Collision-related granite magma genesis, potential sources and tectono-magmatic evolution: Comparison between central, northwestern and western Anatolia (Turkey)

International Geology Review

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 252-278

  Ilbeyli, Nurdane ^a   Kibici, Yasar ^b  

^a MUSTAFA KEMAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Anatolia; Calc alkaline; Collision related; Granite; Lower crust; Subalkaline

Indexed keywords

A-TYPE ROCK; ALKALINE ROCK; CALC ALKALINE ROCK; CENOZOIC; GRANITE; I-TYPE ROCK; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; MAGMA; MANTLE SOURCE; MESOZOIC; PARTIAL MELTING; PETROGENESIS; PETROLOGY; PLUTONIC ROCK; SOURCE ROCK;

ANATOLIA; TURKEY;

EID: 75649142111     PISSN: 00206814     EISSN: 19382839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00206810802673933     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Akay, E., 2008, Geology and petrology of the Simav Magmatic Complex (NW Anatolia) and its comparison with the Oligo-Miocene granitoids in NW Anatolia: implications on Tertiary tectonic evolution of the region: International Journal of Earth Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s00531-008-0325-0 (in press).
2. Altunkaynak, S., 2007, Collision-Driven Slab Breakoff Magmatism in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey: Journal of Geology, v. 115, p. 63-82.
3. Aydogan, M.S., Coban, H., Bozcu, M., and Akinci, O., 2008, Geochemical and mantle-like isotopic (Nd, Sr) composition of the Baklan Granite from the Muratdagi Region (Banaz, Usak), western Turkey: Implications for input of juvenile magmas in the source domains of western Anatolia Eocene-Miocene granites: Journal of Asian Erath Sciences, v. 33, p. 155-176.
4. Bacon, C.R., and Druitt, T.H., 1988, Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, p. 224-256.
5. Bergantz, G., 1989, Underplating and partial melting: Implications for melt generation and extraction: Science, v. 245, p. 1093-1095.
6. Bingöl, E., 1989, Geological map of Turkey, scale 1:2,000,000: Ankara, Turkey, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA).
7. Bingöl, E., Delaloye, M., and Ataman, G., 1982, Granitic intrusions in western Anatolia, a contribution to the geodynamic study of this area: Eclogea Geologisch Helvetica, v. 75, p. 437-446.
8. Boynton, W.V., 1984, Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies, in Henderson, P., ed., Rare Earth Element Geochemistry: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 63-114.
9. Bozkurt, E., and Park, R.G., 1994, Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey: Journal of the Geological Society (London), v. 151, p. 213-216.
10. Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., and Park, R.G., 1995, Geochemistry and tectonic significance of augen gneisses from the southern Menderes Massif (west Turkey): Geological Magazine, v. 132, p. 287-301.
11. Boztug, D., Debon, F., Inan, S., Tutkun, Z.S., Avci, N., and Kesgin, O., 1997, Comparative geochemistry of four plutons from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene central eastern Anatolian alkaline province (Divrigi region, Sivas, Turkey): Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 95-115.
12. Boztug, D., and Harlavan, Y., 2008, K-Ar ages of granitoids unravel the stages of Neo-Tethyan convergence in the eastern Pontides and central Anatolia, Turkey: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 97, p. 585-599.
13. Boztug, D., Harlavan, Y., Arehart, G.B., Satir, M., and Avci, N., 2007a, K-Ar age, wholerock and isotope geochemistry of A-type granitoids in the Divrigi-Sivas region, easterncentral Anatolia, Turkey: Lithos, v. 97, p. 193-218.
14. Boztug, D., and Jonckheere, R.C., 2007, Apatite fission track data from central Anatolian granitoids (Turkey): Constraints on Neo-Tethyan closure: Tectonics, v. 26, TC3011.
15. Boztug, D., Tichomirowa, M., and Bombach, K., 2007b, 207Pb/206Pb single-zircon evaporation ages of some granitoid rocks reveal continent-oceanic island arc collision during the Cretaceous geodynamic evolution of the Central Anatolian crust, Turkey: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 71-86.
