The acoustics of snoring

Sleep Medicine Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 131-144

  Pevernagie, Dirk ^a,b   Aarts, Ronald M ^c,d   De Meyer, Micheline ^e  

^a EPILEPSY CENTER KEMPENHAEGHE   (Netherlands)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c PHILIPS RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (Netherlands)

^d EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^e GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Acoustic analysis; Sleep; Sleep apnea; Sleep disordered breathing; Snoring

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTICS; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; BODY POSITION; BREATHING; FREQUENCY MODULATION; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT; NOISE; PALATOPLASTY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOPHYSICS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLEEP STAGE; SNORING; SOFT PALATE; SOUND; SOUND DETECTION; SOUND TRANSMISSION; SPEECH ANALYSIS; STANDARDIZATION; VIBRATION; VOCAL CORD;

ACOUSTICS; HUMANS; NOISE; PALATE, SOFT; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; SLEEP; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROMES; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; SNORING; SOUND; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 75949086505     PISSN: 10870792     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. ® dictionary of the English language. 4th ed. (2000), Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston
2. Guilleminault C., Stoohs R., and Duncan S. Snoring (I). Daytime sleepiness in regular heavy snorers. Chest 99 1 (1991) 40-48
3. Skatrud J.B., and Dempsey J.A. Airway resistance and respiratory muscle function in snorers during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol 59 2 (1985) 328-335
4. Liistro G., Stanescu D.C., Veriter C., Rodenstein D.O., and Aubert Tulkens G. Pattern of snoring in obstructive sleep apnea patients and in heavy snorers. Sleep 14 6 (1991) 517-525
5. Lugaresi E., Cirignotta F., and Montagna P. Pathogenic aspects of snoring and obstructive apnea syndrome. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 118 38 (1988) 1333-1337
6. Lugaresi E., Cirignotta F., Coccagna G., and Piana C. Some epidemiological data on snoring and cardiocirculatory disturbances. Sleep 3 3-4 (1980) 221-224
7. Hoffstein V. Apnea and snoring: state of the art and future directions. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 56 2 (2002) 205-236
8. Boulware M.H. Snoring among animals. Cornell Vet 59 3 (1969) 473-480
9. Hoffstein V., Mateika S., and Anderson D. Snoring: is it in the ear of the beholder?. Sleep 17 6 (1994) 522-526
10. Liistro G., Stanescu D., and Veriter C. Pattern of simulated snoring is different through mouth and nose. J Appl Physiol 70 6 (1991) 2736-2741
11. Quinn S.J., Daly N., and Ellis P.D. Observation of the mechanism of snoring using sleep nasendoscopy. Clin Otolaryngol 20 4 (1995) 360-364
12. Nakano H., Ikeda T., Hayashi M., Ohshima E., and Onizuka A. Effects of body position on snoring in apneic and nonapneic snorers. Sleep 26 2 (2003) 169-172
13. Jones T.M., Ho M.S., Earis J.E., Swift A.C., and Charters P. Acoustic parameters of snoring sound to compare natural snores with snores during 'steady-state' propofol sedation. Clin Otolaryngol 31 1 (2006) 46-52
14. Perez Padilla J.R., Slawinski E., Difrancesco L.M., Feige R.R., Remmers J.E., and Whitelaw W.A. Characteristics of the snoring noise in patients with and without occlusive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 147 3 (1993) 635-644
15. The international classification of sleep disorders. 2nd ed. (2005), American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester
16. Counter P., and Wilson J.A. The management of simple snoring. Sleep Med Rev 8 6 (2004) 433-441
17. Bliwise D.L., Nekich J.C., and Dement W.C. Relative validity of self-reported snoring as a symptom of sleep apnea in a sleep clinic population. Chest 99 3 (1991) 600-608
18. Nakano H., Furukawa T., and Nishima S. Relationship between snoring sound intensity and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 4 6 (2008) 551-556
19. Goodwin J.L., Kaemingk K.L., Mulvaney S.A., Morgan W.J., and Quan S.F. Clinical screening of school children for polysomnography to detect sleep-disordered breathing - the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA). J Clin Sleep Med 1 3 (2005) 247-254
20. Svensson M., Franklin K.A., Theorell-Haglow J., and Lindberg E. Daytime sleepiness relates to snoring independent of the apnea-hypopnea index in women from the general population. Chest 134 5 (2008) 919-924
21. Almendros I., Acerbi I., Puig F., Montserrat J.M., Navajas D., and Farre R. Upper-airway inflammation triggered by vibration in a rat model of snoring. Sleep 30 2 (2007) 225-227
