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Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 627-654

The direct settlement of EC cartel cases

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EID: 75849137083     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020589309001237     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (177)
  • 1
    • 84881807514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cartels Why and How? Why should we be concerned with cartels and collusive behaviour?
    • Stockholm. September
    • M Monti 'Cartels Why and How? Why should we be concerned with cartels and collusive behaviour?' Speech delivered to 3rd Nordic Competition Policy Conference, Stockholm. September 2000.
    • (2000) Speech delivered to 3rd Nordic Competition Policy Conference
    • Monti, M.1
  • 2
    • 75849133785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verizon Communications Inc v Law Offices of Curtis V Trinko LLP
    • Verizon Communications Inc v Law Offices of Curtis V Trinko LLP, 124 S Ct 872, 879 (2004).
    • (2004) 124 S Ct , vol.872 , pp. 879
  • 7
    • 75849148500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 in cartel cases' OJ
    • 'Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 in cartel cases' OJ [2008] C 167;
    • (2008) , vol.C 167
  • 8
    • 75849125209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Commission Regulation (EC) No 622/2008 of 30 June 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 773/2004, as regards the conduct of settlement procedures in cartel cases Text with EEA relevance' OJ [2008] L 171;
    • 'Commission Regulation (EC) No 622/2008 of 30 June 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 773/2004, as regards the conduct of settlement procedures in cartel cases Text with EEA relevance' OJ [2008] L 171;
  • 9
    • 75849122673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DG Competition Press Release, 'Antitrust: Commission introduces settlement procedure for cartels' IP/08/1056 (30 Jun 2008) and 'Antitrust: Commission introduces settlement procedure for cartels-frequently asked questions' MEMO/ 08/458 (30 June 2008).
    • DG Competition Press Release, 'Antitrust: Commission introduces settlement procedure for cartels' IP/08/1056 (30 Jun 2008) and 'Antitrust: Commission introduces settlement procedure for cartels-frequently asked questions' MEMO/ 08/458 (30 June 2008).
  • 10
    • 75849130171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release n 7
    • Press Release (n 7).
  • 11
    • 75849134334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the policy see: 'Commission notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases' OJ [2006] C 298/17 preceded by OJ [2002] C 45/3 and OJ [1996] C 207/4;
    • For the policy see: 'Commission notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases' OJ [2006] C 298/17 preceded by OJ [2002] C 45/3 and OJ [1996] C 207/4;
  • 12
    • 75849152774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentators include: J Joshua and P Camesasca, 'Where Angels Fear to Tread: the Commission's 'New' Leniency Policy Revisited' (2004) Global Competition Review 7(9) Supp (The European Antitrust Review 2005), 10-14;
    • Commentators include: J Joshua and P Camesasca, 'Where Angels Fear to Tread: the Commission's 'New' Leniency Policy Revisited' (2004) Global Competition Review 7(9) Supp (The European Antitrust Review 2005), 10-14;
  • 13
    • 75849146137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J Joshua, 'Criminalisation, Cartels, Leniency and Class Actions: a Look into the Future' (2004) Competition Law Insight 22(3) 12 October.
    • J Joshua, 'Criminalisation, Cartels, Leniency and Class Actions: a Look into the Future' (2004) Competition Law Insight 22(3) 12 October.
  • 14
    • 75849145361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hammond n 6
    • Hammond (n 6).
  • 15
    • 75849163392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See for example: Kroes (n 5);
    • See for example: Kroes (n 5);
  • 16
    • 75849164828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hammond n 6
    • Hammond (n 6).
  • 17
    • 75849146393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grand Jury Manual, Chapter IX, Rule 11.
    • Grand Jury Manual, Chapter IX, Rule 11.
  • 18
    • 75849120966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 5.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 5.
  • 19
    • 75849147202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 9. 15 ibid 11.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 9. 15 ibid 11.
  • 20
    • 75849159267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid 16.
  • 21
    • 75849137244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid 20.
  • 22
    • 75849155587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid 32-33.
  • 23
    • 75849148783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003' OJ [2006] C 210.
    • 'Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003' OJ [2006] C 210.
  • 24
    • 0033842235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J C Gallo et al, 'Department of Justice Antitrust Division Enforcement 1955-1977: An Empirical Study' (2000) Review of Industrial Organization 17, 75-133 at 108; Grand Jury Manual, Chapter IX.
