Freedom as the foundation

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 61-75

  Beetham, David ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7544251096     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2004.0057     Document Type: Review

References (23)

1. See, for example, Crawford B. MacPherson, The Real World of Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966).
2. Republic 563c.
3. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1954), 117-18; Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
4. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1954), 117-18; Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
5. Benjamin Constant, Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 316-18.
6. See Ronald Dworkin, A Bill of Rights for Britain (London: Chatto and Windus, 1990); John Wadham and Helen Mountfield, Human Rights Act 1998 (London: Blackstone, 1999).
7. See Ronald Dworkin, A Bill of Rights for Britain (London: Chatto and Windus, 1990); John Wadham and Helen Mountfield, Human Rights Act 1998 (London: Blackstone, 1999).
8. The text of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms can be found in Ian Brownlie and Guy Goodwin-Gill, eds., Basic Documents on Human Rights, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 398-420.
9. I develop this argument further in "Human Rights and Democracy," in Roland Axtmann, ed., Understanding Democratic Politics (London: Sage, 2003), 22-30.
10. David Beetham, Sarah Bracking, Iain Kearton, and Stuart Weir, International IDEA Handbook on Democracy Assessment (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002).
11. See Ian Brownlie and Gay Goodwin-Gill, Basic Documents on Human Rights, Part 2; Francesca Klug, Keir Starmer, and Stuart Weir, The Three Pillars of Liberty (London: Routledge, 1996), ch. 2.
12. See Ian Brownlie and Gay Goodwin-Gill, Basic Documents on Human Rights, Part 2; Francesca Klug, Keir Starmer, and Stuart Weir, The Three Pillars of Liberty (London: Routledge, 1996), ch. 2.
13. Patrick Burkinshaw, Freedom of Information: the Law, the Practice and the Ideal (London: Butterworths, 2001). A comprehensive listing of standards of best practice across all the areas of democratic life is to be found in Part 3 of the International IDEA Handbook on Democracy Assessment, cited in note 8 above.
14. Patrick Burkinshaw, Freedom of Information: the Law, the Practice and the Ideal (London: Butterworths, 2001). A comprehensive listing of standards of best practice across all the areas of democratic life is to be found in Part 3 of the International IDEA Handbook on Democracy Assessment, cited in note 8 above.
15. It is important to note that protection from threats to life and security from within civil society is as relevant to the quality of democracy as protection from abuse by state personnel. A government that fumbles the job of protecting people from the savagery of "run-of-the-mill" street crime, for instance, is failing at a basic duty. The same goes for a government that tolerates organized subnational groups, such as paramilitary militias, that violate rights.
16. See Guy Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994); Guy Goodwin-Gill, Codes of Conduct for Elections (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1998).
17. See Guy Goodwin-Gill, Free and Fair Elections: International Law and Practice (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994); Guy Goodwin-Gill, Codes of Conduct for Elections (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1998).
18. See Raphael Lopez-Pintor, Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance (New York: UNDP, 2000), and Jargen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "The Rise of Election Monitoring: What Makes Elections Free and Fair? " Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997): 32-46.
19. See Raphael Lopez-Pintor, Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance (New York: UNDP, 2000), and Jargen Elklit and Palle Svensson, "The Rise of Election Monitoring: What Makes Elections Free and Fair? " Journal of Democracy 8 (July 1997): 32-46.
20. See Reginald Austin and Maja Tjemström, eds., Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2003).
21. Robert Pastor, "A Brief History of Electoral Commissions," in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 75-82.
22. David Beetham, Iain Byrne, Pauline Ngan, and Stuart Weir, Democracy under Blair (London: Methuen and Politico's, 2003).
23. Reginald Austin and Maja Tjemström, eds., Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns.