotis rufescens Swanson (1822) in Chile. Veliger 27 (1984) 101-105
    • (1984) Veliger , vol.27 , pp. 101-105
    • Owen, B.1    Disaivo, L.H.2    Ebert, E.E.3    Fonck, E.4
  • 36
    • 0002429991 scopus 로고
    • Case histories for three species of California abalone, Haliotis currugata, H. fulgens and H. cracherodii
    • Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzmán del Proó S.A. (Eds), Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Parker D.O., Haaker P.L., and Togstadt H.A. Case histories for three species of California abalone, Haliotis currugata, H. fulgens and H. cracherodii. In: Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzmán del Proó S.A. (Eds). Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Abalone (1992), Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom 384-394
    • (1992) Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Abalone , pp. 384-394
    • Parker, D.O.1    Haaker, P.L.2    Togstadt, H.A.3
  • 37
    • 85007929801 scopus 로고
    • Ecological studies on the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino-I. Experimental studies on the food habit
    • Sakai S. Ecological studies on the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino-I. Experimental studies on the food habit. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 28 (1962) 766-779
    • (1962) Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. , vol.28 , pp. 766-779
    • Sakai, S.1
  • 38
    • 0032791897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein content determines the nutritional value of the seaweed Ulva lactuca L. for the abalone Haliotis tuberculata L. and H. discus hannai Ino
    • Shpigel M., Ragg N.L., Lapatsch I., and Neori A. Protein content determines the nutritional value of the seaweed Ulva lactuca L. for the abalone Haliotis tuberculata L. and H. discus hannai Ino. J. Shellfish Res. 18 (1999) 227-233
    • (1999) J. Shellfish Res. , vol.18 , pp. 227-233
    • Shpigel, M.1    Ragg, N.L.2    Lapatsch, I.3    Neori, A.4
  • 39
    • 0032418938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotation diets: a method of improving growth of cultured abalone using natural algal diets
    • Simpson J.A., and Cook P.A. Rotation diets: a method of improving growth of cultured abalone using natural algal diets. J. Shellfish Res. 17 (1998) 635-640
    • (1998) J. Shellfish Res. , vol.17 , pp. 635-640
    • Simpson, J.A.1    Cook, P.A.2
  • 40
    • 0028163099 scopus 로고
    • Growth and diet of cultivated black-footed abalone, Haliotis iris (Martyn)
    • Stuart M.D., and Brown M.T. Growth and diet of cultivated black-footed abalone, Haliotis iris (Martyn). Aquaculture 127 (1994) 329-337
    • (1994) Aquaculture , vol.127 , pp. 329-337
    • Stuart, M.D.1    Brown, M.T.2
  • 41
    • 0032910416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural diet, feeding periodicity and functional response to food density of the abalone, Haliotis asinina L., (Gastropoda)
    • Tahil A.S., and Juinio-Menez M.A. Natural diet, feeding periodicity and functional response to food density of the abalone, Haliotis asinina L., (Gastropoda). Aquac. Res. 30 (1999) 95-107
    • (1999) Aquac. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 95-107
    • Tahil, A.S.1    Juinio-Menez, M.A.2
  • 42
    • 33646692388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A growth assessment of juvenile abalone Haliotis laevigata fed enriched macroalgae Ulva rigida
    • Taylor M., and Tsvetnenko E. A growth assessment of juvenile abalone Haliotis laevigata fed enriched macroalgae Ulva rigida. Aquac. Int. 12 (2004) 467-480
    • (2004) Aquac. Int. , vol.12 , pp. 467-480
    • Taylor, M.1    Tsvetnenko, E.2
  • 44
    • 33646892190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abalone farming in South Africa: an overview with perspectives on kelp resources, abalone feed, potential for on-farm seaweed production and socio-economic important
    • Troell M., Roberstson A.D., Anderson R.J., Bolton J.J., Maneveldt G., Halling C., and Probyn T. Abalone farming in South Africa: an overview with perspectives on kelp resources, abalone feed, potential for on-farm seaweed production and socio-economic important. Aquaculture 257 (2006) 266-281
    • (2006) Aquaculture , vol.257 , pp. 266-281
    • Troell, M.1    Roberstson, A.D.2    Anderson, R.J.3    Bolton, J.J.4    Maneveldt, G.5    Halling, C.6    Probyn, T.7
  • 45
    • 0003154970 scopus 로고
    • Food value of marine algae of order Laminariales for growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai
    • Uki N. Food value of marine algae of order Laminariales for growth of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 42 (1981) 19-29
    • (1981) Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , vol.42 , pp. 19-29
    • Uki, N.1
  • 46
    • 0002632578 scopus 로고
    • Review of the nutritional requirements of abalone (Haliotis spp.) and development of more efficient artificial diets
    • Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzman del Proo S.A. (Eds), Fishing News Books, Oxford
    • Uki N., and Watanabe T. Review of the nutritional requirements of abalone (Haliotis spp.) and development of more efficient artificial diets. In: Shepherd S.A., Tegner M.J., and Guzman del Proo S.A. (Eds). Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture (1992), Fishing News Books, Oxford 504-517
    • (1992) Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture , pp. 504-517
    • Uki, N.1    Watanabe, T.2
  • 48
    • 34250275624 scopus 로고
    • The importance of a relative shortage of food in animal ecology
    • White T.C.R. The importance of a relative shortage of food in animal ecology. Oecologia 33 (1978) 71-86
    • (1978) Oecologia , vol.33 , pp. 71-86
    • White, T.C.R.1
  • 49
    • 22144499239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth characters and photosynthetic capacity of Gracilaria lemaneiformis as a biofilter in a shellfish farming area in Sanggou Bay, China
    • Yang H.S., Zhou Y., Mao Y.Z., Li X.X., Liu Y., and Zhang F.S. Growth characters and photosynthetic capacity of Gracilaria lemaneiformis as a biofilter in a shellfish farming area in Sanggou Bay, China. J. Appl. Phycol. 17 (2005) 199-206
    • (2005) J. Appl. Phycol. , vol.17 , pp. 199-206
    • Yang, H.S.1    Zhou, Y.2    Mao, Y.Z.3    Li, X.X.4    Liu, Y.5    Zhang, F.S.6
  • 50
    • 33644979686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical composition and net organic production of cultivated and fouling organisms in Sishili Bay and their ecological effects
    • in Chinese with English abstract
    • Zhou Y., Yang H.S., Liu S.L., He Y.Z., and Zhang F.S. Chemical composition and net organic production of cultivated and fouling organisms in Sishili Bay and their ecological effects. J. Fish. Chin. 26 1 (2002) 21-27 in Chinese with English abstract
    • (2002) J. Fish. Chin. , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 21-27
    • Zhou, Y.1    Yang, H.S.2    Liu, S.L.3    He, Y.Z.4    Zhang, F.S.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.