    • J C Gallo et al, 'Department of Justice Antitrust Division Enforcement 1955-1977: An Empirical Study' (2000) Review of Industrial Organization 17, 75-133 at 108; Grand Jury Manual, Chapter IX.
  • 25
  • 28
    • 75849134826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD 'Plea Bargaining/Settlement of Cartel Cases' (2006) Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, Competition Committee. Working Party No 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. DAF/COMP/WP3(2006)3 FN14.
    • OECD 'Plea Bargaining/Settlement of Cartel Cases' (2006) Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, Competition Committee. Working Party No 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement. DAF/COMP/WP3(2006)3 FN14.
  • 29
    • 0345999272 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining and its History
    • See
    • See A W Alschuler 'Plea Bargaining and its History' (1979) Columbia Law Review 79:1, 40;
    • (1979) Columbia Law Review , vol.79 , Issue.1 , pp. 40
    • Alschuler, A.W.1
  • 30
    • 75849141322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J H Langbein, 'Understanding the Short History of Plea Bargaining' (1979) 13 Law & Society Review 261, 265. Alschuler notes: whereas American courts typically completed six jury trials a day in the 1890s, criminal trials averaged well over a week by the late 1960s.
    • J H Langbein, 'Understanding the Short History of Plea Bargaining' (1979) 13 Law & Society Review 261, 265. Alschuler notes: whereas American courts typically completed six jury trials a day in the 1890s, criminal trials averaged well over a week by the late 1960s.
  • 31
    • 75849129405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W Burger, 'The State of the Judiciary' (1970) 56 ABAJ 929, 931
    • W Burger, 'The State of the Judiciary' (1970) 56 ABAJ 929, 931
  • 32
    • 75849125715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (cited in J Palmer 'Abolishing Plea Bargaining: an End to the Same Old Song and Dance' (1999) 26 American Journal of Criminal Law 505)
    • (cited in J Palmer 'Abolishing Plea Bargaining: an End to the Same Old Song and Dance' (1999) 26 American Journal of Criminal Law 505)
  • 34
    • 75849146932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kroes n 5
    • Kroes (n 5).
  • 35
    • 75849158252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case C-397/03P Archer Daniels Midland v Commission (Judgment) (18 May 2006) unpublished;
    • Case C-397/03P Archer Daniels Midland v Commission (Judgment) (18 May 2006) unpublished;
  • 36
    • 65249179105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archer Daniels Midland v Commission
    • Case T-224/00, ECR II-2597;
    • Case T-224/00 Archer Daniels Midland v Commission [2003] ECR II-2597;
    • (2003)
  • 37
    • 75849117164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also OECD n 24
    • See also OECD (n 24).
  • 38
    • 75849164478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th District.
    • th District.
  • 39
    • 75849163675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 25.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 25.
  • 40
    • 75849148499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid 26.
  • 41
    • 75849128634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pursuant to Articles 7 and/or 23 Regulation 1/2003 and Article 14 of Regulation 1/2003.
    • Pursuant to Articles 7 and/or 23 Regulation 1/2003 and Article 14 of Regulation 1/2003.
  • 42
    • 75849148207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release n 7
    • Press Release (n 7).
  • 43
    • 75849154546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculated from the author's own database of Article 81 decisions from 2001.
    • Calculated from the author's own database of Article 81 decisions from 2001.
  • 44
    • 75849135180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid.
  • 45
    • 75849137999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 5.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 5.
  • 46
    • 75849129656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OJ 2003 L 1/1; See generally, C Harding and J Joshua, Regulating Cartels in Europe: A Study of Legal Control of Corporate Delinquency (OUP, Oxford, 2003).
    • OJ 2003 L 1/1; See generally, C Harding and J Joshua, Regulating Cartels in Europe: A Study of Legal Control of Corporate Delinquency (OUP, Oxford, 2003).
  • 47
    • 75849126081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Based on the author's own cartel database of horizontal Article 81 decisions, average case duration can be shown to have fallen: 1975-1996 (pre-Leniency Notice)-48 months; 1997- 2001-44 months; 2002-2005-42 months.
    • Based on the author's own cartel database of horizontal Article 81 decisions, average case duration can be shown to have fallen: 1975-1996 (pre-Leniency Notice)-48 months; 1997- 2001-44 months; 2002-2005-42 months.