22. Woodson B.T., Garancis J.C., and Toohill R.J. Histopathologic changes in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 101 12 Pt 1 (1991) 1318-1322
23. Svanborg E. Upper airway nerve lesions in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 2 (2001) 187-189
24. Howitt L., Kairaitis K., Kirkness J.P., Garlick S.R., Wheatley J.R., Byth K., et al. Oscillatory pressure wave transmission from the upper airway to the carotid artery. J Appl Physiol 103 5 (2007) 1622-1627
25. Lee S.A., Amis T.C., Byth K., Larcos G., Kairaitis K., Robinson T.D., et al. Heavy snoring as a cause of carotid artery atherosclerosis. Sleep 31 9 (2008) 1207-1213
26. Stoohs R., and Guilleminault C. Snoring during NREM sleep: respiratory timing, esophageal pressure and EEG arousal. Respir Physiol 85 2 (1991) 151-167
27. Berg S., Hybbinette J.C., Gislasson T., and Ovesen J. Intrathoracic pressure variations in obese habitual snorers. J Otolaryngol 24 4 (1995) 238-241
28. Javaheri S., and Wexler L. Prevalence and treatment of breathing disorders during sleep in patients with heart failure. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 7 4 (2005) 295-306
29. Berg S., Hoffstein V., and Gislason T. Acidification of distal esophagus and sleep-related breathing disturbances. Chest 125 6 (2004) 2101-2106
30. Beninati W., Harris C.D., Herold D.L., and Shepard Jr. J.W. The effect of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea on the sleep quality of bed partners. Mayo Clin Proc 74 10 (1999) 955-958
31. Ulfberg J., Carter N., Talback M., and Edling C. Adverse health effects among women living with heavy snorers. Health Care Women Int 21 2 (2000) 81-90
32. Dille J.R. Snoring can be fatal for your marriage and for you. Aviat Space Environ Med 58 12 (1987) 1234
33. Hoffstein V., Mateika S., and Nash S. Comparing perceptions and measurements of snoring. Sleep 19 10 (1996) 783-789
34. Sardesai M.G., Tan A.K., and Fitzpatrick M. Noise-induced hearing loss in snorers and their bed partners. J Otolaryngol 32 3 (2003) 141-145
35. Venn S. 'It's okay for a man to snore': the influence of gender on sleep disruption in couples. Sociological Research Online 12 5 (2007)
36. Osborne J.E., Osman E.Z., Hill P.D., Lee B.V., and Sparkes C. A new acoustic method of differentiating palatal from non-palatal snoring. Clin Otolaryngol 24 2 (1999) 130-133
37. Wilson K., Mulrooney T., and Gawtry R.R. Snoring: an acoustic monitoring technique. Laryngoscope 95 10 (1985) 1174-1177
38. Caffier P.P., Berl J.C., Muggli A., Reinhardt A., Jakob A., Moser M., et al. Snoring noise pollution-the need for objective quantification of annoyance, regulatory guidelines and mandatory therapy for snoring. Physiol Meas 28 1 (2007) 25-40
39. Dreher A., Rader T., Patscheider M., Klemens C., Schmidt M., Baker F., et al. The annoyance of snoring. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 266 2 (2009) 293-296
40. Lieberman P., and Blumstein S. Speech physiology, speech perception, and acoustic phonetics (1988), Cambridge University Press
41. Greene M., and Mathieson L. The voice and its disorders. 6th ed. (2001), John Wiley & Sons
42. Titze I.R. Principles of voice production (1994), Prentice Hall
43. Furui S. Digital speech processing, synthesis and recognition (1989), Marcel Dekker
44. Hara H., Murakami N., Miyauchi Y., and Yamashita H. Acoustic analysis of snoring sounds by a multidimensional voice program. Laryngoscope 116 3 (2006) 379-381
45. Beck R., Odeh M., Oliven A., and Gavriely N. The acoustic properties of snores. Eur Respir J 8 12 (1995) 2120-2128
46. Ng A.K., Koh T.S., Baey E., Lee T.H., Abeyratne U.R., and Puvanendran K. Could formant frequencies of snore signals be an alternative means for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea?. Sleep Med 9 8 (2008) 894-898
47. Huang L., Quinn S.J., Ellis P.D., and Williams J.E. Biomechanics of snoring. Endeavour 19 3 (1995) 96-100
48. Huang L. Mechanical modeling of palatal snoring. J Acoust Soc Am 97 6 (1995) 3642-3648
49. Gavriely N., and Jensen O. Theory and measurements of snores. J Appl Physiol 74 6 (1993) 2828-2837
50. Liu Z.S., Luo X.Y., Lee H.P., and Lu C. Snoring source identification and snoring noise prediction. J Biomech 40 4 (2007) 861-870
51. Quinn S.J., Huang L., Ellis P.D., and Williams J.E. The differentiation of snoring mechanisms using sound analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 21 2 (1996) 119-123
52. Abeyratne U.R., Wakwella A.S., and Hukins C. Pitch jump probability measures for the analysis of snoring sounds in apnea. Physiol Meas 26 5 (2005) 779-798
53. Kuttruff H. Room acoustics (1991), Elsevier
