Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 368-380

  Maron, Barry J ^a  

^a MINNEAPOLIS HEART INSTITUTE FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ATHLETE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEFIBRILLATOR; HEART DEATH; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE OUTFLOW TRACT OBSTRUCTION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; MUSCLE RESECTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS ALCOHOL SEPTAL ABLATION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SCLEROTHERAPY; SUDDEN DEATH; TREATMENT INDICATION; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; CARDIOVERSION; COMPLICATION; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEVICES; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; MORTALITY; PATIENT SELECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; ELECTRIC COUNTERSHOCK; HUMANS; PATIENT SELECTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 75949127827     PISSN: 19375387     EISSN: 19375395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9147-0     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. E Braunwald CT Lambrew SD Rockoff, et al. 1964 Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. I: A description of the disease based upon an analysis of 64 patients Circulation 30 suppl IV 3 217 14227306
2. BJ Maron 2002 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review JAMA 287 1308 1320 10.1001/jama.287.10.1308 11886323
3. BJ Maron WJ McKenna GK Danielson, et al. 2003 American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42 1687 1713 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00941-0 14607462 (Pubitemid 37383745)
4. BJ Maron JA Towbin G Thiene, et al. 2006 Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation 113 1807 1816 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 16567565 (Pubitemid 43958474)
5. P Spirito CE Seidman WJ McKenna, et al. 1997 The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy New England Journal of Medicine 336 775 785 10.1056/NEJM199703133361107 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3gtFeksA%3D%3D 9052657 (Pubitemid 27113973)
6. ED Wigle H Rakowski BP Kimball, et al. 1996 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical spectrum and treatment Circulation 92 1680 1692
7. HG Klues A Schiffers BJ Maron 1995 Phenotypic spectrum and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Morphologic observations and significance as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography in 600 patients Journal of the American College of Cardiology 26 1699 1708 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00390-8 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FotlGntw%3D%3D 7594106
8. MS Maron BJ Maron C Harrigan J Buros CM Gibson I Olivotto, et al. 2009 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype revisited after 50 years with cardiovascular magnetic resonance Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54 220 228 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.006 19589434
9. BJ Maron JM Gardin JM Flack, et al. 1995 Assessment of the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults: Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study Circulation 92 785 789 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzmvVyisg%3D%3D 7641357
10. MS Maron I Olivotto S Betocchi, et al. 2003 Effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction on clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy New England Journal of Medicine 348 295 303 10.1056/NEJMoa021332 12540642 (Pubitemid 36119984)
11. MS Maron I Olivotto AG Zenovich, et al. 2006 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction Circulation 114 2232 2239 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644682 17088454 (Pubitemid 44789498)
12. F Cecchi I Olivotto R Gistri, et al. 2003 Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy New England Journal of Medicine 349 1027 1035 10.1056/NEJMoa025050 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlagtbc%3D 12968086 (Pubitemid 37087617)
13. BJ Maron WK Shen MS Link AE Epstein AK Almquist, et al. 2000 Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy New England Journal of Medicine 342 365 373 10.1056/NEJM200002103420601 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7hs12msw%3D%3D 10666426 (Pubitemid 30084534)
14. BJ Maron P Spirito W-K Shen TS Haas F Formisano MS Link, et al. 2007 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy JAMA 298 405 412 10.1001/jama.298.4.405 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1eks7k%3D 17652294 (Pubitemid 47124061)
15. BJ Maron P Spirito 2008 Implantable defibrillators and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 19 1118 1126 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01147.x 18384577
16. JG Seidman CE Seidman 2001 The genetic basis for cardiomyopathy: From mutation identification to mechanistic paradigms Cell 104 557 567 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00242-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXis1Kks70%3D 11239412 (Pubitemid 32201950)
17. R Alcalai JG Seidman CE Seidman 2008 Genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: From bench to the clinics Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 19 104 110 17916152
