War and the practice of psychotherapy: The UK experience 1939-1960

Medical History

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 493-510

  Jones, Edgar ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7544239155     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300007985     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. J R Rees, The shaping of psychiatry by war, New York, W W Norton, 1945, p. 116.
2. Eric Rayner, The independent mind in British psychoanalysis, London, Free Association Books, 1990, p. 268.
3. Ben Shephard, A war of nerves, soldiers and psychiatrists 1914-1994, London, Jonathan Cape, 2000, p. 164.
4. Gregorio Kohon, 'Notes on the history of the psychoanalytic movement in Great Britain', in G Kohon (ed.), The British school of psychoanalysis: the independent tradition, London, Free Association Books, 1986, pp. 24-50, on p. 28.
5. L S Hearnshaw, A short history of British psychology, 1840-1940, London, Methuen, 1964, p. 165.
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8. Joanna Bourke, 'Psychology at war', in G C Bunn, A D Lovie and G D Richards (eds), Psychology in Britain: historical essays and personal reflections, Leicester, BPS Books. 2001, pp. 133-49, on pp. 134, 138.
9. R H Ahrenfeldt, Psychiatry in the British army in the Second World War, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958, pp. 147-62.
10. R H Ahrenfeldt, 'The army psychiatric service', in Arthur Salusbury MacNalty and W Franklin Mellor (eds), Medical services in war: the principal medical lessons of the Second World War, London, HMSO, 1968, pp. 175-216, on pp. 200-3.
11. Malcolm Pines, 'The development of the psychodynamic movement', in German Berrios and Hugh Freeman (eds). 150 years of British psychiatry 1841-1991, Loudon,Gaskell, 1991, pp.206-31, p.229.
12. David H Malan, Individual psychotherapy and the science of psychodynamics, London, Butterworth, 1979, p. 74.
13. Pearl King and Ricardo Steiner (eds), The Freud-Klein controversies 1941-1945, London, Tavistock/Routledge, 1991.
14. Sonu Shamdasani, 'The psychoanalytic body', in Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (eds), Companion to medicine in the twentieth century, London, Routledge, 2003, pp. 307-22, on p. 308.
15. The National Archives (hereafter TNA), WO32/13462, J R Rees, Unfilled typescripl of a speech (n.d) p. 2.
16. TNA, WO32/11550, Report of a conference on psychiatry in forward areas held in Calcutta, 8 to 10 August 1944.
17. Shephard, op. cit., note 3 above, p. 171.
18. TNA, WO222/759, Medical Quarterly Reports of No. 41 General Hospital, April 1941 to December 1944.
19. Robert Drew, Commissioned officers in the medical services of the British army 1660-1960, Volume II, London, Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1968, p. 224.
20. TNA, WO222/759, Medical Quarterly Reports of No. 41 General Hospital, 15 Jan. 1941, p. 3.
21. Ibid., Quarterly Report to 30 September 1943; Quarterly Report to 31 March 1944.
22. Tom Harrison, Bion, Richman, Foulkes and the Northfield experiments: advancing on a different front, London, Jessica Kingsley, 2000, p. 155.
23. W R Bion and John Rickman, 'Intra-group tensions in therapy: their study as the task of the group', Lancet, 1943, ii: 678-81, p. 678.
24. Wilfrid R Bion, The long week-end 1897-1919, London, Free Association Books, 1986, p. 278; Oliver Lyth, 'Wilfrid Ruprecht Bion', Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1980, 61: 269-73.
25. Wilfrid R Bion, The long week-end 1897-1919, London, Free Association Books, 1986, p. 278; Oliver Lyth, 'Wilfrid Ruprecht Bion', Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1980, 61: 269-73.
26. Basil Beaumont, The technique of group work, London, Favil Press, 1935, p. 5.
27. J Bierer, 'Group psychotherapy", Br. med. J., 1942, i: 214-16.
28. T M Harrison and D Clarke, 'The Northfield experiments', Br. J. Psychiatry, 1992, 160: 698-708.
29. Patrick B de Maré, 'Major Bion', in Malcolm Pines (ed.), Bion and group psychotherapy, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985, pp. 108-10.
