Paedomorphosis in two small species of toothed whales (Odontoceti): How and why?

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 99, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 278-295

  Galatius, Anders ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Commerson's dolphin; Evolution; Habitat; Harbour porpoise; Life history; Ontogeny; Progenesis; Reproduction; White beaked dolphin

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; BODY SIZE; CONVERGENT EVOLUTION; FOOD INTAKE; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; ONTOGENY; PEDOMORPHOSIS; PREY AVAILABILITY; REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL; SELECTION; SEXUAL MATURITY; WHALE;

CEPHALORHYNCHUS; CETACEA; LAGENORHYNCHUS; MAMMALIA; ODONTOCETI; PHOCOENIDAE;

EID: 75649128738     PISSN: 00244066     EISSN: 10958312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01357.x     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Adams DC, Rohlf FJ, Slice DE. 2002. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the 'revolution'. Italian Journal of Zoology 71 : 5 16.
2. Alberch P, Gould SJ, Oster GF, Wake DB. 1979. Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology 5 : 296 317.
3. Bailey DA, Heather ADM, Mckay HA, Whiting S, Mirwald R. 2000. Calcium accretion in girls and boys during puberty: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 15 : 2245 2250.
4. Barnes LG. 1985. Evolution, taxonomy and antitropical distributions of the porpoises (Phocoenidae, Mammalia). Marine Mammal Science 1 : 149 165.
5. Beck MW, Heck KL, Able KW, Childers DL, Eggleston DB, Gillanders BM, Halpern B, Hays CG, Hoshino K, Minello TJ, Orth RJ, Sheridan PF, Weinstein MR. 2001. The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience 51 : 633 641.
6. Boness DJ, Clapham PJ, Mesnick SL. 2002. Life history and reproductive strategies. In : Hoelzl AR, ed. Marine mammal biology - an evolutionary approach. Oxford : Blackwell Publishing, 278 324.
7. Brodie PF. 1975. Cetacean energetics, an overview of intraspecific size variation. Ecology 56 : 152 161.
8. Brownell RL, Clapham PJ. 1999. Spectacled porpoise - Phocoena dioptrica Lahille 1912. In : Ridgway SH, Harrison SR, eds. Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 6. The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 379 392.
9. Buchholtz EA, Wolkovich EM, Cleary RJ. 2005. Vertebral osteology and complexity in Lagenorhynchus acutus (Delphinidae) with comparison to other Delphinoid genera. Marine Mammal Science 21 : 411 428.
10. Calder WAI. 1984. Size, function and life history. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
11. Calzada N, Aguilar A. 1996. Flipper development in the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Anatomical Record 245 : 708 714.
12. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Cauley JA, Genant HK, Mascioli SR, Scott JC, Seeley DG, Steiger P, Vogt TM. 1990. Appendicular bone-density and age predict hip fracture in women. JAMA 263 : 665 668.
13. DeBuffrénil V, Collet A, Pascal M. 1985. Ontogenetic development of skeletal weight in a small delphinid, Delphinus delphis (Cetacea, Odontoceti). Zoomorphology 105 : 336 344.
14. Denoël M, Joly P. 2000. Neoteny and progenesis as two heterochronic processes involved in paedomorphosis in Triturus alpestris (Amphibia: Caudata). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 267 : 1481 1485.
15. DiGiancamillo M, Rattegni G, Podesta M, Cagnolaro L, Cozzi B, Leonardi L. 1998. Postnatal ossification of the thoracic limb in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) (Meyen, 1833) from the Mediterranean Sea. Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 76 : 1286 1293.
16. Domenici P. 2001. The scaling of locomotor performance in predator-prey encounters: from fish to killer whales. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A - Molecular and Integrative Physiology 131 : 169 182.
17. Dudok van Heel WH. 1981. Investigations on cetacean sonar III: a proposal for an ecological classification of odontocetes in relation with sonar. Aquatic Mammals 8 : 65 69.
18. Evans WE, Awbrey FT, Hackbarth H. 1988. High frequency pulses produced by free-ranging Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) compared to those of phocoenids. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 9 : 173 181.
19. Fajardo-Mellor L, Berta A, Brownell RL, Boy CC, Goodall RNP. 2006. The phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of true porpoises (Mammalia: Phocoenidae) based on morphological data. Marine Mammal Science 22 : 910 932.
20. Felts WJL. 1966. Some functional and structural characteristics of cetacean flippers and flukes. In : Norris KS, ed. Whales, dolphins and porpoises. Los Angeles, CA : University of California Press, 255 276.
21. Ferrero RC, Walker WA. 1999. Age, growth, and reproductive patterns of Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) in the central North Pacific Ocean. Marine Mammal Science 15 : 273 313.
22. Flower WH. 1864. Notes on the skeletons of whales in the principal museums in Holland and Belgium, with a description of two species apparently new to science. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 : 384 420.
23. Fontaine MC, Baird SJE, Piry S, Ray N, Tolley KA, Duke S, Birkun A, Ferreira M, Jauniaux T, Llavona A et al. 2007. Rise of oceanographic barriers in continuous populations of a cetacean: the genetic structure of harbour porpoises in Old World waters. BMC Biology 5 : 30.
24. Fordyce RE, Barnes LG. 1994. The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22 : 419 455.