  • 48
    • 75849156222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 2005, the Commission claimed to have received 80 applications for immunity and 79 applications for a reduction of fine under the 2002 leniency notice. A total of 80 applications were received in the six and a half years of the 1996 notice. B Van Barlingen and M Barennes, The European Commission's 2002 Leniency Notice in Practice, 2005 EC Competition Policy Newsletter, Autumn, 6
    • In 2005, the Commission claimed to have received 80 applications for immunity and 79 applications for a reduction of fine under the 2002 leniency notice. A total of 80 applications were received in the six and a half years of the 1996 notice. B Van Barlingen and M Barennes, 'The European Commission's 2002 Leniency Notice in Practice' (2005) EC Competition Policy Newsletter, Autumn, 6.
  • 49
    • 75849122381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining in EC Anti-Cartel Enforcement A System Change
    • C Ehlermann and I Atanasiu eds, Hart Publishing, Oxford
    • J Ratliff, 'Plea Bargaining in EC Anti-Cartel Enforcement A System Change' in C Ehlermann and I Atanasiu (eds), European Competition Law Annual 2006: Enforcement of Prohibition of Cartels (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2006) 1;
    • (2006) European Competition Law Annual 2006: Enforcement of Prohibition of Cartels , pp. 1
    • Ratliff, J.1
  • 50
    • 75849134594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joshua and Camesasca (n 9) 10-14.
    • Joshua and Camesasca (n 9) 10-14.
  • 53
    • 75849131729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See responses to the public consultation published on the DG Competition website at: accessed 20 July 2008.
    • See responses to the public consultation published on the DG Competition website at: accessed 20 July 2008.
  • 54
    • 75849143159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kroes n 5
    • Kroes (n 5).
  • 55
    • 75849140885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unless otherwise stated, statistics from author's own database of cartel decisions
    • Unless otherwise stated, statistics from author's own database of cartel decisions.
  • 56
    • 75849138322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penalties for Price-Fixers: An Analysis of Fines Imposed on 39 Cartels by the EU Commission
    • 27 ECLR 510, 512
    • C Veljanovski, 'Penalties for Price-Fixers: An Analysis of Fines Imposed on 39 Cartels by the EU Commission' (2006) 27 ECLR 510, 512.
    • (2006)
    • Veljanovski, C.1
  • 57
    • 75849120211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the Graphites Electrode appeal, the CFI reduced SGL Carbon's fine from €80 to €60.69 million, but this was subsequently increased to €75.7 million by the ECJ. See: Judgment of the Court of Justice of 29 June 2006 in Case C-301/04 P Commission v SGL Carbon OJ [2006] C 224
    • In the Graphites Electrode appeal, the CFI reduced SGL Carbon's fine from €80 to €60.69 million, but this was subsequently increased to €75.7 million by the ECJ. See: Judgment of the Court of Justice of 29 June 2006 in Case C-301/04 P Commission v SGL Carbon OJ [2006] C 224.
  • 59
    • 75849154307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Based on 50 judgments delivered between 2003-2006
    • Based on 50 judgments delivered between 2003-2006.
  • 60
    • 75849136463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 41.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 41.
  • 61
    • 75849162863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release n 7
    • Press Release (n 7).
  • 62
    • 75849132971 scopus 로고
    • Fining a la carte: The Lottery of the EU Competition Law
    • I Van Bael 'Fining a la carte: the Lottery of the EU Competition Law' (1995) ECLR 16(4), 237-243;
    • (1995) ECLR , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 237-243
    • Van Bael, I.1
  • 63
    • 75849121999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WPJ Wils 'The Commission's New Method for Calculating Fines in Antitrust Cases' (1998) ELR 23(3) 252-263;
    • WPJ Wils 'The Commission's New Method for Calculating Fines in Antitrust Cases' (1998) ELR 23(3) 252-263;
  • 64
    • 75849126857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance without Guidance - A European Revolution in Fining Policy? The Commission's new Guidelines on Fines
    • R Richardson 'Guidance without Guidance - A European Revolution in Fining Policy? The Commission's new Guidelines on Fines' (1999) ECLR 20(7) 360-371;
    • (1999) ECLR , vol.20 , Issue.7 , pp. 360-371
    • Richardson, R.1
  • 65
    • 84882013970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EC Fining Policy Against Cartels after the Lysine Rulings: The Subtle Secrets of X
    • JM Joshua and PD Camesasca 'EC Fining Policy Against Cartels after the Lysine Rulings: the Subtle Secrets of X' (2004) The European Antitrust Review 5;
    • (2004) The European Antitrust Review , vol.5
    • Joshua, J.M.1    Camesasca, P.D.2
  • 66
    • 75849162362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Analysis of the Fining Policies of the Commission and the Member States, unpublished paper. CLASF Working Paper No 07 accessed 20 July 2008
    • J Killick 'Is it Now Time for a Single Europe-wide Fining Policy? An Analysis of the Fining Policies of the Commission and the Member States' (2005) unpublished paper. CLASF Working Paper No 07 accessed 20 July 2008.
