Land trusts and the choice to conserve land with full ownership or conservation easements

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 483-518

  Parker, Dominic P ^a  

^a Property and Environment Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION PLANNING; LAND MANAGEMENT; OWNERSHIP; PRIVATE LAND; PROPERTY RIGHTS;

EID: 7544250689     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Land Trust Alliance (LTA) website, Can Land Trusts Lobby?, at http://www.lta. org/publicpolicy/lobby.htm (last visited July 30, 2004).
2. Gerald Korngold, Privately Held Conservation Servitudes: A Policy Analysis in the Context of in Gross Real Covenants and Easements, 63 TEX. L. REV. 433, 435-40 (1984);
3. Andrew Dana & Michael Ramsey, Conservation Easements and the Common Law, 8 STAN. ENVTL. L.J. 2, 4-21 (1989);
4. Peter M. Morrisette, Conservation Easements and the Public Good: Preserving the Environment on Private Lands, 41 NAT. RESOURCES J. 373, 379-96 (2001).
5. Dominic P. Parker, Estimating the Costs of Stewarding Disparate Conservation Easements: A Case Study of Western Land Trusts, 9 THE BACKFORTY: THE NWSL. OF LAND CONSERVATION L. (Hastings College of Law), Summer 2003, at 1, 3.
6. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, 2000 NATIONAL LAND TRUST CENSUS, at http://www.lta. org/aboutlt/census.shtml (last visited July 30, 2004) [hereinafter 2000 LAND TRUST CENSUS].
7. SALLY K. FAIRFAX & DARLA GUENZLER, CONSERVATION TRUSTS 21 (2001)
8. Gordon Abbot, Jr., Historic Origins, in PRIVATE OPTIONS: TOOLS AND CONCEPTS FOR LAND CONSERVATION 150-52 (Barbara Rushmore et al. eds., 1982).
9. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, SUMMARY DATA FROM THE NATIONAL LAND TRUST CENSUS, at http://www.lta.org/newsroom/census≻mmary⊣ta.htm (last visited Aug. 5, 2004) [hereinafter SUMMARY DATA].
10. LAND TRUST EXCHANGE, 1985-86 NATIONAL DIRECTORY OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL LAND CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS viii (compiled by Pamela K. Stone, 1985).
11. JANET DIEHL & THOMAS S. BARRETT, THE CONSERVATION EASEMENT HANDBOOK 156-208 (1988);
12. STEVEN BICK & HARRY L. HANEY, JR., THE LANDOWNER'S GUIDE TO CONSERVATION EASEMENTS 41-78 (2001).
13. John Walliser, Conservation Servitudes, 13 J. NAT. RESOURCES & ENVTL. L. 47, 48 (1997).
14. Roderick H. Squires, Introduction to Legal Analysis, in PROTECTING THE LAND: CONSERVATION EASEMENTS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 69-77 (Julie Ann Gustanski & Roderick H. Squires eds., 2000).
15. Todd D. Mayo, A Holistic Examination of the Law of Conservation Easements, in PROTECTING THE LAND: CONSERVATION EASEMENTS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 26-54 (Julie Ann Gustanski & Roderick H. Squires eds., 2000).
16. Karin Marchetti & Jerry Cosgrove, Conservation Easements in the First and Second Federal Circuits, in PROTECTING THE LAND: CONSERVATION EASEMENTS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 78-101 (Julie Ann Gustanski & Roderick H. Squires eds., 2000).
17. William T. Hutton, Conservation Easements in the Ninth Federal Circuit, in PROTECTING THE LAND: CONSERVATION EASEMENTS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 354-91 (Julie Ann Gustanski & Roderick H. Squires eds., 2000).
18. Antony W. Dnes & Dean Lueck, Common Law, Statute Law and the Conservation Easement (draft 2003).
19. Stephen J. Small, An Obscure Tax Code Provision Takes Private Land Protection in the Twenty-First Century, in PROTECTING THE LAND: CONSERVATION EASEMENTS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 55-66 (Julie Ann Gustanski & Roderick H. Squires eds., 2000).
20. James H. Boykins, Valuing Scenic Land Conservation Easements, 68 APPRAISAL J. 420, 422-26 (2000).
21. Abebayehu Tegene et al., Irreversible Investment Under Uncertainty: Conservation Easements and the Option to Develop Agricultural Land, 50 J. AGRIC. ECON. 203, 215-17 (1999)
22. DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE, STATE GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES FOR HABITAT CONSERVATION: A STATUS REPORT (2002), at http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/pubs/ CinAReport/Results1.shtml#tax (last visited July 30, 2004).
23. COLO. DEPT. OF REVENUE, GROSS CONSERVATION EASMENT CREDIT, at http:// www.revenue.state.co.us/fyi/html/income39.html (last visited July 30, 2004).
24. Dominic P. Parker & Walter N. Thurman, The Private and Public Economics of Land Trusts, NC STATE ECONOMIST, July/Aug. 2004, at 1, 3, available at http://www.ag-econ.ncsu.edu/VIRTUAL_LIBRARY/ECONOMIST/julyaug04.pdf (last visited Aug. 31, 2004).