25. Galatius A. 2005. Sexually dimorphic proportions of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) skeleton. Journal of Anatomy 206 : 141 154.
26. Galatius A, Andersen MBER, Haugan B, Langhoff HE, Jespersen A. 2006. Timing of epiphyseal development in the flipper skeleton of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) as an indicator of paedomorphosis. Acta Zoologica 87 : 77 82.
27. Galatius A, Kinze CC. 2003. Ankylosis patterns in the postcranial skeleton and hyoid bones of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Baltic and North Sea. Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 81 : 1851 1861.
28. Galileo G. 1638. Dialogues concerning two new sciences. London : Prometheus Books.
29. Gaskin DE, Smith GJD, Watson AP, Yasui WY, Yurick DB. 1984. Reproduction in the porpoises (Phocoenidae): implications for management. Reports of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue 6 : 135 148.
30. Goodall RNP. 1994. Commerson's dolphin - Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacépède 1804). In : Ridgway SH, Harrison SR, eds. Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 5. The first book of dolphins. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 241 267.
31. Gould SJ. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge : Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
32. Hafner JC, Hafner MS. 1988. Heterochrony in rodents. In : McKinney ML, ed. Heterochrony in evolution: a multidisciplinary approach. New York, NY : Plenum Press, 217 235.
33. Hohn AA. 2002. Age estimation. In : Perrin WF, Thewissen JGM, Würsig B, eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 6 13.
34. Houck WJ, Jefferson TA. 1999. Dall's porpoise - Phocoenoides dalli. In : Ridgway SH, Harrison SR, eds. Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 6. The second book of dolphins and the porpoises. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 443 472.
35. Hui CA. 1979. Correlates of maturity in the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis. Fishery Bulletin 77 : 295 300.
36. Ichishima H, Kimura M. 2005. Haborophocoena toyoshimai, a new early Pliocene porpoise (Cetacea; Phocoenidae) from Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 : 655 664.
37. Ito H, Miyazaki N. 1990. Skeletal development of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba in Japanese waters. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 14 : 79 96.
38. Kamminga C, Wiersma H. 1982. Investigations on cetacean sonar V. The true nature of the sonar sound of Cephalorhynchus commersonii. Aquatic Mammals 9 : 95 104.
39. Kasuya T. 1978. The life history of Dall's porpoise with special reference to the stock off the Pacific coast of Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute 30 : 1 63.
40. Kinze CC. 2002. White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris. In : Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM, eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 1332 1334.
41. Klingenberg CP. 1998. Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. Biological Reviews 73 : 79 123.
42. Klingenberg CP. 2008. MorphoJ. Manchester : Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester.
43. Klingenberg CP, Barluenga M, Meyer A. 2002. Shape analysis of symmetric structures: quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry. Evolution 56 : 1909 1920.
44. Koopman HN, Pabst DA, McLellan WA, Dillaman RM, Read AJ. 2002. Changes in blubber distribution and morphology associated with starvation in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): evidence for regional differences in blubber structure and function. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75 : 498 512.
45. Langvatn R. 1995. Age determination of mammals - some aspects of biochemistry and physiological mechanisms relating to deposition of incremental lines in dental tissues. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 16 : 499 510.
46. Laor T, Jaramillo D, Oestrich AE. 1998. Musculoskeletal system. In : Kirk DR, ed. Practical pediatric imaging. Diagnostic radiology of infants and children. Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott-Raven, 327 510.
47. Lockyer C. 1995. Investigation of aspects of the life history of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, in British waters. Reports of the International Whaling Commision, Special Issue 16 : 189 197. (Pubitemid 26473218)
48. Lockyer C. 2003. Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: biological parameters. NAMMCO Scientific Publications 5 : 71 89.
49. Lockyer C, Goodall RNP, Galeazzi AR. 1988. Age and body length characteristics of Cephalorhynchus commersonii from incidentally-caught specimens off Tierra del Fuego. Report of the International Whaling Commision, Special Issue 9 : 103 118.
50. MacLeod CD, Santos MBA, Reid RJ, Scott BE, Pierce GJ. 2007. Linking sandeel consumption and the likelihood of starvation in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea: could climate change mean more starving porpoises? Biology Letters 3 : 185 188.
51. Main RP, Biewener AA. 2006. In vivo bone strain and ontogenetic growth patterns in relation to life-history strategies and performance in two vertebrate taxa: goats and emu. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79 : 57 72.
52. Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. 1996. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. British Medical Journal 312 : 1254 1259.
53. McKinney ML, Gittleman JL. 1995. Ontogeny and phylogeny: tinkering with covariation in life history, morphology and behavior. In : McNamara KJ, ed. Evolutionary change and heterochrony. New York, NY : J. Wiley, 21 47.