16. Candan, O., and Dora, O., 1998, Menderes Masifi'nde granülit, eklojit ve mavi sist kalintilari: Pan-Afrikan ve Tersiyer metamorfik evrimine bir yaklasim: Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin, v. 41, p. 1-36 (in Turkish).
17. Castro, A., Moreno-Ventas, I., and De la Rosa, J.D., 1990, Microgranular enclaves as indicators of hybridization processes in granitoid rocks, Hercynian belt, Spain: Geological Journal, v. 25, p. 391-404.
18. Chappell, B.W., and White, A.J.R., 1974, Two contrasting granite types: Pacific Geology, v. 8, p. 173-179.
19. Collins, W.J., 1996, Lachlan Fold Belt granitoids: Products of three-component mixing: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 171-186.
20. Davis, P.B., and Whitney, D.L., 2008, Petrogenesis and structural petrology of high-pressure metabasalt pods, Sivrihisar, Turkey: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 156, p. 217-241.
21. DePaolo, D.J., 1981, A neodymium and strontium isotopic study of the Mesozoic calcalkaline granitic batholiths of the Sierra Nevada and Peninsula Ranges, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 10470-10488.
22. Dewey, J.F., and Sengör, A.M.C., 1979, Aegean and surrounding regions: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in convergent zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, p. 84-92.
23. Dirik, K., Göncüoglu, M.C., and Kozlu, H., 1999, Stratigraphy and pre-Miocene tectonic evolution of the southwestern part of the Sivas Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey: Geological Journal, v. 34, p. 303-319.
24. Dora, O., Kun, N., and Candan, O., 1992, Metamorphic history and geotectonic evolution of the Menderes Massif, in Savascin, M.Y., and Eronat, A.H., eds., Proceedings of International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Regions: Dokuz Eylül University Publications, v. 2, p. 107-115.
25. England, P.C., Le Fort, P., Molnar, P., and Pêcher, A., 1992, Heat sources for Tertiary metamorphism and anatexis in the Annapurna-Manaslu region central Nepal: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 2107-2128.
26. England, P.C., and Thompson, A.B., 1984, Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional metamorphism I: heat transfer during the evolution of thickened continental crust: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 894-928.
27. 1986, Some thermal and tectonic models for crustal melting in continental collision zones, in Coward, M.P., and Ries, A.C., eds., Collision tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 19, p. 83-94.
28. Floyd, P.A., Göncüoglu, M.C., Winchester, J.A., and Yaliniz, M.K., 2000, Geochemical character and tectonic environment of Neotethyan ophiolitic fragments and metabasites in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey, in Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., and Piper, J.D.A., eds., Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding Area: Geological Society of London Special Publication173, p. 183-202.
29. Gardien, V., Thompson, A.B., Grujic, D., and Ulmer, P., 1995, Experimental melting of biotite-plagioclase-quartz-muscovite assemblages and implications for crustal melting: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 15581-15591.
30. Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Hallot, E., and Dirik, K., 2002, Dating the exhumation of a metamorphic dome: geological evidence for pre-Eocene unroofing of the Nigde Massif (Central Anatolia, Turkey): Geological Magazine, v. 139, p. 559-576.
31. Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Bosse, V., Hallot, E., and Dirik, K., 2008, Coeval extensional shearing and lateral undeflow during Late Cretaceous core complex development in the Nigde Masif, central Anatolia, Turkey: Tectonics, v. 27, TC1003.
32. Gill, J.B., 1981, Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 390 p.
33. Göncüoglu, M.C., 1986, Geochronological data from the southern part (Nigde area) of the Central Anatolian Massif: Bulletin of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Turkey (MTA), v. 105/106, p. 83-96.
34. Göncüoglu, M.C., Toprak, V., Kuscu. I., Erler. A., and Olgun, E., 1991, Geology of the western part of the Central Anatolian Massif. Part I: Southern Section. Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakligi (TPAO), Report no. 2909 (in Turkish).
35. Görür, N., Oktay, F.Y., Seymen, I., and Sengör, A.M.C., 1984, Paleotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölübasin complex, central Anatolia (Turkey): Sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure, in Dixon, J.E., and Robertson, A.H.F., eds., The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean: Geological Society of London Special Publication 17, p. 467-482.
