Incidence and risk factors for chronic elevation of alanine aminotransferase levels in HIV-infected persons without hepatitis B or C virus co-infection

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 502-511

  Kovari, Helen ^a   Ledergerber, Bruno ^a   Battegay, Manuel ^b   Rauch, Andri ^c   Hirschel, Bernard ^d   Foguena, Alain Kenfak ^e   Vernazza, Pietro ^f   Bernasconi, Enos ^g   Mueller, Nicolas J ^a   Weber, Rainer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^e LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^f CANTONAL HOSPITAL ST GALLEN   (Switzerland)

^g REGIONAL HOSPITAL OF LUGANO   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABACAVIR; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ATAZANAVIR; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; RITONAVIR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS RNA; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; LONG TERM CARE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; MORTALITY; NEGRO; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; ALANINE TRANSAMINASE; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; FEMALE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LIVER; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 75749133213     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/649922     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853-860.
2. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet 2008; 372: 293-299.
3. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, et al. Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. BMJ 1997; 315: 1194-1199. (Pubitemid 27478210)
4. Weber R, Sabin CA, Friis-Moller N, et al. Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1632-1641. (Pubitemid 44232373)
5. Pol S, Lebray P, Vallet-Pichard A. HIV infection and hepatic enzyme abnormalities: intricacies of the pathogenic mechanisms. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38(Suppl 2): S65-S72. (Pubitemid 38328167)
6. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA 2000; 283: 74-80. (Pubitemid 30038386)
7. French AL, Benning L, Anastos K, et al. Longitudinal effect of antiretroviral therapy on markers of hepatic toxicity: impact of hepatitis C coinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 402-410. (Pubitemid 39050490)
8. Becker S. Liver toxicity in epidemiological cohorts. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38 (Suppl 2): S49-S55.
9. Ingiliz P, Valantin MA, Duvivier C, et al. Liver damage underlying unexplained transaminase elevation in human immunodeficiency virus-1 mono-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Hepatology 2009; 49: 436-442.
10. Maida, I, Nunez M, Rios MJ, et al. Severe liver disease associated with prolonged exposure to antiretroviral drugs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42: 177-182. (Pubitemid 43884712)
11. Sterling, RK, Chiu S, Snider K, Nixon D. The prevalence and risk factors for abnormal liver enzymes in HIV-positive patients without hepatitis B or C coinfections. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 1375-1382.
12. Ledergerber, B, von Overbeck J, Egger M, Luthy R. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study rationale, organization and selected baseline characteristics. Soz Praventivmed 1994; 39: 387-394.
13. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a World Health Organization Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995; 854: 1-452.
14. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome-a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366: 1059-1062. (Pubitemid 41338752)
15. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3160-3167. (Pubitemid 37339514)
16. Sabin, CA. Pitfalls of assessing hepatotoxicity in trials and observational cohorts. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38(Suppl 2): S56-S64.
17. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1702-1704. (Pubitemid 35231669)
18. Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1106-1110.
19. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase and mortality in the United States population. Gastroenterology 2009; 136: 477-485.
20. Lobstein S, Kaiser T, Liebert U, et al. Prevalence, aetiology and associated co-morbidities of elevated aminotransferases in a german cohort of orthopaedic surgery patients. Z Gastroenterol 2008; 46: 415-420. (Pubitemid 352016652)
21. Nunez M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. J Hepatol 2006; 44: S132-S139. (Pubitemid 43053889)
22. Kakuda TN. Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse tran-scriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Clin Ther 2000; 22: 685-708. (Pubitemid 30451995)
23. McGovern BH, Ditelberg JS, Taylor LE, et al. Hepatic steatosis is associated with fibrosis, nucleoside analogue use, and hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection in HIV-seropositive patients. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 365-372.
24. Sulkowski MS, Mehta SH, Torbenson M, et al. Hepatic steatosis and antiretroviral drug use among adults coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. AIDS 2005; 19: 585-592. (Pubitemid 40543981)
25. Kronenberg A, Riehle HM, Gunthard HF. Liver failure after long-term nucleoside antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 2001; 358: 759-760. (Pubitemid 32823412)
26. Kovari H, Ledergerber B, Peter U, et al. Association of noncirrhotic portal hypertension in HIV-infected persons and antiretroviral therapy with didanosine: a nested case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 626-635.
27. Rivero A, Mira JA, Pineda JA. Liver toxicity induced by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 342-346. (Pubitemid 47073440)
28. Schindhelm RK, Diamant M, Dekker JM, Tushuizen ME, Teerlink T, Heine RJ. Alanine aminotransferase as a marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006; 22: 437-443. (Pubitemid 44774047)
29. Ryan P, Blanco F, Garcia-Gasco P, et al. Predictors of severe hepatic steatosis using abdominal ultrasound in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2009; 10: 53-59.
30. Guaraldi, G, Squillace N, Stentarelli C, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-infected patients referred to a metabolic clinic: prevalence, characteristics, and predictors. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 250-257. (Pubitemid 351920629)
31. Crum-Cianflone N, Dilay A, Collins G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among HIV-infected persons. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50: 464-473.
32. Soriano V, Puoti M, Garcia-Gasco P, et al. Antiretroviral drugs and liver injury. AIDS 2008; 22: 1-13.
33. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1387-1395. (Pubitemid 39657013)
34. Marks KM, Petrovic LM, Talal AH, Murray MP, Gulick RM, Glesby MJ. Histological findings and clinical characteristics associated with hepatic steatosis in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 1943-1949.
35. Blackard JT, Sherman KE. CV/ HIV co-infection: time to re-evaluate the role of HIV in the liver? J Viral Hepat 2008; 15: 323-330.
36. Keiser O, Fellay J, Opravil M, et al. Adverse events to antiretrovirals in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: effect on mortality and treatment modification. Antivir Ther 2007; 12: 1157-1164.
37. Lazo M, Selvin E, Clark JM. Brief communication: clinical implications of short-term variability in liver function test results. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 348-352. (Pubitemid 351665465)