18. JM Bos JA Towbin MJ Ackerman 2009 Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of gene testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54 201 211 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.075 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpvFyntrY%3D 19589432
19. BJ Maron 2003 Sudden death in young athletes New England Journal of Medicine 349 1064 1075 10.1056/NEJMra022783 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlaguro%3D 12968091 (Pubitemid 37098275)
20. BJ Maron JJ Doerer TS Haas DM Tierney FO Mueller 2009 Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: Analysis of 1866 deaths in the U.S., 1980-2006 Circulation 119 1085 1092 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804617 19221222
21. P Spirito P Bellone KM Harris, et al. 2000 Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy predicts the risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy New England Journal of Medicine 342 1778 1785 10.1056/NEJM200006153422403 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3psVOqsw%3D%3D 10853000 (Pubitemid 30390237)
22. S Maki H Ikeda A Muro, et al. 1998 Predictors of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy American Journal of Cardiology 82 774 778 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00455-X 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvjt1agsQ%3D%3D 9761089 (Pubitemid 28439639)
23. BJ Maron M Piccininno SA Casey, et al. 2003 Relation of extreme left ventricular hypertrophy to age in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy American Journal of Cardiology 91 626 628 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03326-X 12615280 (Pubitemid 36263275)
24. BJ Maron I Olivotto P Spirito SA Casey P Bellone TG Gohman, et al. 2000 Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related death. Revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population Circulation 102 858 864 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvhvFWhuw%3D%3D 10952953
25. PM Elliott J Poloniecki S Dickie S Sharma L Monserrat A Varnava, et al. 2000 Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Identification of high risk patients Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36 2212 2218 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01003-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FnslaqsA%3D%3D 11127463
26. PM Elliott JR Gimeno-Blanes NG Mahon JD Poloniecki WJ McKenna 2001 Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Lancet 357 420 424 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04005-8 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7nt12itg%3D%3D 11273061 (Pubitemid 32156140)
27. BJ Maron NAM Estes III MS Maron AK Almquist MS Link J Udelson 2003 Primary prevention of sudden death as a novel treatment strategy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 107 2872 2875 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072343.81530.75 12814983 (Pubitemid 36736624)
28. BJ Maron SA Casey LC Poliac TE Gohman AK Almquist DM Aeppli 1999 Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a regional United States cohort JAMA 281 650 655 10.1001/jama.281.7.650 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ltFGrtA%3D%3D 10029128 (Pubitemid 29098067)
29. BJ Maron SA Casey RG Hauser, et al. 2003 Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with survival to advanced ages Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42 882 888 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00855-6 12957437 (Pubitemid 37069223)
30. R Brock 1957 Functional obstruction of left ventricle (acquired aortic subvalvular stenosis) Guy's Hospital Reports 106 221 238 1:STN:280: DyaG1c%2Fitlaltw%3D%3D 13480570
31. D Teare 1958 Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young athletes British Heart Journal 20 1 8 10.1136/hrt.20.1.1 1:STN:280:DyaG1c%2Fkt1GgsQ%3D%3D 13499764
32. BJ Maron 2004 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An important global disease American Journal of Medicine 116 63 65 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.10.012 14706671 (Editorial) (Pubitemid 38050032)
33. Y Zou L Song Z Wang, et al. 2004 Prevalence of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China: A population-based echocardiographic analysis of 8080 adults American Journal of Medicine 115 14 18 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.05.009 (Pubitemid 38050021)
34. BJ Maron EE Peterson MS Maron JE Peterson 1994 Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an outpatient population referred for echocardiographic study American Journal of Cardiology 73 577 580 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90337-9 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7pslWjsg%3D%3D 8147304 (Pubitemid 24142591)
35. BJ Maron KP Carney HM Lever, et al. 2003 Relationship of race to sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 41 974 980 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02976-5 12651044 (Pubitemid 36315540)
36. BJ Maron WC Roberts 1979 Quantitative analysis of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the ventricular septum of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 59 689 706 1:STN:280:DyaE1M7is1Wqsw%3D%3D 570464
