메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 119-133

Predicting the impact of hemlock woolly adelgid on carbon dynamics of eastern United States forests

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADELGES TSUGAE; CARBON DYNAMICS; CARBON FLUXES; GREAT LAKES; HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID; INSECT PEST; MICHIGAN; MINNESOTA; REGIONAL PATTERN; SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS; TREE SPECIES; TSUGA CANADENSIS;

EID: 75649102805     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/X09-167     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (65)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0030469738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, USA
    • doi:10.2307/2261198
    • Abrams, M.D., and Orwig, D.A. 1996. A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, USA. J. Ecol. 84(3): 353-363. doi:10.2307/2261198.
    • (1996) J. Ecol , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 353-363
    • Abrams, M.D.1    Orwig, D.A.2
  • 2
    • 33845245412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contributions of land-use change, CO2 fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01254.x
    • Albani, M., Medvigy, D., Hurtt, G.C., and Moorcroft, P.R. 2006. The contributions of land-use change, CO2 fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink. Glob. Change Biol. 12(12): 2370-2390. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01254.x.
    • (2006) Glob. Change Biol , vol.12 , Issue.12 , pp. 2370-2390
    • Albani, M.1    Medvigy, D.2    Hurtt, G.C.3    Moorcroft, P.R.4
  • 3
    • 0035426363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock from hemlock-dominated forests on eastern redback salamanders
    • doi:10.1016/ S0378-1127(00)00553-3
    • Brooks, R.T. 2001. Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock from hemlock-dominated forests on eastern redback salamanders. For. Ecol. Manage. 149(1-3): 197-204. doi:10.1016/ S0378-1127(00)00553-3.
    • (2001) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.149 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 197-204
    • Brooks, R.T.1
  • 4
    • 4644247496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early regeneration following presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands
    • Brooks, R.T. 2004. Early regeneration following presalvage cutting of hemlock from hemlock-dominated stands. North. J. Appl. For. 21(1): 12-18.
    • (2004) North. J. Appl. For , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 12-18
    • Brooks, R.T.1
  • 5
    • 26444432906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation during biological invasions and the case of Adelges tsugae
    • Butin, E., Porter, A.H., and Elkinton, J. 2005. Adaptation during biological invasions and the case of Adelges tsugae. Evol. Ecol. Res. 7: 887-900.
    • (2005) Evol. Ecol. Res , vol.7 , pp. 887-900
    • Butin, E.1    Porter, A.H.2    Elkinton, J.3
  • 6
    • 33746530616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of green foliage in eastern hemlock forests of southern New England impacted by hemlock woolly adelgid infestations
    • doi:10.1139/X06-012
    • Cobb, R.C., Orwig, D.A., and Currie, S. 2006. Decomposition of green foliage in eastern hemlock forests of southern New England impacted by hemlock woolly adelgid infestations. Can. J. For. Res. 36(5): 1331-1341. doi:10.1139/X06-012.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 1331-1341
    • Cobb, R.C.1    Orwig, D.A.2    Currie, S.3
  • 9
    • 33748545980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics in declining eastern hemlock stands: 9 years of forest response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation
    • doi:10. 1139/X06-050
    • Eschtruth, A.K., Cleavitt, N.L., Battles, J.J., Evans, R.A., and Fahey, T.J. 2006. Vegetation dynamics in declining eastern hemlock stands: 9 years of forest response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation. Can. J. For. Res. 36(6): 1435-1450. doi:10. 1139/X06-050.
    • (2006) Can. J. For. Res , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 1435-1450
    • Eschtruth, A.K.1    Cleavitt, N.L.2    Battles, J.J.3    Evans, R.A.4    Fahey, T.J.5
  • 10
    • 33746369412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preemptive and salvage harvesting of New England forests: When doing nothing is a viable alternative
    • doi:10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2006.00495.x
    • Foster, D.R., and Orwig, D.A. 2006. Preemptive and salvage harvesting of New England forests: when doing nothing is a viable alternative. Conserv. Biol. 20(4): 959-970. doi:10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2006.00495.x.