36. Görür, N., and Tüysüz, O., 2001, Cretaceous to Miocene palaeogeographic evolution of Turkey: Implications for hydrocarbon potential: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 24, p. 119-146.
37. Green, T.H., 1995, Significance of Nb/Ta as an indicator of geochemical processes in the crust-mantle system: Chemical Geology, v. 120, p. 347-359.
38. Harris, N.B.W., Kelley, S.P., and Okay, A.I., 1994, Post-collision magmatism and tectonics in northwest Turkey: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 117, p. 241-252.
39. Harris, N.B.W., and Massey, J., 1994, Decompression and anatexis of Himalayan metapelites: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 1537-1546.
40. Harrison, T.M., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., and Catlos, E.J., 1998, A model for the origin of Himalayan anatexis and inverted metamorphism: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 27017-27032. (Pubitemid 128664656)
41. Hetzel, R., and Reischmann, T., 1996, Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation: Geological Magazine, v. 133, p. 565-572.
42. Hetzel, R., Romer, R.L., Candan, O., and Passchier, C.W., 1998, Geology of the Bozdag area, central Menderes Massif, SW Turkey: Pan-African basement and Alpine deformation: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 394-406.
43. Hildreth, W., and Moorbath, S., 1988, Crustal contribution to arc magmatism in the Andes of southern Chile: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, p. 455-489.
44. Huppert, H.E., and Sparks, R.S.J., 1988, The generation of granitic magmas by intrusion of basalt into continental crust: Journal of Petrology, v. 29, p. 599-624.
45. Hutton, D.W.H., Dempster, T.J., Brown, P.E., and Becker, S.D., 1990, A new mechanism of granite emplacement: Intrusion into active extensional shear zones: Nature, v. 343, p. 432-455.
46. Ilbeyli, N., 2005, Mineralogical-geochemical constraints on intrusives in central Anatolia, Turkey: tectono-magmatic evolution and characteristics of mantle source: Geological Magazine, v. 142, p. 187-207.
47. Ilbeyli, N., Pearce, J.A., Thirlwall, M.F., and Mitchell, J.G., 2004, Petrogenesis of collisionrelated plutonics in central Anatolia, Turkey: Lithos, v. 72, p. 163-182.
48. Isik, V., Tekeli, O., and Seyitoglu, G., 2004, The 40Ar/39Ar age of extensional ductile deformation and granitoid intrusions in the northern Menderes core complex: implications for the initiation of extensional tectonics in western Turkey: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 23, p. 555-566.
49. Juteau, M., Michard, A., and Albarede, F., 1986, The Pb-Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of some recent circum-Mediterranean granites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 331-340.
50. Kadioglu, Y.K., Dilek, Y., and Foland, K.A., 2006, Slab break-off and syncollisional origin of the Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Central Anatolian crystalline complex, Turkey: Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 409, p. 381-415.
51. Karacik, Z., Yilmaz, Y., Pearce, J.A., and Ece, I., 2008, Petrochemistry of the south Marmara granitoids, northwest Anatolia, Turkey: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 97, p. 1181-1200.
52. Kibici, Y., Ilbeyli, N., Yildiz, A., and Bagci, M., 2008, Petrology and geochemistry of theGünyüzüpluton, Northwest Anatolia, Turkey: International Geology Review, v. 50, p. 931-947.
53. Konak, N., Akdeniz, N., and Oztürk, E.N., 1987, Geology of the south of Menderes Massif. IGCP Project 5: Guide Book Field Excursion Western Anatolia, Turkey: Ankara, Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, p. 42-53.
54. Köksal, S., and Göncüoglu, M.C., 2008, Sr and Nd isotopic characteristics of some S-, I-and Atype granitoids from Central Anatolia: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 111-127.
55. Köksal, S., Romer, R.L., Göncüoglu, M.C., and Toksoy-Köksal, F., 2004, Timing of postcollisional H-type to A-type granitic magmatism: U-Pb titanite ages from the Alpine central Anatolian granitoids (Turkey): International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 93, p. 974-989.
56. Leake, B.E., 1990, Granite magmas: their sources, initiation and consequences of emplacement: Journal of the Geological Society (London), v. 147, p. 579-589.