    • (2005) Is it Now Time for a Single Europe-wide Fining Policy
    • Killick, J.1
  • 68
    • 75849163394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Stephan, 'The Bankruptcy Wildcard in Cartel Cases' (2006) JBL, August Issue, 511-534.
    • A Stephan, 'The Bankruptcy Wildcard in Cartel Cases' (2006) JBL, August Issue, 511-534.
  • 69
    • 75849161142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 16, 20.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 16, 20.
  • 70
    • 75849144833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Judgement of the Court of First Instance of 12 December 2007-Joined Cases T-101/05 and T-111/05 BASF and UCB v Commission OJ [2008] C22/41.
    • Judgement of the Court of First Instance of 12 December 2007-Joined Cases T-101/05 and T-111/05 BASF and UCB v Commission OJ [2008] C22/41.
  • 71
    • 33845908385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The United States Sentencing Commission, is available at: accessed 20 February 2009;
    • The United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual is available at: accessed 20 February 2009;
    • Guidelines Manual
  • 73
    • 70350216099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Cartel Deterrence and Fines in the European Union
    • M Motta, 'On Cartel Deterrence and Fines in the European Union' (2008) ECLR 29(4) 209-220.
    • (2008) ECLR , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 209-220
    • Motta, M.1
  • 74
    • 75849138599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kroes n 5
    • Kroes (n 5).
  • 75
    • 75849123660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kroes (n 3);
    • Kroes (n 3);
  • 76
    • 75849152772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th Competition Law Scholars Forum (CLaSF) Workshop, Deterrence: Cartels, Leniency and Criminalisation. Glasgow 12 April 2007.
    • th Competition Law Scholars Forum (CLaSF) Workshop, Deterrence: Cartels, Leniency and Criminalisation. Glasgow 12 April 2007.
  • 77
    • 75849141850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hammond (n 6) 3
    • Hammond (n 6) 3.
  • 78
    • 0012801298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence
    • 4
    • D Nagin and G Pogarsky, 'Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence' (2001) 39 Criminology 4, 865-892;
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 865-892
    • Nagin, D.1    Pogarsky, G.2
  • 80
    • 75849124706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally: M E Stucke, 'Morality and Antitrust' [2006] Columbia Business Law Review 461 quoting: A A Young, 'The Sherman Act & the New Anti-trust Legislation' (1915) 23 Political Economy 201.
    • See generally: M E Stucke, 'Morality and Antitrust' [2006] Columbia Business Law Review 461 quoting: A A Young, 'The Sherman Act & the New Anti-trust Legislation' (1915) 23 Political Economy 201.
  • 82
    • 0041370190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • eg N Boari and G Fiorentini, 'An Economic Analysis of Plea Bargaining: the Incentives of the Parties in a Mixed Penal System' (June 2001) 21 Int'l Rev L & E 213, 229.
    • eg N Boari and G Fiorentini, 'An Economic Analysis of Plea Bargaining: the Incentives of the Parties in a Mixed Penal System' (June 2001) 21 Int'l Rev L & E 213, 229.
  • 83
    • 75849158522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2006 leniency notice (n 9) 13.
    • 2006 leniency notice (n 9) 13.
  • 84
    • 75849133247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD (n 24) FN39
    • OECD (n 24) FN39.
  • 85
    • 75849130445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whereby further concessions are granted in return for information pertaining to another infringement. Conversely, where it is later revealed that a firm held information about another infringement that it did not produce, it may be subject to penalty plus under which fines are increased; see Hammond n 73
    • Whereby further concessions are granted in return for information pertaining to another infringement. Conversely, where it is later revealed that a firm held information about another infringement that it did not produce, it may be subject to penalty plus under which fines are increased; see Hammond (n 73).
  • 86
    • 75849145104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 32.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 32.