37. BJ Maron TJ Anan WC Roberts 1981 Quantitative analysis of the distribution of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the left ventricular wall of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 63 882 894 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7js1agsQ%3D%3D 7193536
38. BJ Maron JK Wolfson SE Epstein WC Roberts 1986 Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 8 545 557 1:STN:280:DyaL28zgsFChtA%3D%3D 3745699
39. BJ Maron DP Zipes 2005 36th Bethesda Conference: Eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45 1312 1375 10.1016/j.jacc.2005. 02.002
40. A Pelliccia R Fagard HH Bjornstad, et al. 2005 Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease European Heart Journal 14 1422 1445 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi325 (Pubitemid 41378990)
41. P Spirito C Autore C Rapezzi P Bernabo R Badagliacca MS Maron, et al. 2009 Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 119 1703 1710 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798314 19307481
42. RA Nishimura SR Ommen 2007 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, sudden death, and implantable cardiac defibrillators: How low the bar? JAMA 298 452 454 10.1001/jama.298.4.452 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1eksLw%3D 17652299 (Editorial)
43. L Monserrat PM Elliott JR Gimeno, et al. 2003 Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An independent marker of sudden death risk in young patients Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42 873 879 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00827-1 12957435 (Pubitemid 37059747)
44. I Olivotto BJ Maron A Montereggi, et al. 1999 Prognostic value of systemic blood pressure response during exercise in a community-based patient population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33 2044 2051 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00094-7 1:STN:280: DyaK1M3ovFSmug%3D%3D 10362212
45. AS Adabag SA Casey MA Kuskowski, et al. 2005 Spectrum and prognostic significance of arrhythmias on ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45 697 704 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.043 15734613 (Pubitemid 40278968)
46. AS Adabag BJ Maron 2007 Implications of arrhythmias and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 12 171 180 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2007.00157.x 17593187 (Pubitemid 46900738)
47. WJ McKenna ER Behr 2002 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Management, risk stratification, and prevention of sudden death Heart 87 169 176 10.1136/heart.87.2.169 11796562
48. BJ Maron DD Savage JK Wolfson SE Epstein 1981 Prognostic significance of 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A prospective study American Journal of Cardiology 48 252 257 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90604-4 1:STN:280:DyaL3M3nvFSrtw%3D%3D 7196685 (Pubitemid 11019058)
49. MS Maron JJ Finley JM Bos RH Hauser WJ Manning TS Haas, et al. 2008 Prevalence, clinical significance and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 118 1541 1549 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.781401 18809796
50. KM Harris P Spirito MS Maron, et al. 2006 Prevalence, clinical profile and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 114 216 225 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105. 583500 16831987 (Pubitemid 44297115)
51. C van der Lee FJ ten Cate ML Geleijnse, et al. 2005 Percutaneous versus surgical treatment for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and enlarged anterior mitral valve leaflets Circulation 112 482 488 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551457 16027255 (Pubitemid 43739373)
52. P Sorajja U Valeti R Nishimura SR Ommen CS Rihal BJ Gersh, et al. 2008 Outcome of alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 118 131 139 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738740 18591440
53. M Alam H Dokainish N Lakkis 2006 Alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: A systematic review of published studies Journal of Interventional Cardiology 19 319 327 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2006.00153.x 16881978 (Pubitemid 44185823)
54. CD Kimmelstiel BJ Maron 2004 Role of percutaneous septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Circulation 109 452 456 10.1161/01.CIR.0000114144.40315.C0 14757682 (Pubitemid 38168505)
55. BJ Maron 2007 Controversies in cardiovascular medicine. Surgical myectomy remains the primary treatment option for severely symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 116 196 206 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.691378 17620519
56. NI Batalis RA Harley KA Collins 2005 Iatrogenic deaths following treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Case reports and an approach to the autopsy and death certification American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 26 343 348 10.1097/01.paf.0000188096.28402.c9 16304468 (Pubitemid 44357134)
57. Y Hori M Ueda T Nakayama N Saegusa M Uehara K Lee, et al. 2007 Occurrence of de novo sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia induced after percutaneous transluminal alcohol septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy International Journal of Cardiology 119 403 407 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.07.182 17069908 (Pubitemid 46921260)