57. Lisenbee, A., 1971, The Orhaneli ultramafic-gabbro thrust sheet and its surroundings, in Campbell, A.S., ed., Geology and history of Turkey: Tripoli, Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya, p. 349-360.
58. Loos, S., and Reischmann, T., 1999, The evolution of the southern Menderes Massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating: Journal of Geological Society (London), v. 156, p. 1021-1030.
59. Martin, R.F., 2006, A-type granites of crustal origin ultimately result from open-system fenitization-type reactions in an extensional environment: Lithos, v. 91, p. 125-136.
60. Middlemost, E.A.K., 1994, Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 37, p. 215-224.
61. Miyashiro, A., 1978, Nature of alkalic volcanic rock series: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 66, p. 91-104.
62. Okay, A.I., 1980, Mineralogy, petrology and phase relations of glaucophane-lawsonite zone blueschist from the Tavsanli region north-west Turkey: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 72, p. 243-255.
63. 1986, High-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks of Turkey, in Evans, B.W., and Brown, E.H., eds., Blueschists and eclogites: Boulder, CO, Geological Society of American Memoirs v. 164, p. 333-347.
64. 2004, Tectonics and high pressure metamorphism in northwest Turkey: Field trip guide book-P01, in Proceedings, 32nd International Geological Congress, Florence, International Union of Geological Sciences, 56 p.
65. Okay, A.I., and Satir, M., 2006, Geochronology of Eocene plutonism and metamorphism in northest Turkey: evidence for a possible magmatic arc: Geodinamica Acta, v. 19/5, p. 251-266.
66. Okay, A.I., Satir, M., Maluski, H., Siyako, M., Monie, P., Metzger, R., and Akyüz, S., 1996, Paleo-and Neo-Tethyan events in northwest Turkey: Geological and geochronological constraints, in Yin, A., and Harrison, M.T., eds., Tectonics of Asia: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 420-441.
67. Okay, A.I., Tansel, I., and Tüysüz, O., 2001, Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey: Geological Magazine, v. 138, p. 117-142.
68. Okay, A.I., and Tüysüz, O., 1999, Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey, in Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Hovarth, F., and Séranne, M., eds., The Mediterranean basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine orogen Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey: Geological Society London Special Publication 156, p. 475-515.
69. Onen, A.P., 2003, Neotethyan ophiolitic rocks of the Anatolides of NW Turkey and comparison with Tauride ophiolites: Journal of the Geological Society (London), v. 160, p. 947-962.
70. Ozgenc, I., and Ilbeyli, N., 2008, Petrogenesis of the Late Cenozoic Egrigöz pluton in western Anatolia (Turkey): Implications for magma genesis and crustal processes: International Geology Review, v. 50, p. 375-391.
71. no Douce, A.E., 1996, Effects of pressure and H2O contents on the composition of primary crustal melts: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 11-21.
72. 1999, What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origin of granitic magmas?, in Castro, A., Fernandez, C., and Vigneressese, J.L., eds., Understanding granites: intergrating new and classical techniques: Geological Society London Special Publication 168, p. 55-75.
73. no Douce, A.E., and Beard, J.S., 1995, Dehydration-melting of biotite gneiss and quartz amphibolite from 3 to 15 kbar: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, p. 707-738.
74. 1996, Effects of P, e(O2) and Mg/Fe ratio on dehydration melting of model metagreywackes: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 999-1024.
75. no Douce, A.E., and McCarthy, T.C., 1998, Melting of crustal rocks during continental collision and subduction, in Hacker, B.R., and Doc, J.G., eds., When Continents Collide: Geodynamics and Geochemistry of Ultra-high Pressure Rocks: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 27-55.
76. Pearce, J.A., 1983, Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins, in Hawkesworth, C.J., and Norry, M.J., eds., Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths: Shiva, Nantwich, p. 230-249.
77. 1996, Sources and settings of granitic rocks: Episodes, v. 19, p. 120-125.
78. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., 1984, Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956-983.
79. Rickwood, P.C., 1989, Boundary lines within petrologic diagrams which use oxides of major and minor elements: Lithos, v. 22, p. 247-263.