  • 87
    • 0040328408 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargain as Disaster
    • June
    • SJ Schulhofer, 'Plea Bargain as Disaster' (June 1992) 101 Yale L J 1979.
    • (1992) Yale L J 1979 , vol.101
    • Schulhofer, S.J.1
  • 88
    • 75849163393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Stephan (n 53) 530;
    • , vol.530 , Issue.53
    • Stephan1
  • 89
    • 75849139368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H Mutchnik and C Casamassima, 'United States v Hynix Semiconductor, Inc.: Opening the Door to the Inability-to-Pay Defence?' (September 2005) Antitrust Source, 4.
    • H Mutchnik and C Casamassima, 'United States v Hynix Semiconductor, Inc.: Opening the Door to the Inability-to-Pay Defence?' (September 2005) Antitrust Source, 4.
  • 90
    • 75849117405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EC Guidelines on the method of setting fines (n 19) 35.
    • EC Guidelines on the method of setting fines (n 19) 35.
  • 91
    • 75849144577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Commission can use a number of different justifications for lowering fines in specific cases, one of which is '. . . the consequences which payment of the fine would have, in particular by leading to an increase in unemployment . . .' Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01 Tokai Carbon and others v Commission of European Communities [2004] ECR II-1181, para 371.
    • The Commission can use a number of different justifications for lowering fines in specific cases, one of which is '. . . the consequences which payment of the fine would have, in particular by leading to an increase in unemployment . . .' Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01 Tokai Carbon and others v Commission of European Communities [2004] ECR II-1181, para 371.
  • 92
    • 75849150849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stephan n 54
    • Stephan (n 54).
  • 93
    • 75849125464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussions see: WPJ Wils, 'The Use of Settlements in Public Antitrust Enforcement: Objectives and Principles' (2008) 31 World Competition: Law and Economics Review 3 14; Motta (n 57).
    • For discussions see: WPJ Wils, 'The Use of Settlements in Public Antitrust Enforcement: Objectives and Principles' (2008) 31 World Competition: Law and Economics Review 3 14; Motta (n 57).
  • 94
    • 75849135052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WPJ Wils, The Optimal Enforcement of EC Antitrust Law: Essays in Law and Economics (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2002) 6.5.2;
    • WPJ Wils, The Optimal Enforcement of EC Antitrust Law: Essays in Law and Economics (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2002) 6.5.2;
  • 96
    • 75849119459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The OECD estimates that some cartels can achieve overcharges as high as 60 per cent: OECD 'Fighting Hard Core Cartels: Harm, Effective Sanctions and Leniency Programmes' (2002) Reports to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Development. Meanwhile, the probability of detection is estimated to be as low as 13 per cent: P G Bryant and E W Eckard, 'Price Fixing: The Probability of Getting Caught' (1991) 73 Review of Economics and Statistics 3 531.
    • The OECD estimates that some cartels can achieve overcharges as high as 60 per cent: OECD 'Fighting Hard Core Cartels: Harm, Effective Sanctions and Leniency Programmes' (2002) Reports to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Development. Meanwhile, the probability of detection is estimated to be as low as 13 per cent: P G Bryant and E W Eckard, 'Price Fixing: The Probability of Getting Caught' (1991) 73 Review of Economics and Statistics 3 531.
  • 98
    • 75849135918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hviid and Stephan (n 53);
    • Hviid and Stephan (n 53);
  • 99
    • 75849142643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wils (n 75) 6.5.2;
    • Wils (n 75) 6.5.2;
  • 100
    • 75849119709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buccirossi and Spagnolo (n 75);
    • Buccirossi and Spagnolo (n 75);
  • 101
    • 75849125716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cap is contained in Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, Article 23.
    • The cap is contained in Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, Article 23.
  • 102
    • 75849152326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Trade and Industry DTI, Cm 5233, The Stationery Office, London, CM 5233
    • Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), A World Class Competition Regime. Cm 5233. (2001). (The Stationery Office, London, 2001; CM 5233) 7.13-7.18.
    • (2001) A World Class Competition Regime
  • 104
    • 75849137998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DI Baker, 'Revisiting History - What Have We Learned About Private Antitrust Enforcement That We Would Recommend To Others?' (2004) 16 Loyola Consumer Law Review 4 379.
    • DI Baker, 'Revisiting History - What Have We Learned About Private Antitrust Enforcement That We Would Recommend To Others?' (2004) 16 Loyola Consumer Law Review 4 379.