    • (2006) Conserv. Biol , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 959-970
    • Foster, D.R.1    Orwig, D.A.2
  • 11
    • 0030972165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperate forests response to natural catastrophic disturbance and chronic anthropogenic stress
    • doi:10.2307/1313059
    • Foster, D.R., Aber, J.D., Melillo, J.M., Bowden, R.D., and Bazzaz, F.A. 1997. Temperate forests response to natural catastrophic disturbance and chronic anthropogenic stress. Bioscience, 47: 437-445. doi:10.2307/1313059.
    • (1997) Bioscience , vol.47 , pp. 437-445
    • Foster, D.R.1    Aber, J.D.2    Melillo, J.M.3    Bowden, R.D.4    Bazzaz, F.A.5
  • 12
    • 0000364371 scopus 로고
    • Conifer, Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala U.S. Dep. Agric Handb. 654
    • Godman, R.M., and Lancaster, K. 1990. In Silvics of North America Vol. 1. Conifers. Edited by R.M. Burns and B.H. Honkala U.S. Dep. Agric Handb. 654.
    • (1990) Silvics of North America , vol.1
    • Godman, R.M.1    Lancaster, K.2
  • 13
    • 43649087603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water use and carbon exchange of red oakand eastern hemlock-dominated forests in the northeastern USA: Implications for ecosystem-level effects of hemlock woolly adelgid
    • PMID:18244947
    • Hadley, J.L., Kuzeja, P.S., Daley, M.J., Phillips, N.G., Mulcahy, T., and Singh, S. 2008. Water use and carbon exchange of red oakand eastern hemlock-dominated forests in the northeastern USA: implications for ecosystem-level effects of hemlock woolly adelgid. Tree Physiol. 28(4): 615-627. PMID:18244947.
    • (2008) Tree Physiol , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 615-627
    • Hadley, J.L.1    Kuzeja, P.S.2    Daley, M.J.3    Phillips, N.G.4    Mulcahy, T.5    Singh, S.6
  • 15
    • 0033018419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemlock woolly adelgid impacts on community structure and N cycling rates in eastern hemlock forests
    • doi:10.1139/cjfr-29-5.-630
    • Jenkins, J.C., Aber, J.D., and Canham, C.D. 1999. Hemlock woolly adelgid impacts on community structure and N cycling rates in eastern hemlock forests. Can. J. For. Res. 29(5): 630-645. doi:10.1139/cjfr-29-5.-630.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 630-645
    • Jenkins, J.C.1    Aber, J.D.2    Canham, C.D.3
  • 18
    • 0036816915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x
    • Kizlinski, M.L., Orwig, D.A., Cobb, R.C., and Foster, D.R. 2002. Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock. J. Biogeogr. 29(10-11): 1489-1503. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x.
    • (2002) J. Biogeogr , vol.29 , Issue.10-11 , pp. 1489-1503
    • Kizlinski, M.L.1    Orwig, D.A.2    Cobb, R.C.3    Foster, D.R.4
  • 19
    • 0027100270 scopus 로고
    • Gypsy moth invasion in North America: A quantitative analysis
    • doi:10.2307/2845770
    • Liebhold, A.M., Halverson, J.A., and Elmes, G.A. 1992. Gypsy moth invasion in North America: a quantitative analysis. J. Biogeogr. 19(5): 513-520. doi:10.2307/2845770.
    • (1992) J. Biogeogr , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 513-520
    • Liebhold, A.M.1    Halverson, J.A.2    Elmes, G.A.3
  • 20
    • 85073618377 scopus 로고
    • Role of wind, birds, deer, and humans in the dispersal of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
    • McClure, M.S. 1990. Role of wind, birds, deer, and humans in the dispersal of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Environ. Entomol. 19: 36-43.
    • (1990) Environ. Entomol , vol.19 , pp. 36-43
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 21
    • 85073633219 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis
    • McClure, M.S. 1991. Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis. Environ. Entomol. 20: 258-264.
