메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 23-35

A geometric morphometric approach to the quantification of population variation in sub-saharan african crania

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRANIA;

EID: 75349108639     PISSN: 10420533     EISSN: 15206300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20908     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 1242321708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometric morphometrics: Ten years of progress following the 'revolution.'
    • Adams DC, Rohlf FJ, Slice DE. 2004. Geometric morphometrics: ten years of progress following the 'revolution.' Ital J Zool 71:5-16.
    • (2004) Ital J Zool , vol.71 , pp. 5-16
    • Adams, D.C.1    Rohlf, F.J.2    Slice, D.E.3
  • 2
    • 0021059252 scopus 로고
    • Climate and the evolution of brachycephalization
    • Beals KL, Smith CL, Dodd SM. 1983. Climate and the evolution of brachycephalization. Am J Phys Anthropol 62:425-427.
    • (1983) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.62 , pp. 425-427
    • Beals, K.L.1    Smith, C.L.2    Dodd, S.M.3
  • 3
    • 0021550384 scopus 로고
    • Brain size, cranial morphology, climate and time machines
    • Beals KL, Smith CL, Dodd SM. 1984. Brain size, cranial morphology, climate and time machines. Curr Anthropol 25:301-330.
    • (1984) Curr Anthropol , vol.25 , pp. 301-330
    • Beals, K.L.1    Smith, C.L.2    Dodd, S.M.3
  • 4
    • 63849240535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within-population phenotypic diversity in humans
    • Betti L, Balloux F, Amos W, Hanihara T, Manica A. 2009. Distance from Africa, not climate, explains within-population phenotypic diversity in humans. Proc R Soc B 276:809-814.
    • (2009) Proc R Soc B , vol.276 , pp. 809-814
    • Betti, L.1    Balloux, F.2    Amos, W.3    Hanihara, T.4    Manica, A.5
  • 6
    • 52949093871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African genetic diversity: Implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping
    • Campbell MC, Tishkoff SA. 2008. African genetic diversity: Implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 9:403-433.
    • (2008) Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet , vol.9 , pp. 403-433
    • Campbell, M.C.1    Tishkoff, S.A.2
  • 7
    • 28644436181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic and environmental components of morphological variation: Skull, mandible and molar shape in marmots (Marmota, Rodentia
    • Caumul R, Polly PD. 2005. Phylogenetic and environmental components of morphological variation: skull, mandible and molar shape in marmots (Marmota, Rodentia). Evolution 59:2460-2472.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 2460-2472
    • Caumul, R.1    Polly, P.D.2
  • 8
    • 85056395955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parametric bootstrap approach to the detection of phylogenetic signals in landmark data
    • In: MacLeod N, Forey P, editors, New York: Taylor and Francis
    • Cole TM III, Lele S, Richtsmeier JT. 2002. A parametric bootstrap approach to the detection of phylogenetic signals in landmark data. In: MacLeod N, Forey P, editors. Morphology, shape and phylogeny. New York: Taylor and Francis. p 194-219.
    • (2002) Morphology, Shape and Phylogeny , pp. 194-219
    • Cole Tm, I.I.I.1    Lele, S.2    Richtsmeier, J.T.3
  • 9
    • 34547669004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample size and sampling error in geometric morphometric studies of size and shape
    • Cardini A, Elton S. 2007. Sample size and sampling error in geometric morphometric studies of size and shape. Zoomorphology 126:121-134.
    • (2007) Zoomorphology , vol.126 , pp. 121-134
    • Cardini, A.1    Elton, S.2
  • 10
    • 42649118115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in guenon skulls. I. species divergence, ecological and genetic differences
    • Cardini A, Elton S. 2008a. Variation in guenon skulls. I. Species divergence, ecological and genetic differences. J Hum Evol 54:615-637.
    • (2008) J Hum E , vol.54 , pp. 615-637
    • Cardini, A.1    Elton, S.2
  • 11
    • 40749104643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the skull carry a phylogenetic signal? Evolution and modularity and in the guenons
    • Cardini A, Elton S. 2008b. Does the skull carry a phylogenetic signal? Evolution and modularity and in the guenons. Biol J Linn Soc 93:813-834.
    • (2008) Biol J Linn Soc , vol.93 , pp. 813-834
    • Cardini, A.1    Elton, S.2
  • 12
    • 34648819384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecomorphology of vervet monkeys: A geometric morphometric approach to the study of clinal variation
    • Cardini A, Jansson AU, Elton S. 2007. Ecomorphology of vervet monkeys: A geometric morphometric approach to the study of clinal variation. J Biogeogr 34:1663-1678.