  • 107
    • 70350438833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antitrust Remedy Wars Episode I: Illinois Brick from inside the Supreme Court
    • 553;
    • A I Gavil 'Antitrust Remedy Wars Episode I: Illinois Brick from inside the Supreme Court' (2005) 79 St John's Law Review 553;
    • (2005) St John's Law Review , vol.79
    • Gavil, A.I.1
  • 109
    • 75849164829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DG Competition White Paper: Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules. COM(2008) 165 final (2 April 2008) 3;
    • DG Competition White Paper: Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules. COM(2008) 165 final (2 April 2008) 3;
  • 110
    • 75849153585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also: Paper: Damage Actions for Breach of EC Antitrust Rules. COM(2005) 672 19 December
    • See also: DG Competition Green Paper: Damage Actions for Breach of EC Antitrust Rules. COM(2005) 672 (19 December 2005).
    • (2005) DG Competition Green
  • 111
    • 75849136462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the published responses to the public consultation n 43
    • See the published responses to the public consultation (n 43).
  • 112
    • 75849135920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elite schools "breached law" on fees
    • See:, 9 Nov
    • See: D MacLeod, 'Elite schools "breached law" on fees' The Guardian (9 Nov 2005);
    • (2005) The Guardian
    • MacLeod, D.1
  • 113
    • 75849124705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and remarks by BA Chief Executive, Willie Walsh: 'OFT/DOJ competition investigation resolved' British Airways Press Release, 01 August 2007. Available: accessed 20 July 2008.
    • and remarks by BA Chief Executive, Willie Walsh: 'OFT/DOJ competition investigation resolved' British Airways Press Release, 01 August 2007. Available: accessed 20 July 2008.
  • 114
    • 21844523195 scopus 로고
    • Speculative Antitrust Damages
    • See for example:, 423;
    • See for example: RD Blair and WH Page, '"Speculative" Antitrust Damages' (1995) 70 Washington Law Review 423;
    • (1995) Washington Law Review , vol.70
    • Blair, R.D.1    Page, W.H.2
  • 115
    • 18144387266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic Authority and the Limits of Expertise in Antitrust Cases
    • 617
    • JE Lopatka and WH Page, 'Economic Authority and the Limits of Expertise in Antitrust Cases' (2005) 90 Cornell Law Review 617.
    • (2005) Cornell Law Review , vol.90
    • Lopatka, J.E.1    Page, W.H.2
  • 116
    • 75849149323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DI Baker, 'Revisiting History - What Have We Learned About Private Antitrust Enforcement That We Would Recommend To Others?' (2004) 16 Loyola Consumer Law Review 4 379.
    • DI Baker, 'Revisiting History - What Have We Learned About Private Antitrust Enforcement That We Would Recommend To Others?' (2004) 16 Loyola Consumer Law Review 4 379.
  • 117
    • 75849159781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release n 7
    • Press Release (n 7).
  • 118
    • 75849161605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 20.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 20.
  • 119
    • 75849133510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a summary of literature up to 1979, see Alschuler (n 25).
    • For a summary of literature up to 1979, see Alschuler (n 25).
  • 122
    • 0000152651 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining and Social Welfare
    • M Grossman and M Katz, 'Plea Bargaining and Social Welfare' (1983) American Economic Review 73, 749-757.
    • (1983) American Economic Review , vol.73 , pp. 749-757
    • Grossman, M.1    Katz, M.2
  • 124
    • 75849123924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Van Bael (n 52);
    • Van Bael (n 52);
  • 126
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    • A Reply: Imperfect Bargains, Imperfect Trials and Innocent Defendants
    • RE Scott and WJ Stuntz, 'A Reply: Imperfect Bargains, Imperfect Trials and Innocent Defendants' (1992) 101 Yale L J 2011.
    • (1992) Yale L J , vol.101 , pp. 2011
    • Scott, R.E.1    Stuntz, W.J.2
  • 127
    • 75849157479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATPR 41-628;
    • ACCC v J McPhee (1998) ATPR 41-628;
    • (1998) ACCC v J McPhee
  • 128
    • 75849130692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ltd 1996
    • ACCC v NW Frozen Foods Pty Ltd (1996) ATPR 41-515 42, 441;
    • ACCC v NW Frozen Foods Pty , vol.ATPR 41-515 , Issue.42 , pp. 441
  • 129
    • 75849135919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung (n 91) 145 & FN19.