    • (1991) Environ. Entomol , vol.20 , pp. 258-264
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 23
    • 0003342637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of Adelges tsugae and its potential for spread in the northeastern United States
    • 12 October 1995, Charlottesville, Virginia. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, W.Va. FHTET 96-10
    • McClure, M.S. 1996. Biology of Adelges tsugae and its potential for spread in the northeastern United States. In Proceedings of the First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review, 12 October 1995, Charlottesville, Virginia. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, W.Va. FHTET 96-10, pp. 16-23.
    • (1996) Proceedings of The First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review , pp. 16-23
    • McClure, M.S.1
  • 24
    • 0000696873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reshaping the ecology of invading populations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae), in eastern North America
    • doi:10.1023/A:1010051516406
    • McClure, M.S., and Cheah, C.A.S.-J. 1999. Reshaping the ecology of invading populations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae), in eastern North America. Biol. Invasions, 1(2-3): 247-254. doi:10.1023/A:1010051516406.
    • (1999) Biol. Invasions , vol.1 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 247-254
    • McClure, M.S.1    Cheah, C.A.S.-J.2
  • 25
    • 70349328530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly variable spread rates in replicated biological invasions: Fundamental limits to predictability
    • doi:10.1126/ science.1176138. PMID:19762641
    • Melbourne, B.A., and Hastings, A. 2009. Highly variable spread rates in replicated biological invasions: fundamental limits to predictability. Science, 325(5947): 1536-1539. doi:10.1126/ science.1176138. PMID:19762641.
    • (2009) Science , vol.325 , Issue.5947 , pp. 1536-1539
    • Melbourne, B.A.1    Hastings, A.2
  • 26
    • 0002410627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conterminous United States multi-layer soil characteristics data set for regional climate and hydrology modeling
    • doi:10.1175/ 1087-3562(1998)002<0001:ACUSMS>2.3.CO;2
    • Miller, D.A., and White, R.A. 1998. A conterminous United States multi-layer soil characteristics data set for regional climate and hydrology modeling. Earth Interact. 2(2): 1-26. doi:10.1175/ 1087-3562(1998)002<0001:ACUSMS>2.3.CO;2.
    • (1998) Earth Interact , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-26
    • Miller, D.A.1    White, R.A.2
  • 27
    • 0035202916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for scaling vegetation dynamics: The ecosystem demography model (ED)
    • Moorcroft, P.R., Hurtt, G.C., and Pacala, S.W. 2001. A method for scaling vegetation dynamics: the ecosystem demography model (ED). Ecol. Monogr. 74: 557-586.
    • (2001) Ecol. Monogr , vol.74 , pp. 557-586
    • Moorcroft, P.R.1    Hurtt, G.C.2    Pacala, S.W.3
  • 28
    • 0031785552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA
    • doi:10.2307/2997232
    • Orwig, D.A., and Foster, D.R. 1998. Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 125(1): 59-72. doi:10.2307/2997232.
    • (1998) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.125 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-72
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Foster, D.R.2
  • 29
    • 0036816020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00765.x
    • Orwig, D.A., Foster, D.R., and Mausel, D.L. 2002. Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid. J. Biogeogr. 29(10-11): 1475-1487.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00765.x.
    • (2002) J. Biogeogr , vol.29 , Issue.10-11 , pp. 1475-1487
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Foster, D.R.2    Mausel, D.L.3
  • 30
    • 43549085502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-year ecosystem response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England forests
    • doi:10.1139/X07-196
    • Orwig, D.A., Cobb, R.C., D'Amato, A.W., Kizlinski, M.L., and Foster, D.R. 2008. Multi-year ecosystem response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England forests. Can. J. For. Res. 38(4): 834-843. doi:10.1139/X07-196.
    • (2008) Can. J. For. Res , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 834-843
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Cobb, R.C.2    D'amato, A.W.3    Kizlinski, M.L.4    Foster, D.R.5
  • 31
    • 75649129405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and survival of hemlock woolly adelgid on the northern frontier
    • 1-3 February 2005, Asheville, North Carolina. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, W.Va
    • Paradis, A., and Elkinton, J. 2005. Growth and survival of hemlock woolly adelgid on the northern frontier. In Third Symposium on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in the Eastern United States, 1-3 February 2005, Asheville, North Carolina. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, W.Va.