58. U Raute-Kreinsen 2003 Morphology of necrosis and repair after transcoronary ethanol ablation of septal hypertrophy Pathology, Research and Practice 1999 121 127 10.1078/0344-0338-00364 (Pubitemid 36701667)
59. RD Simon FA Crawford 3rd WH Spencer 3rd MR Gold 2005 Sustained ventricular tachycardia following alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 28 1354 1356 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2005.00278.x 16403169 (Pubitemid 43951397)
60. CM Boltwood Jr W Chien T Ports 2004 Ventricular tachycardia complicating alcohol septal ablation New England Journal of Medicine 351 1914 1915 10.1056/NEJM200410283511824 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptFCntbo%3D 15509832 (Pubitemid 39426334)
61. BJ Maron 2000 Role of alcohol septal ablation in treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Lancet 355 425 426 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3pslyitg%3D%3D 10841119 (Editorial)
62. WG van Dockum FJ ten Cate JM ten Berg AM Beek JW Twisk J Vos, et al. 2004 Myocardial infarction after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Evaluation by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43 27 34 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.08.031 14715178 (Pubitemid 38045910)
63. US Valeti RA Nishimura DR Holmes PA Araoz JF Glockner JF Breen, et al. 2007 Comparison of surgical septal myectomy and alcohol septal ablation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49 350 357 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.055 17239717 (Pubitemid 46097376)
64. PA Noseworthy MA Rosenberg MA Fifer IF Palacios PA Lowry JN Ruskin, et al. 2009 Ventricular arrhythmia following alcohol ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy American Journal of Cardiology 104 128 132 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.056 19576333
65. FA Cuoco WH Spencer III VL Fernandes CD Nielsen S Nagueh JL Sturdivant, et al. 2008 Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for primary prevention of sudden death after alcohol septal ablation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 52 1718 1723 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.061 19007692
66. DM Gilligan WL Chan EL Ang CM Oakley 1991 Effects of a meal on hemodynamic function at rest and during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 18 429 436 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzhtV2lsg%3D%3D 1856410
67. P Sorajja SR Ommen RA Nishimura BJ Gersh PB Berger AJ Tajik 2003 Adverse prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have epicardial coronary artery disease Circulation 108 2342 2348 10.1161/01.CIR.0000097110. 55312.BF 14581405 (Pubitemid 37413540)
68. I Olivotto F Cecchi SA Casey A Dolara JH Traverse BJ Maron 2001 Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 104 2517 2524 10.1161/hc4601.097997 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnmvVOlsA%3D%3D 11714644
69. H Watkins A Rosenzweig DS Hwang T Levi W McKenna CE Seidman, et al. 1992 Characteristics and prognostic implications of myosin missense mutations in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy New England Journal of Medicine 326 1108 1114 1:STN:280:DyaK383gsVWqsQ%3D%3D 1552912
70. MJ Ackerman SL Van Driest SR Ommen, et al. 2002 Prevalence and age dependence of malignant mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain and troponin T genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A comprehensive outpatient perspective Journal of the American College of Cardiology 39 2042 2048 10.1016/S0735- 1097(02)01900-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Kisb8%3D 12084606 (Pubitemid 34628288)
71. SL Van Driest MJ Ackerman SR Ommen, et al. 2002 Prevalence and severity of "benign" mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain, cardiac troponin T, and alpha-tropomyosin genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 106 3085 3090 10.1161/01.CIR.0000042675.59901.14 12473556 (Pubitemid 35440293)
72. BJ Maron WC Roberts M Arad TS Haas P Spirito GB Wright, et al. 2009 Clinical outcome and phenotypic expression in LAMP2 cardiomyopathy JAMA 301 1253 1259 10.1001/jama.2009.371 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjs1GjtbY%3D 19318653
73. M Kelly C Semsarian 2009 Multiple mutations in genetic cardiovascular disease: A marker of disease severity? Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 2 182 190 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.108.836478 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvVyhtrc%3D
74. RC Saumarez M Pytkowski M Sterlinski, et al. 2008 Paced ventricular electrogram fractionation predicts sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy European Heart Journal 29 1653 1661 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn111 18385118 (Pubitemid 351957538)
75. C Basso G Thiene S Mackey-Bojack AC Frigo D Corrado BJ Maron 2009 Myocardial bridging: A frequent component of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype lacks systematic association with sudden cardiac death European Heart Journal 30 1627 1634 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp121 19406869