    • Yeung (n 91) 145 & FN19.
  • 131
    • 75849149549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Hviid and Stephan (n 53).
    • See Hviid and Stephan (n 53).
  • 132
    • 75849158794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the competition authority is typically able to withdraw from a settlement procedure at any time before its completion; M Furse, 'The Decision to Commit: Some Pointers from the US' (2004) 25 ECLR 1 5-10.
    • For example, the competition authority is typically able to withdraw from a settlement procedure at any time before its completion; M Furse, 'The Decision to Commit: Some Pointers from the US' (2004) 25 ECLR 1 5-10.
  • 133
    • 75849150057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Draft Commission Notice on the Conduct of Settlement proceedings in view of the adoption of Decisions pursvant of Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 in cartel cases' OJ [2007] C255.15.
    • 'Draft Commission Notice on the Conduct of Settlement proceedings in view of the adoption of Decisions pursvant of Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 in cartel cases' OJ [2007] C255.15.
  • 134
    • 75849117905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung (n 91);
    • Yeung (n 91);
  • 135
    • 0042157187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harmonizing Substantive-Criminal-Law Values and Criminal Procedure: The Case of Alford and Nolo Contendere Pleas
    • July
    • S Bibas, 'Harmonizing Substantive-Criminal-Law Values and Criminal Procedure: The Case of Alford and Nolo Contendere Pleas' (July 2003) 88 Cornell L Rev 1361;
    • (2003) Cornell L Rev , vol.88 , pp. 1361
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 136
    • 75849133784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scott and Stuntz (n 95);
    • Scott and Stuntz (n 95);
  • 137
    • 75849117404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kobayashi and Lott Jr (n 97);
    • Kobayashi and Lott Jr (n 97);
  • 138
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    • Plea Bargaining as Compromise
    • June
    • F H Easterbrook, 'Plea Bargaining as Compromise' (June 1992) 101 Yale L J 1969;
    • (1992) Yale L J 1969 , vol.101
    • Easterbrook, F.H.1
  • 139
    • 75849140376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SJ Schulhofer 'Criminal Discretion as a Regulatory System' (1988) 17 JLS 43;
    • SJ Schulhofer 'Criminal Discretion as a Regulatory System' (1988) 17 JLS 43;
  • 140
    • 75849145612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grossman and Katz (n 93).
    • Grossman and Katz (n 93).
  • 141
    • 75849162081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Van Bael n 52
    • Van Bael (n 52).
  • 142
    • 75849165503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung (n 91) at 115;
    • Yeung (n 91) at 115;
  • 143
    • 75849129655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kobayashi and Lott Jr (n 97).
    • Kobayashi and Lott Jr (n 97).
  • 144
    • 75849149799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scott and Stuntz (n 95).
    • Scott and Stuntz (n 95).
  • 145
    • 75849154545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joined Cases T-67/00 T-68/00, T-74/00 and T-78/00 JFE Engineering Corp v Commission (8 July 2004) unpublished; see also Van Barlingen and Barenes (n 39).
    • Joined Cases T-67/00 T-68/00, T-74/00 and T-78/00 JFE Engineering Corp v Commission (8 July 2004) unpublished; see also Van Barlingen and Barenes (n 39).
  • 146
    • 75849128632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is not uncommon for the leniency policy to uncover cartels that have already failed, rather than active ones: A Stephan, 'An Empirical Assessment of the European Leniency Notice' (2008) Journal of Competition Law and Economics.
    • It is not uncommon for the leniency policy to uncover cartels that have already failed, rather than active ones: A Stephan, 'An Empirical Assessment of the European Leniency Notice' (2008) Journal of Competition Law and Economics.
  • 147
    • 75849128897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD (n 24) para 53;
    • OECD (n 24) para 53;
  • 148
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    • Deterrence with Multiple Defendants: An Explanation for 'unfair' Plea Bargains
    • Winter
    • BH Kobayashi, 'Deterrence with Multiple Defendants: An Explanation for 'unfair' Plea Bargains' (Winter 1992) THE RAND Journal of Economics, Vol 23, No4 507-517.
    • (1992) THE RAND Journal of Economics , vol.23 , Issue.NO4 , pp. 507-517
    • Kobayashi, B.H.1
  • 149
    • 75849139104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ECT II-2099; Harding and Joshua (n 37) 251.
    • [1998] ECT II-2099; Harding and Joshua (n 37) 251.