    • (2005) Third Symposium On Hemlock Woolly Adelgid In the Eastern United States
    • Paradis, A.1    Elkinton, J.2
  • 32
    • 44149101489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of winter temperature an climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America
    • doi:10.1007/s11027-007- 9127-0
    • Paradis, A., Elkinton, J., Hayhoe, K., and Buonaccorsi, J. 2008. Role of winter temperature an climate change on the survival and future range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in eastern North America. Mitig. Adapt. Strategies Glob. Change, 13(5-6): 541-554. doi:10.1007/s11027-007- 9127-0.
    • (2008) Mitig. Adapt. Strategies Glob. Change , vol.13 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 541-554
    • Paradis, A.1    Elkinton, J.2    Hayhoe, K.3    Buonaccorsi, J.4
  • 33
    • 0032144223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) at low temperatures
    • Parker, B.L., Skinner, M., Gouli, S., Ahikaga, T., and Teillon, H.B. 1998. Survival of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) at low temperatures. For. Sci. 44: 414-420.
    • (1998) For. Sci , vol.44 , pp. 414-420
    • Parker, B.L.1    Skinner, M.2    Gouli, S.3    Ahikaga, T.4    Teillon, H.B.5
  • 34
    • 0033382270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low lethal temperature for hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
    • Parker, B., Skinner, M., Gouli, S., Ashikaga, T., and Teillon, H.B. 1999. Low lethal temperature for hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Environ. Entomol. 28: 1085-1091.
    • (1999) Environ. Entomol , vol.28 , pp. 1085-1091
    • Parker, B.1    Skinner, M.2    Gouli, S.3    Ashikaga, T.4    Teillon, H.B.5
  • 35
    • 38349125009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Range expansion and population dynamics of co-occuring invasive herbivores
    • doi:10.1007/ s10530-007-9123-z
    • Preisser, E.L., Lodge, A.G., Orwig, D.A., and Elkinton, J.S. 2008. Range expansion and population dynamics of co-occuring invasive herbivores. Biol. Invasions, 10(2): 201-213. doi:10.1007/ s10530-007-9123-z.
    • (2008) Biol. Invasions , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 201-213
    • Preisser, E.L.1    Lodge, A.G.2    Orwig, D.A.3    Elkinton, J.S.4
  • 36
    • 1842607847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from
    • R Development Core Team. 2004. R: a language and environment for statistical computing [online]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from http://www.R-project.org.
    • (2004) R: A Language and Environment For Statistical Computing [online]
  • 37
    • 0001528968 scopus 로고
    • Forests dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): Distribution as related to site and post-settlement history
    • doi:10.1139/b78-096
    • Rogers, R.S. 1978. Forests dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): distribution as related to site and post-settlement history. Can. J. Bot. 56(7): 843-854.doi:10.1139/b78-096.
    • (1978) Can. J. Bot , vol.56 , Issue.7 , pp. 843-854
    • Rogers, R.S.1
  • 38
    • 33750898531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter mortality in Adelges tsugae populations in 2003 and 2004
    • 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species 2005, 18-21 January 2005, Annapolis, Maryland, Edited by K.W. Gottschalk. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-337
    • Shields, K.S., and Cheah, C.A.S.-J. 2005. Winter mortality in Adelges tsugae populations in 2003 and 2004. In Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species 2005, 18-21 January 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Edited by K.W. Gottschalk. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-337.
    • (2005) Proceedings
    • Shields, K.S.1    Cheah, C.A.S.-J.2
  • 39
    • 0038573789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional responses of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) to low temperatures
    • doi:10.1603/0046-225X-32.3.523
    • Skinner, M., Parker, B.L., Gouli, S., and Ashikaga, T. 2003. Regional responses of hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) to low temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 32(3): 523-528. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-32.3.523.