54. McNamara KJ. 1986. A guide to the nomenclature of heterochrony. Journal of Paleontology 60 : 4 13.
55. Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Bernhard M, Schaefer K, Bookstein FL. 2004. Comparison of cranial ontogenetic trajectories among great apes and humans. Journal of Human Evolution 46 : 679 697.
56. Møhl B, Andersen S. 1973. Echolocation - high-frequency component in click of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena L). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 54 : 1368 1372.
57. Møhl-Hansen U. 1954. Investigations of reproduction and growth of the porpoise (Phocoena phocoena, L.) from the Baltic. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 116 : 369 396.
58. Morey DF. 1994. The early evolution of the domestic dog. American Scientist 82 : 336 347.
59. O'Higgins P, Chadfield P, Jones N. 2001. Facial growth and the ontogeny of morphological variation within and between the primates Cebus apella and Cercocebus torquatus. Journal of Zoology 254 : 337 357.
60. Ommaya AK, Goldsmith W, Thibault L. 2002. Biomechanics and neuropathology of adult and paediatric head injury. British Journal of Neurosurgery 16 : 220 242.
61. Penin X, Berge C, Baylac M. 2002. Ontogenetic study of the skull in modern humans and the common chimpanzees: neotenic hypothesis reconsidered with a tridimensional Procrustes analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118 : 50 62.
62. Perrin WF. 1975. Variation of spotted and spinner porpoise (genus Stenella) in the eastern Pacific and Hawaii. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 21 : 1 206.
63. Perrin WF. 1997. Development and homologies of head stripes in the delphinoid cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 13 : 1 43.
64. Perrin WF. 2008. Common dolphins. In : Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM, eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 255 259.
65. Peters RH. 1983. The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
66. Poulin R, Cribb TH. 2002. Trematode life cycles: short is sweet? Trends in Parasitology 18 : 176 183.
67. Raia P, Barbera C, Conte M. 2003. The fast life of a dwarfed giant. Evolutionary Ecology 17 : 293 312.
68. Read AJ. 1990. Age at sexual maturity and pregnancy rates of harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47 : 561 565.
69. Read AJ. 2002. Porpoises, overview. In : Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM, eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. San Diego, CA : Academic Press, 982 985.
70. Read AJ, Gaskin DE. 1990. Changes in growth and reproduction of harbor porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, from the Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47 : 2158 2163.
71. Read AJ, Hohn AA. 1995. Life in the fast lane - the life history of harbor porpoises from the Gulf of Maine. Marine Mammal Science 11 : 423 440.
72. Reynolds WW. 1977. Skeleton weight allometry in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Hydrobiologia 56 : 35 37.
73. Robineau D, Goodall RNP, Pichler F, Baker CS. 2007. Description of a new subspecies of Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacépède, 1804), inhabiting the coastal waters of the Kerguelen Islands. Mammalia 71 : 172 180.
74. Rohlf FJ, Slice D. 1990. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology 39 : 40 59.
75. Rosel PE, Haygood MG, Perrin WF. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships among the true porpoises (Cetacea: Phocoenidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4 : 463 474.
76. Ryan TJ, Semlitsch RD. 1998. Intraspecific heterochrony and life history evolution: decoupling somatic and sexual development in a facultatively paedomorphic salamander. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 : 5643 5648.
77. Schneider DC, Hunt GL, Harrison NM. 1986. Mass and energy transfer to seabirds in the southeastern Bering Sea. Continental Shelf Research 5 : 241 257.
78. Shea BT, Coolidge HJ. 1988. Craniometric differentiation and systematics in the genus Pan. Journal of Human Evolution 17 : 671 685.
79. Sheets DH. 2001. Imp, integrated morphometric package. Buffalo, NY : Department of Physics, Canisius College.
80. Shirakihara M, Takemura A, Shirakihara K. 1993. Age, growth, and reproduction of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan. Marine Mammal Science 9 : 392 406.
81. Slooten E. 1991. Age, growth, and reproduction in Hector's dolphins. Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 69 : 1689 1700.
82. Sørensen TB, Kinze CC. 1994. Reproduction and reproductive seasonality in Danish harbor Porpoises, Phocoena phocoena. Ophelia 39 : 159 176.
83. Stearns SC. 1992. Evolution of life histories. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
84. Stone KL, Seeley DG, Lui LY, Cauley JA, Ensrud K, Browner W, Nevitt MC, Cummings SR. 2003. BMD at multiple sites and risk of fracture of multiple types: long-term results from the study of osteoporotic fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18 : 1947 1954.
85. Weise M, De-Levi S, Barnes KM, Gafni RI, Abad V, Baron J. 2001. Effects of estrogen on growth plate senescence and epiphyseal fusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 : 6871 6876.
86. Wheeler JFG. 1930. The age of fin whales at physical maturity with a note on multiple ovulations. Discovery Reports (Cambridge) 2 : 403 434.
87. Yoshida H, Shirakihara M, Takemura A, Shirakihara K. 1994. Development, sexual dimorphism, and individual variation in the skeleton of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan. Marine Mammal Science 10 : 266 282.