30. Pat de Maré, 'Michael Foulkes and the Northfield experiment', in Malcolm Pines (ed.), The evolution of group analysis, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, p. 223; see also Harold Bridger, 'The Northfield experiment', Bull. Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10: 71-7; T F Main, 'The hospital as a therapeutic institution', Bull, Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10: 66-70.
31. Pat de Maré, 'Michael Foulkes and the Northfield experiment', in Malcolm Pines (ed.), The evolution of group analysis, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, p. 223; see also Harold Bridger, 'The Northfield experiment', Bull. Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10: 71-7; T F Main, 'The hospital as a therapeutic institution', Bull, Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10: 66-70.
32. Pat de Maré, 'Michael Foulkes and the Northfield experiment', in Malcolm Pines (ed.), The evolution of group analysis, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983, p. 223; see also Harold Bridger, 'The Northfield experiment', Bull. Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10: 71-7; T F Main, 'The hospital as a therapeutic institution', Bull, Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10: 66-70.
33. Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine (hereafter WL), PP/SHF/C3.6 Letter to S H Foulkes from J Rickman, 17 August 1945.
34. WL, PP/SHF/C3.8 Notes of staff meetings led by Major Foulkes, 24 May 1945, p. 2.
35. S H Foulkes, 'Group analysis in a military neurosis centre', Lancet, 1946, i: 303-5, p. 303.
36. Roger Cooter and Steve Sturdy, 'Of war, medicine and modernity: introduction', in Roger Cooter, Mark Harrison and Steve Sturdy (eds), War, medicine and modernity, Thrupp, Sutton Publishing, 1998, pp. 1-21.
37. Joanna Bourke, 'Disciplining the emotions: fear, psychiatry and the Second World War', in Cooter, Harrison and Sturdy (eds), op. cit., note 33 above, pp. 225-38, p. 232.
38. S H Foulkes and Eve Lewis, 'Group analysis: a study in the treatment of groups on psycho-analytic lines', Br. J. Med. Psychol., 1944-46, 20: 179-80.
39. Foulkes, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 303.
40. Ibid., p. 305.
41. TNA, WO222/846, Report on the Work of the Medical Division, Military (P) Hospital, Northfield, 25 December 1944, p. 1.
42. I b i d.
43. Mathew Thomson, 'Constituting citizenship: mental deficiency, mental health and human rights in inter-war Britain', in Christopher Lawrence and Anna-K Mayer (eds), Regenerating England: science, medicine and culture in inter-war Britain, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2000, pp. 231-50, p. 241.
44. Shephard, op. cit., note 3 above, pp. 265-7; Harrison, op. cit., note 22 above, pp. 205-13.
45. Shephard, op. cit., note 3 above, pp. 265-7; Harrison, op. cit., note 22 above, pp. 205-13.
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47. Main, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 66.
48. Ibid., p. 67.
49. Bridger, op. cit., note 29 above, p. 75.
50. S H Foulkes, 'Principles and practice of group therapy', Bull. Menninger Clinic, 1946, 10:85-9, p. 86.
51. Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives, The Medical Superintendent's Report on the Organization and Work of Mill Hill Emergency Hospital to December 31 1940, p. 2.
52. D W Millard, 'Maxwell Jones and the therapeutic community,' Freeman and Berrios (eds), op. cit., note 11 above, pp. 581-604, on pp. 583-5.
53. Maxwell Jones, A Baker, Thomas Freeman, Social psychiatry: a study of therapeutic communities, London, Tavistock Publications, 1952, pp. 2-3.
54. Ibid., p. 4.
55. Ibid., p. 14.
56. Millard, op. cit., note 48 above, p. 589.
57. Edgar Jones, 'Aubrey Lewis, Edward Mapother and the Maudsley', in K Angel, E Jones and M Neve (eds), European Psychiatry on the Eve of War: Aubrey Lewis, the Maudsley Hospital and the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1930s, Medical History, Supplement No. 22, London, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2003, pp. 3-38, on pp. 30-1.
58. Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely, 'Psychiatric battle casualties: an intra- and inter-war comparison', Br. J. Psychiatry, 2001, 178: 242-47, p. 243.
59. William Brown, 'The treatment of cases of shell shock in an advanced neurological centre', Lancet, 1918, ii: 197-200.