54. Kemp B., Twelkemeijer R., Wahid D., Roessen M., and van Oosten E. A calibrated snoring sound sensor. J Sleep Res 17 Suppl. 1 (2008) 164
55. Herzog M., Kühnel T., Bremert T., Herzog B., Hosemann W., and Kaftan H. The impact of the microphone position on the frequency analysis of snoring sounds. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 266 8 (2009) 1315-1322
56. Herzog M., Schieb E., Bremert T., Herzog B., Hosemann W., Kaftan H., et al. Frequency analysis of snoring sounds during simulated and nocturnal snoring. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265 12 (2008) 1553-1562
57. Gold B., and Morgan N. Speech and audio signal processing: processing and perception of speech and music (2000), J. Wiley
58. Aarts R.M. A comparison of some loudness measures for loudspeaker listening tests. J Audio Eng Soc 40 3 (1992) 142-146
59. Wilson K., Stoohs R.A., Mulrooney T.F., Johnson L.J., Guilleminault C., and Huang Z. The snoring spectrum: acoustic assessment of snoring sound intensity in 1,139 individuals undergoing polysomnography. Chest 115 3 (1999) 762-770
60. Harris C.M. Handbook of acoustical measurements and noise control. 3rd ed. [Reprinted by Acoust. Soc. of Am., 1998] (1991), McGraw-Hill
61. International Standards Organization (ISO). Acoustics - description and measurement of environmental noise - part 2 (1987), International Standards Organization (ISO), Geneva amended 1998
62. Moore B.C.J. An introduction to the psychology of hearing. 5th ed. (2004), Harcourt Publishers Ltd
63. Zwicker E., and Fastl H. Psychoacoustics facts and models (1990), Springer-Verlag
64. Sola-Soler J, Jane R, Fiz JA, Morera J. Spectral envelope analysis in snoring signals from simple snorers and patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vols. 1-4. A New Beginning for Human Health 2003;25:2527-30.
65. Rabiner L.R., and Gold B. Theory and application of digital signal processing (1975), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
66. Fiz J.A., Abad J., Jane R., Riera M., Mananas M.A., Caminal P., et al. Acoustic analysis of snoring sound in patients with simple snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 9 11 (1996) 2365-2370
67. Strang G., and Nguyen T. Wavelets and filter banks (1996), Wellesley-Cambridge Press
68. Matsiki D., Deligianni X., Vlachogianni-Daskalopoulou E., and Hadjileontiadis L.J. Wavelet-based analysis of nocturnal snoring in apneic patients undergoing polysomnography. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society vols. 1-16 (2007) 1912-1915
69. Ng A.K., San Koh T., Puvanendran K., and Ranjith A.U. Snore signal enhancement and activity detection via translation-invariant wavelet transform. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 55 10 (2008) 2332-2342
70. Duckitt W.D., Tuomi S.K., and Niesler T.R. Automatic detection, segmentation and assessment of snoring from ambient acoustic data. Physiol Meas 27 10 (2006) 1047-1056
71. Cavusoglu M., Kamasak M., Erogul O., Ciloglu T., Serinagaoglu Y., and Akcam T. An efficient method for snore/nonsnore classification of sleep sounds. Physiol Meas 28 8 (2007) 841-853
72. Larsen E., and Aarts R.M. Audio bandwidth extension. Application of psychoacoustics, signal processing and loudspeaker design (2004), J. Wiley
73. Sola-Soler J., Jane R., Fiz J.A., and Morera J. Towards automatic pitch detection in snoring signals. 22th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society vol. 4 (2000) 2974-2976
74. Abeyratne U.R., Patabandi C.K.K., and Puvanendran K. Pitch-jitter analysis of snoring sounds for the diagnosis of sleep apnea. 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE 2001. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society vol. 2 (2001) 2072-2075
75. Mendel J.M. Tutorial on higher-order statistics (spectra) in signal-processing and system-theory - theoretical results and some applications. Proceedings of the IEEE 79 3 (1991) 278-305
76. Ng A.K., Wong K.Y., Tan C.H., and Koh T.S. Bispectral analysis of snore signals for obstructive sleep apnea detection. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc (2007) 6196-6199
77. Abeyratne U.R., Karunajeewa A.S., and Hukins C. Mixed-phase modeling in snore sound analysis. Med Biol Eng Comput 45 8 (2007) 791-806
78. WHO Regional Office for Europe (2004). http://www.euro.who.int/Noise
79. Douglas S.A., Webster S., El Badawey M.R., Drinnan M., Matthews J.N., Gibson G.J., et al. The development of a snoring symptoms inventory. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134 1 (2006) 56-62
80. Lim P.V., and Curry A.R. A new method for evaluating and reporting the severity of snoring. J Laryngol Otol 113 4 (1999) 336-340
81. McCombe A.W., Kwok V., and Hawke W.M. An acoustic screening test for obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Otolaryngol 20 4 (1995) 348-351