76. JV Montgomery KM Harris SA Casey, et al. 2005 Relation of electrocardiographic patterns to phenotypic expression and clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy American Journal of Cardiology 96 270 275 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.03.058 16018856 (Pubitemid 40978588)
77. CJ McLoed MJ Ackerman RA Nishimura, et al. 2009 Outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a normal electrocardiogram Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54 229 233 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.071
78. MS Maron I Olivotto BJ Maron SK Prasad F Cecchi JE Udelson, et al. 2009 The case for myocardial ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 54 866 875 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.072 19695469
79. MS Maron E Appelbaum C Harrigan J Buros M Gibson CA Hanna, et al. 2008 Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation: Heart Failure 1 184 191 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE. 108.768119
80. AS Adabag BJ Maron E Appelbaum CJ Harrigan JL Buros CM Gibson, et al. 2008 Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51 1369 1374 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.071 18387438
81. BJ Maron MS Maron JR Lesser RG Hauser TS Haas CT Harrigan, et al. 2008 Sudden cardiac arrest in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the absence of conventional criteria for high risk status American Journal of Cardiology 101 544 547 18312775
82. P Melacini BJ Maron F Bobbo, et al. 2007 Evidence that pharmacological strategies lack efficacy for the prevention for sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart 93 708 710 10.1136/hrt.2006.099416 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXntFOlu7g%3D 17502652 (Pubitemid 46808272)
83. M Mirowski PR Reid MM Mower L Watkins VL Gott JF Schauble, et al. 1980 Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings New England Journal of Medicine 303 322 324 1:STN:280:DyaL3c3gvF2quw%3D%3D 6991948
84. I Jayatilleke A Doolan J Ingles, et al. 2004 Long-term follow-up of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy American Journal of Cardiology 93 1192 1194 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.057 15110224 (Pubitemid 38521061)
85. A Woo D Monakier L Harris, et al. 2007 Determinants of implantable defibrillator discharges in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart 93 1044 1045 10.1136/hrt.2006.090290 17699173 (Pubitemid 47310979)
86. BJ Maron C Semsarian WK Shen MS Link AE Epstein NAM Estes III, et al. 2009 Circadian patterns in the occurrence of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias triggering defibrillator interventions in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart Rhythm 6 599 602 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.02.007 19332391
87. TJ Kiernan PL Weivoda VK Somers SR Ommen BJ Gersh 2008 Circadian rhythm of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharges in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 31 1253 1258 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01174.x 18811804
88. RG Hauser BJ Maron 2005 Lessons from the failure and recall of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator Circulation 112 2040 2042 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.580381 16172264 (Pubitemid 41377424)
89. AK Almquist CA Hanna TS Haas BJ Maron 2008 Significance of appropriate defibrillator shock 3 hours and 20 minutes following implantation in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 19 319 322 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00942.x 17764447 (Pubitemid 351297685)
90. G Lin RA Nishimura BJ Gersh S Ommen M Ackerman PA Brady 2009 Device complications and inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart 95 709 714 10.1136/hrt.2008. 150656 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M3ns1Orug%3D%3D 19282314
91. MV Sherrid JP Daubert 2008 Risks and challenges of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in young adults Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 51 237 263 10.1016/j.pcad.2008.10.001 19026858
92. AK Almquist JV Montgomery TS Haas BJ Maron 2005 Cardioverter- defibrillator implantation in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart Rhythm 2 814 819 10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.05.008 16051115 (Pubitemid 41038399)
93. JJ You A Woo DT Ko DA Dameron A Mihailovic M Krahn 2007 Life expectancy gains and cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter/defibrillators for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy American Heart Journal 154 899 907 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.06.026 17967596 (Pubitemid 350010926)
94. I Goldenberg AM Moss BJ Maron AW Dick W Zareba 2005 Cost effectiveness of implanted defibrillators in young people with inherited cardiac arrhythmias Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 10 Suppl. 4 67 83 10.1111/j.1542-474X. 2005.00070.x 16274418 (Pubitemid 44933556)
95. A Camm S Nisam 2000 The utilization of the implantable defibrillator-A European enigma European Heart Journal 21 1998 2004 10.1053/euhj.2000.2473 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7gvVCrug%3D%3D 11102250 (Pubitemid 32006213)