25. DAVID D. FREIDMAN, PRICE THEORY: AN INTERMEDIATE TEXT 200-46 (2d ed. 1990);
26. JACK HIRSHLEIFER & DAVID HIRSHLEIFER, PRICE THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 159-89 (6th ed. 1998).
27. Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, 3 J.L. & ECON. 1, 44 (1960)
28. Ronald Coase, The Nature of the Firm, 4 ECONOMICA 386 (1937);
29. Benjamin Klein et al., Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process, 21 J.L. & ECON. 297 (1978);
30. OLIVER E. WILLIAMSON, ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION: FIRMS, MARKETS & POLICY CONTROL 85-100 (1986);
31. Sanford Grossman & Oliver Hart, The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration, 94 J. POL. ECON. 691 (1986);
32. Oliver Hart & John Moore, Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm 98 J. POL. ECON. 1119 (1990);
33. HENRY HANSMANN, THE OWNERSHIP OF ENTERPRISE 24-29 (1996);
34. YORAM BARZEL, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 3-84 (1997).
35. Douglas W. Allen, What Are Transaction Costs?, in 14 RESOURCE LAW AND ECONOMICS 1, 3 (Richard O. Zerbe, Jr. & Victor P. Goldberg eds., 1991).
36. Douglas W. Allen & Dean Lueck, Ownership Versus Contracting for the Control of Assets, in THE NATURE OF THE FARM: CONTRACTS RISK, AND ORGANIZATION IN AGRICULTURE 139, 147-48, 156-58 (2003).
37. James Boyd et al., The Law and Economics of Habitat Conservation: Lessons from an Analysis of Easement Acquisitions, 19 STAN. ENVTL. L.J. 209, 214 (2000)
38. BRENDA LIND, WORKING RANCHLAND CONSERVATION EASEMENTS 13 (2002)
39. Keith Weibe et al., Managing Public and Private Land Through Partial Interests, 15 CONTEMP. ECON. POL. 35, 42 (1997)
40. Alan Schwartz, Relational Contracts in the Courts: An Analysis of Incomplete Agreements and Judicial Strategies, 21 J. LEGAL STUD. 271, 278-81 (1992).
41. Andrew C. Dana, The Silent Partner in Conservation Easements: Drafting for the Courts, 8 THE BACKFORTY: THE NWSL. OF LAND CONSERVATION L. (Hastings College of Law), Jan.-Feb. 1999, at 7-8.
42. Henry B. Hansmann, The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise, 89 YALE L.J. 835, 838 (1980)
43. Michael C. Jensen & William H. Meckling, Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, J. FIN. ECON. 305 (1976)
44. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, THE STANDARDS AND PRACTICES GUIDEBOOK (1997);
45. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, FIND A LAND TRUST NEAR YOU, at http://www.lta.org/findlandtrust/index.html (last visited July 30, 2004)
46. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, THE CONSERVATION EASEMENT LIBRARY, at http://www.lta.org/publications/easements_lib.htm (last visited July 30, 2004);
47. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, TRAINING AND CONFERENCES, at http://www.lta.org/training/index.html (last visited July 30, 2004).
48. Dominic P. Parker, Easements or Ownership? Transaction Costs and the Economics of Land Trust Conservation, 8-18 (2004)
49. Sean Mulholland, Land Trusts: The Growth of the Non-Profit Land Conservancy Movement, in INCENTIVES AND CONSERVATION: THE NEXT GENERATION OF ENVIRONMENTALISTS (Daniel K. Benjamin ed., in press)
50. Terry L. Anderson, Viewing Land Conservation through Coase-Colored Glasses, 44 NAT. RESOURCES J. 361 (2004).
51. Yoram Barzel, Property Rights in the Firm, in PROPERTY RIGHTS: COOPERATION, CONFLICT, AND LAW 43, 44-46 (Terry L. Anderson & Fred S. McChesney eds., 2003)
52. ROBERT COOTER & THOMAS ULEN, LAW & ECONOMICS 101 (1988).
53. George Wilhere, Adaptive Management in Habitat Conservation Plans, 16 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 20, 21
54. Christopher S. Elmendorf, Securing Ecological Investments on Other People's Land: A Transaction-Costs Perspective, 44 NAT. RESOURCES J. 529 (2004).
55. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, 1991-92 NATIONAL DIRECTORY OF CONSERVATION LAND TRUSTS (1991);
56. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, 2000 NATIONAL LAND TRUST CENSUS, at http://www.lta.org/newsroom/census≻mmary⊣ta.htm (last visited Aug. 2, 2004),
57. The census is available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/ (last visited Aug. 2, 2003).
58. Antony W. Dnes & Dean Lueck, Common Law, Statute Law and the Conservation Easement (2003) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author)
59. AMERICAN FARMLAND TRUST, STATE FARMLAND PROTECTION STATUTES, available at http://www.farmlandinfo.org/farmland∥ eservation∧ws/ (last visited Aug. 2, 2004).
60. LAND TRUST ALLIANCE, NEW TAX INCENTIVES FOR CONSERVATION, available at http://www.lta.org/publicpolicy/tax_incentives.htm (last visited Aug. 2, 2004).