80. Ring, U., and Collins, A.S., 2005, U-Pb SIMS dating of syn-kinematic granites: timing of core-complex formation in the northern Anatolide belt of western Turkey: Journal of Geological Society (London), v. 162, p. 289-298.
81. Robertson, A.H.F., and Ustaömer, T., 2004, Tectonic evolution of the Intra-Pontide suture zone in the Armutlu Peninsula, NW Turkey: Tectonophysics, v. 381, p. 175-209.
82. Satir, M., and Friedrichsen, H., 1986, The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, WTurkey: A rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study: Geologica Rundscheau, v. 75, p. 703-714.
83. Sengör, A.M.C., and Yilmaz, Y., 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach: Tectonophysics, v. 75, p. 181-241.
84. Sengör, A.M.C., Satir, M., and Akkök, R., 1984, Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan-African basement in Turkey: Tectonics, v. 3, p. 603-707.
85. Seyitoglu, G., Anderson, D., Nowell, G., and Scott, B., 1997, The evolution from Miocene potassic to Quaternary sodic magmatism in western Turkey: implications for enrichment processes in the lithospheric mantle: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 76, p. 127-147.
86. Shand, S.J., 1951, Eruptive Rocks: New York, NY, John Wiley, 444 p.
87. Sherlock, S., Kelley, S.P., Inger, S., Harris, N., and Okay, A.I., 1999, 40Ar-39Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology of high-pressure metamorphism and exhumation history of the Tavsanli Zone, NW Turkey: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 137, p. 46-58.
88. Singh, J., and Johannes, W., 1996, Dehydration melting of tonalites: Part II. Composition of melts and solids: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 125, p. 26-44.
89. Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geological Society London Special Publication 42, p. 313-345.
90. Sylvester, P.J., 1989, Post-collisional alkaline granites: Journal of Geology, v. 97, p. 261-280.
91. Tankut, A., 1980, The Orhaneli massif, Turkey, in Panayiotou, A., ed., Proceedings, International Ophiolite Symposium: Nicosia, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Cyprus, p. 702-713.
92. Thompson, A.B., 1996, Fertility of crustal rocks during anatexis: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 1-10.
93. Tüysüz, O., Dellaloglu, A.A., and Terzioglu, N., 1995, A magmatic belt within the Neo-Tethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolution of northern Turkey: Tectonophysics, v. 243, p. 173-191.
94. Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., and Chappell, B.W., 1987, A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 95, p. 407-419.
95. Whitney, D.L., and Bozkurt, E., 2002, Metamorphic history of the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 829-838.
96. Whitney, D.L., and Hamilton, M.A., 2004, Timing of high-grade metamorphism in central Turkey and the assembly of Anatolia: Journal of the Geological Society (London), v. 161, p. 823-828.
97. Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., Dilek, Y., and Fayon, A.K., 2001, Metamorphism of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: influence of orogen-normal collision vs. wrench dominated tectonics on P-T-t paths: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 19, p. 411-432.
98. Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., Fayon, A.K., Hamilton, M.A., and Heizler, M., 2003, Tectonic controls on metamorphism, partial melting, and intrusion: timing and duration of regional metamorphism and magmatism in the Nigde Massif, Turkey: Tectonophysics, v. 376, p. 37-60.
99. Wolf, M.B., and Wyllie, P.J., 1994, Dehydration-melting of amphibolite at 10 kbar: effects of temperature and time: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 115, p. 369-383.
100. Yaliniz, K., Floyd, P.A., and Göncüoglu, M.C., 1996, Supra-subduction zone ophiolite in central Anatolia: Geochemical evidence from the basalts of the Sarikaraman Ophiolite (Aksaray-Turkey): Mineralogical Magazine, v. 60, p. 697-710.
101. Yaliniz, K., and Göncüoglu, M.C., 1998, General geological characterictics and distribution of central Anatolian ophiolites: Geosound, v. 20, p. 19-30 (in Turkish).
102. Yilmaz, Y., 1997, Geology of western Anatolia, in Schindler, C., and Pfister, M., eds., Active Tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia-The Marmara Poly-Project. A Multidisciplinary Approach by Space-Geodesy, Geology, Hydrogeology, Geothermics and Seismology: Zürich, VDF Hochschulverlag an der ETH, p. 31-53.