    • (2007) J Biogeogr , vol.34 , pp. 1663-1678
    • Cardini, A.1    Jansson, A.U.2    Elton, S.3
  • 17
    • 0000455253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three dimensional geometric morphometric study of the Ethiopian Myomys-Stenocephalemys complex (Murinae, Rodentta
    • Fadda C, Corti M. 2000. Three dimensional geometric morphometric study of the Ethiopian Myomys-Stenocephalemys complex (Murinae, Rodentta). Hystrix 10:131-143.
    • (2000) Hystrix , vol.10 , pp. 131-143
    • Fadda, C.1    Corti, M.2
  • 18
    • 16844384689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional technology for linear morphological studies: A re-examination of cranial variation in four southern African indigenous populations
    • Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N. 2005a. Three-dimensional technology for linear morphological studies: a re-examination of cranial variation in four southern African indigenous populations. Homo 56:17-34.
    • (2005) Homo , vol.56 , pp. 17-34
    • Franklin, D.1    Freedman, L.2    Milne, N.3
  • 19
    • 13844267482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism and discriminant function sexing in indigenous South African Crania
    • Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N. 2005b. Sexual dimorphism and discriminant function sexing in indigenous South African Crania. Homo 55:213-228.
    • (2005) Homo , vol.55 , pp. 213-228
    • Franklin, D.1    Freedman, L.2    Milne, N.3
  • 20
    • 33751047163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A geometric morphometric study of sexual dimorphism in the crania of indigenous southern Africans
    • Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N, Oxnard CE. 2006. A geometric morphometric study of sexual dimorphism in the crania of indigenous southern Africans. S Afr J Sci 102:229-238.
    • (2006) S Afr J Sci , vol.102 , pp. 229-238
    • Franklin, D.1    Freedman, L.2    Milne, N.3    Oxnard, C.E.4
  • 21
    • 33846092319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometric morphometric study of population variation in indigenous southern African crania
    • Franklin D, Freedman L, Milne N, Oxnard CE. 2007. Geometric morphometric study of population variation in indigenous southern African crania. Am J Hum Biol 19:20-33.
    • (2007) Am J Hum Biol , vol.19 , pp. 20-33
    • Franklin, D.1    Freedman, L.2    Milne, N.3    Oxnard, C.E.4
  • 22
    • 56749133321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mandibular morphology as an indicator of human subadult age: Geometric morphometric approaches
    • Franklin D, Cardini A. 2008. Mandibular morphology as an indicator of human subadult age: geometric morphometric approaches. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 4:91-99.
    • (2008) Forensic Sci Med Pathol , vol.4 , pp. 91-99
    • Franklin, D.1    Cardini, A.2
  • 23
    • 4243401961 scopus 로고
    • Adaption biologique et variation dans l'espece humaine: Les cas des Pygmees d'Afrique
    • Froment A. 1993. Adaption biologique et variation dans l'espece humaine: les cas des Pygmees d'Afrique. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 5:417-448.
    • (1993) Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris , vol.5 , pp. 417-448
    • Froment, A.1
  • 24
    • 33646228425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le Peuplement de l'Afrique Centrale: Contribution de la Paleoanthropologie
    • In: Delneuf M, Essomba JM, Froment A, editors. Paris: L'Harmattan
    • Froment A. 1998. Le peuplement de l'Afrique Centrale: contribution de la paleoanthropologie. In: Delneuf M, Essomba JM, Froment A, editors. Paleo-anthropologie en Afrique Centrale: un bilan de l'archeologie au Cameroun. Paris: L'Harmattan. p 13-90.
    • (1998) Paleo-anthropologie en Afrique Centrale: Un Bilan de L'archeologie au Cameroun , pp. 13-90
    • Froment, A.1
  • 25
    • 0019483845 scopus 로고
    • Some anthropometric and functional dimensions of the Pygmy (Kivu Twa)
    • Ghesquiere JL, Karvonen MJ. 1981. Some anthropometric and functional dimensions of the Pygmy (Kivu Twa). Ann Hum Biol 8:119-134.
    • (1981) Ann Hum Biol , vol.8 , pp. 119-134
    • Ghesquiere, J.L.1    Karvonen, M.J.2
  • 26
    • 33845396793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human cranial anatomy and the differential preservation of population history and climate signatures
    • Harvati K, Weaver TD. 2006. Human cranial anatomy and the differential preservation of population history and climate signatures. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 288:1225-1233.