    • (2003) Environ. Entomol , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 523-528
    • Skinner, M.1    Parker, B.L.2    Gouli, S.3    Ashikaga, T.4
  • 40
    • 29244451876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in a hemlock-dominated forest following woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England
    • doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2005)132[458:CIAHFF]2.0.CO;2
    • Small, M.J., Small, C.J., and Dreyer, G.D. 2005. Changes in a hemlock-dominated forest following woolly adelgid infestation in southern New England. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 132(3): 458-470. doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2005)132[458:CIAHFF]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2005) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.132 , Issue.3 , pp. 458-470
    • Small, M.J.1    Small, C.J.2    Dreyer, G.D.3
  • 42
    • 0036204798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams
    • doi:10.1139/f02-003
    • Snyder, C.D., Young, J.A., Lemarie, D.P., and Smith, D.R. 2002. Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59(2): 262-275. doi:10.1139/f02-003.
    • (2002) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 262-275
    • Snyder, C.D.1    Young, J.A.2    Lemarie, D.P.3    Smith, D.R.4
  • 43
    • 0001884555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past and current status of HWA in eastern and Carolina hemlock stands
    • 12 October 1995, Charlottesville, Virginia. Edited by S.M. Salom, T.C. Tignor, and R.C. Reardon. USDA For. Serv., Morgantown, W.Va
    • Souto, D., Luther, T., and Chianese, B. 1996. Past and current status of HWA in eastern and Carolina hemlock stands. In Proceedings of the First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review, 12 October 1995, Charlottesville, Virginia. Edited by S.M. Salom, T.C. Tignor, and R.C. Reardon. USDA For. Serv., Morgantown, W.Va. pp. 9-15.
    • (1996) Proceedings of The First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review , pp. 9-15
    • Souto, D.1    Luther, T.2    Chianese, B.3
  • 44
    • 17844375890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemlock woolly adelgid in New England forests: Canopy impacts transforming ecosystem processes and landscapes
    • doi:10.1007/s10021-003-0092-5
    • Stadler, B., Müller, T., Orwig, D., and Cobb, R. 2005. Hemlock woolly adelgid in New England forests: canopy impacts transforming ecosystem processes and landscapes. Ecosystems (N.Y., Print), 8(3): 233-247. doi:10.1007/s10021-003-0092-5.
    • (2005) Ecosystems (n.y., Print) , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 233-247
    • Stadler, B.1    Müller, T.2    Orwig, D.3    Cobb, R.4
  • 45
    • 33746513681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of energy and nutrient fluxes in hemlock forests invaded by hemlock woolly adelgid
    • doi:10.1890/0012- 9658(2006)87[1792:TEOEAN]2.0.CO;2. PMID:16922328
    • Stadler, B., Müller, T., and Orwig, D. 2006. The ecology of energy and nutrient fluxes in hemlock forests invaded by hemlock woolly adelgid. Ecology, 87(7): 1792-1804. doi:10.1890/0012- 9658(2006)87[1792:TEOEAN]2.0.CO;2. PMID:16922328.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.7 , pp. 1792-1804
    • Stadler, B.1    Müller, T.2    Orwig, D.3
  • 46
    • 33846094039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The seed bank of the hemlock forests: Implications for forest regeneration following hemlock decline
    • doi:10.3159/ 1095-5674(2006)133[393:TSBOHF]2.0.CO;2
    • Sullivan, K.A., and Ellison, A.M. 2006. The seed bank of the hemlock forests: implications for forest regeneration following hemlock decline. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 133(3): 393-402. doi:10.3159/ 1095-5674(2006)133[393:TSBOHF]2.0.CO;2.
    • (2006) J. Torrey Bot. Soc , vol.133 , Issue.3 , pp. 393-402
    • Sullivan, K.A.1    Ellison, A.M.2
  • 47
    • 0036816315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00789.x
    • Tingley, M.W., Orwig, D.A., Field, R., and Motzkin, G. 2002. Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations. J. Biogeogr. 29(10-11): 1505-1516. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00789.x.
    • (2002) J. Biogeogr , vol.29 , Issue.10-11 , pp. 1505-1516
    • Tingley, M.W.1    Orwig, D.A.2    Field, R.3    Motzkin, G.4
  • 48
    • 75649083908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service, Available from, (last visited on 31 March 2005)
    • USDA Forest Service. 2008. Progression of hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America [map]. Available from http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/maps/distribution.shtm (last visited on 31 March 2005).
    • (2008) Progression of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid In Eastern North America [map]


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.