82. Herzog M., Schmidt A., Bremert T., Herzog B., Hosemann W., and Kaftan H. Analysed snoring sounds correlate to obstructive sleep disordered breathing. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265 1 (2008) 105-113
83. Cavusoglu M., Ciloglu T., Serinagaoglu Y., Kamasak M., Erogul O., and Akcam T. Investigation of sequential properties of snoring episodes for obstructive sleep apnoea identification. Physiol Meas 29 8 (2008) 879-898
84. Sola-Soler J., Jane R., Fiz J.A., and Morera J. Variability of snore parameters in time and frequency domains in snoring subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 3 (2005) 2583-2586
85. Sola-Soler J., Jane R., Fiz J.A., and Morera J. Automatic classification of subjects with and without sleep apnea through snoring analysis. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc (2007) 6094-6097
86. Croft C.B., and Pringle M. Sleep nasendoscopy: a technique of assessment in snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Clin Otolaryngol 16 5 (1991) 504-509
87. Agrawal S., Stone P., McGuinness K., Morris J., and Camilleri A.E. Sound frequency analysis and the site of snoring in natural and induced sleep. Clin Otolaryngol 27 3 (2002) 162-166
88. Hill P.D., Lee B.W., Osborne J.E., and Osman E.Z. Palatal snoring identified by acoustic crest factor analysis. Physiol Meas 20 2 (1999) 167-174
89. Hill P.D., Osman E.Z., Osborne J.E., and Lee B.W. Changes in snoring during natural sleep identified by acoustic crest factor analysis at different times of night. Clin Otolaryngol 25 6 (2000) 507-510
90. Miyazaki S., Itasaka Y., Ishikawa K., and Togawa K. Acoustic analysis of snoring and the site of airway obstruction in sleep related respiratory disorders. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 537 (1998) 47-51
91. Saunders N.C., Tassone P., Wood G., Norris A., Harries M., and Kotecha B. Is acoustic analysis of snoring an alternative to sleep nasendoscopy?. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29 3 (2004) 242-246
92. Schafer J., and Pirsig W. Digital signal analysis of snoring sounds in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 20 3 (1990) 193-202
93. Series F., and Marc I. Effects of protriptyline on snoring characteristics. Chest 104 1 (1993) 14-18
94. Berry R.B., and Block A.J. Positive nasal airway pressure eliminates snoring as well as obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 85 1 (1984) 15-20
95. Cistulli P.A., Gotsopoulos H., Marklund M., and Lowe A.A. Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with mandibular repositioning appliances. Sleep Med Rev 8 6 (2004) 443-457
96. O'Sullivan R.A., Hillman D.R., Mateljan R., Pantin C., and Finucane K.E. Mandibular advancement splint: an appliance to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 1 (1995) 194-198
97. Stouder S., Jones L., Brietzke S., and Mair E.A. Does an oral appliance reduce palatal flutter and tongue base snoring?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136 5 (2007) 827-831
98. Abo-Khatwa M.M., Osman E.Z., Hill P.D., Lee B.W., and Osborne J.E. Objective evaluation of tongue base snoring after the use of an oral appliance: a prospective case series. Clin Otolaryngol 33 6 (2008) 592-595
99. Drinnan M.J., Richardson H.C., Close P.R., Smithson A.J., White J.E., Griffiths C.J., et al. Objective benefit of laser palatoplasty for non-apnoeic snoring. Clin Otolaryngol 24 4 (1999) 335-338
100. Walker R.P., Gatti W.M., Poirier N., and Davis J.S. Objective assessment of snoring before and after laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty. Laryngoscope 106 11 (1996) 1372-1377
101. Larrosa F., Hernandez L., Morello A., Ballester E., Quinto L., and Montserrat J.M. Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring: does it meet the expectations?. Eur Respir J 24 1 (2004) 66-70
102. Miljeteig H., Mateika S., Haight J.S., Cole P., and Hoffstein V. Subjective and objective assessment of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 5 Pt 1 (1994) 1286-1290
103. Jones T.M., Swift A.C., Calverley P.M., Ho M.S., and Earis J.E. Acoustic analysis of snoring before and after palatal surgery. Eur Respir J 25 6 (2005) 1044-1049
104. Jones T.M., Walker P., Ho M.S., Earis J.E., Swift A.C., and Charters P. Acoustic parameters of snoring sound to assess the effectiveness of sleep nasendoscopy in predicting surgical outcome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135 2 (2006) 269-275
105. Macdonald A., Drinnan M., Johnston A., Reda M., Griffiths C., Wilson J., et al. Evaluation of potential predictors of outcome of laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty for snoring. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134 2 (2006) 197-203