60. W Johnson and R G Rows, 'Neurasthenia and the war neuroses', in W G Macpherson, W P Herringham, T R Elliott and A Balfour (eds), History of the great war based on official documents, medical services, diseases of the war, Volume 2, London, HMSO, 1923, pp. 2-61;
61. see also TNA, PIN15/2402, Conference on Entitlement in Neurasthenia, 10 November 1939, Dr Gordon Holmes, who had been consultant neurologist to the BEF in World War One claimed that "86% of the men were back to the line within a fortnight or three weeks", p. 13.
62. Thomas W Salmon, 'The care and treatment of mental diseases and war neuroses ("shell shock") in the British army', Mental Hygiene, 1917,1: 509-47.
63. K L Artiss, 'Human behaviour under stress: from combat to social psychiatry', Mil. Med., 1963, 128: 1011-15.
64. TNA, WO222/1735, Medical Quarterly Report, No. 1 Canadian Exhaustion Unit, July 1944 to March 1945.
65. Captain P B de Maré, 'Exhaustion Centre' (typescript, August 1944), p. 2.
66. INA, WO222/1735, Medical Quarterly Report, 31 December 1944, pp. 1, 4.
67. TNA, WO32/11550, 'Psychiatric service in operational theatres, report on visit to 21 Army Group', p. 1.
68. S A MacKeith, 'Lasting lessons of overseas military psychiatry', J. Ment. Sci., 1946, 92: 546-7.
69. TNA, WO32/11550, No. 7 Base Psychiatric Centre, 30 September 1944.
70. 'Ways and means in psychiatry', Lancet, 1945, i: 614.
71. R D Gillespie, Psychological effects of war on citizen and soldier, New York, W W Norton, 1942, pp. 76-7.
72. R D Gillespie, The York Clinic for Psychological Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SEI, London, 1944. p. 3.
73. 'York Clinical Annual Report for 1944' (typescript, n.d.), p. 5; see also, Felix W Brown, 'Report of the York Clinic', Guy's Hospital Gazette, 1945, 59: 129-33.
74. 'York Clinical Annual Report for 1944' (typescript, n.d.), p. 5; see also, Felix W Brown, 'Report of the York Clinic', Guy's Hospital Gazette, 1945, 59: 129-33.
75. Thomas A Munro, 'Report on the York Clinic for Psychological Medicine' (typescript, 9 July 1948), p. 2.
76. M Woodside, 'York Clinic 1956, calculations and comments' (typescript October 1958), p. 3.
77. J J Fleminger, 'Psychiatry at Guy's', Guy's Hospital Gazette, 1983, 97: 296-302, p. 301.
78. C P Blacker, Neurosis and the mental health services, London, Oxford University Press, 1946.
79. Ibid., p. 47.
80. P Roazen, Oedipus in Britain: Edward Glover and the struggle over Klein, New York, Other Press, 2000, pp. 144-5.
81. Rayner, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 263.
82. 'Obituary', Lancet, 1952, i: 1073.
83. Pines, op. cit., note 11 above, p. 226.
84. 'Obituary', Lancet, 1965, i: 1077.
85. Medical Directory for 1949, Part 2, London, J & A Churchill, 1949, pp. 398-405.
86. Inf. J. Psycho-Anal., 1939, 20: 504-6; Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1950, 31: 311-13; Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1954, 35: 471-3.
87. Inf. J. Psycho-Anal., 1939, 20: 504-6; Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1950, 31: 311-13; Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1954, 35: 471-3.
88. Inf. J. Psycho-Anal., 1939, 20: 504-6; Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1950, 31: 311-13; Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 1954, 35: 471-3.
89. Mathew Thomson, 'The psychological body', in Cooter and Pickstone (eds), op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 291-306, p. 300.
90. Malan, op. cit., note 12 above, p. 229.
91. Millard, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 590.
92. Nick Manning, The therapeutic community movement: charisma and routinization, London, Routledge, 1989, p. 26.
93. Ibid.; Kathleen Jones, Mental health and social policy 1845-1959, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960, p. 168.
94. Ibid.; Kathleen Jones, Mental health and social policy 1845-1959, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960, p. 168.
95. Pines, op. cit., note 11 above, p. 229.