  • 150
    • 75849119458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appeal brought on 21 May 2002 by Dansk Rørindustri A/S against the judgment delivered on 20 March 2002 by the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (Fourth Chamber) in Case C-189/02 P Dansk Rørindustri A/S v Commission of the European Communities OJ [2002] L 202
    • Appeal brought on 21 May 2002 by Dansk Rørindustri A/S against the judgment delivered on 20 March 2002 by the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (Fourth Chamber) in Case C-189/02 P Dansk Rørindustri A/S v Commission of the European Communities OJ [2002] L 202.
  • 151
    • 75849123186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DG Competition Press Release, IP/06/1222 (20 Sept 2006).
    • DG Competition Press Release, IP/06/1222 (20 Sept 2006).
  • 152
    • 75849158520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ratliff n 40
    • Ratliff (n 40).
  • 153
    • 84881784912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem in EC Antitrust Enforcement: A Legal and Economic Analysis
    • 131
    • WPJ Wils, 'The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem in EC Antitrust Enforcement: A Legal and Economic Analysis' (2003) 26 World Competition 131.
    • (2003) World Competition , vol.26
    • Wils, W.P.J.1
  • 154
    • 75849141583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scott and Stuntz (n 95);
    • Scott and Stuntz (n 95);
  • 156
    • 75849147709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hammond (n 6) 1
    • Hammond (n 6) 1.
  • 157
    • 75849161141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung (n 91) 141;
    • Yeung (n 91) 141;
  • 159
    • 75849147203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD (n 24) 14
    • OECD (n 24) 14.
  • 160
    • 75849116413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid 116.
  • 161
    • 75849135049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung points to an Australian case in which the court accepted a plea agreement, even though the defendant in this case consented to the allegations without admitting their truth; NW Frozen Foods Pty Ltd v ACCC (1996) 71 FCR 285, 296-7;
    • Yeung points to an Australian case in which the court accepted a plea agreement, even though the defendant in this case consented to the allegations without admitting their truth; NW Frozen Foods Pty Ltd v ACCC (1996) 71 FCR 285, 296-7;
  • 162
    • 75849150847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung (n 91) 145
    • Yeung (n 91) 145.
  • 163
    • 75849135050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 18.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 18.
  • 164
    • 75849158007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ibid 29.
  • 165
    • 75849143931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD (n 24) para 63;
    • OECD (n 24) para 63;
  • 166
    • 75849152071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished paper. The John M Olin Center for Law & Economics Working Paper Series, Working Paper 59 accessed 20 July 2008
    • O Gazal, 'Partial Ban on Plea Bargains' (2005) unpublished paper. The John M Olin Center for Law & Economics Working Paper Series, Working Paper 59 accessed 20 July 2008.
    • (2005) Partial Ban on Plea Bargains
    • Gazal, O.1
  • 167
    • 75849118963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Press Release (n 7);
    • Press Release (n 7);
  • 168
    • 75849160905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OECD (n 24) 6
    • OECD (n 24) 6.
  • 169
    • 75849144177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) para 17.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) para 17.
  • 170
    • 75849139626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th Annual EU Competition Law and Policy Workshop, Florence, Italy. 6 June 2008 3.
    • th Annual EU Competition Law and Policy Workshop, Florence, Italy. 6 June 2008 3.
  • 171
    • 75849145611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kobayashi and Lott Jr (n 97).
    • Kobayashi and Lott Jr (n 97).
  • 172
    • 75849136728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graphite Electrodes-Commission Decision of 18 July 2001 (Case 36.490) OJ [2002] L 100 70
    • Graphite Electrodes-Commission Decision of 18 July 2001 (Case 36.490) OJ [2002] L 100 70.
  • 173
    • 75849152773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 35.
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 35.
  • 174
    • 75849143421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This characteristic has been cited as one of the reasons why US plea bargaining failed to succeed in Italy see eg Boari and Fiorentini n 64
    • This characteristic has been cited as one of the reasons why US plea bargaining failed to succeed in Italy see eg Boari and Fiorentini (n 64).
  • 175
    • 75849116682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 1; Press Release (n 7).
    • Settlement Notice (n 7) 1; Press Release (n 7).
  • 176
    • 75849142913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yeung (n 91) 130
    • Yeung (n 91) 130.
  • 177
    • 75849155334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • O'Brien (n 123) 8
    • O'Brien (n 123) 8.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.