    • (2006) Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol , vol.288 , pp. 1225-1233
    • Harvati, K.1    Weaver, T.D.2
  • 29
    • 77249112856 scopus 로고
    • The people of Africa: A distinguished physical anthropologist's perspective on the complex congregation of people that now inhabits Africa
    • Hiernaux J. 1975. The people of Africa: a distinguished physical anthropologist's perspective on the complex congregation of people that now inhabits Africa. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
    • (1975) New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
    • Hiernaux, J.1
  • 30
    • 33646256366 scopus 로고
    • Physical anthropology of the living populations of sub- Saharan Africa
    • Hiernaux J. 1976. Physical anthropology of the living populations of sub- Saharan Africa. Ann Rev Anthropol 5:149-168.
    • (1976) Ann Rev Anthropol , vol.5 , pp. 149-168
    • Hiernaux, J.1
  • 31
    • 0022571324 scopus 로고
    • On the genetic interrelationships of South African Negroes
    • Hitzeroth HW. 1986. On the genetic interrelationships of South African Negroes. Am J Phys Anthropol 69:389-401.
    • (1986) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.69 , pp. 389-401
    • Hitzeroth, H.W.1
  • 32
    • 0003570262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for psychology
    • Pacific Grove, 5th ed
    • Howell DC. 2002. Statistical methods for psychology, 5th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Thompson Learning.
    • (2002) CA: Duxbury Thompson Learning
    • Howell, D.C.1
  • 33
    • 0002654887 scopus 로고
    • Cranial variation in man: A study by multivariate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human populations
    • Howells WW. 1973. Cranial variation in man: a study by multivariate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human populations. Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
    • (1973) Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
    • Howells, W.W.1
  • 34
    • 0003212935 scopus 로고
    • Skull shapes and the map: Craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo
    • Massachusetts: Peabody Museum
    • Howells WW. 1989. Skull shapes and the map: craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol.79. Massachusetts: Peabody Museum.
    • (1989) Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology , vol.79
    • Howells, W.W.1
  • 35
    • 0003244727 scopus 로고
    • Who's who in skulls: Ethnic identification of crania from measurements
    • Massachusetts: Peabody Museum
    • Howells WW. 1995. Who's who in skulls: ethnic identification of crania from measurements.Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol.82. Massachusetts: Peabody Museum.
    • (1995) Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology , vol.82
    • Howells, W.W.1
  • 36
    • 0020452361 scopus 로고
    • Human evolution in southern Africa
    • In: Bonne-Tamir B, editor, New York: Alan Liss
    • Jenkins T. 1982. Human evolution in southern Africa. In: Bonne-Tamir B, editor. Human genetics, Part A: the unfolding genome. New York: Alan Liss. p 227-253.
    • (1982) Human Genetics, Part A: The Unfolding Genome , pp. 227-253
    • Jenkins, T.1
  • 37
    • 0014748689 scopus 로고
    • Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various southern African populations
    • Jenkins T, Zoutendyk A, Steinberg AG. 1970. Gammaglobulin groups (Gm and Inv) of various southern African populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 32:197-218.
    • (1970) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.32 , pp. 197-218
    • Jenkins, T.1    Zoutendyk, A.2    Steinberg, A.G.3
  • 38
    • 8744281591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: A comparative study using principal components analysis
    • Keita SOY. 2004. Exploring northeast African metric craniofacial variation at the individual level: a comparative study using principal components analysis. Am J Hum Biol 16:679-689.
    • (2004) Am J Hum Biol , vol.16 , pp. 679-689
    • Keita, S.O.Y.1
  • 39
    • 67650410406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Manchester, UK. Available at
    • Klingenberg CP. 2008. MorphoJ. Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK. Available at: http://www.flywings.org.uk/MorphoJ-page.htm
    • (2008) MorphoJ. Faculty of Life Sciences
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1
  • 40
    • 15244360917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distances and directions in multidimensional shape spaces: Implications for morphometric applications
    • Klingenberg CP, Monteiro LR. 2005. Distances and directions in multidimensional shape spaces: implications for morphometric applications. Syst Biol 54:678-688.
    • (2005) Syst Biol , vol.54 , pp. 678-688
    • Klingenberg, C.P.1    Monteiro, L.R.2
  • 41
    • 49649109202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A craniometric study of the 20th century Venda
    • L'Abbe EN, Ribot I, Steyn M. 2006. A craniometric study of the 20th century Venda. S Afr Archaeol Bull 61:19-25.
    • (2006) S Afr Archaeol Bull , vol.61 , pp. 19-25
    • L'Abbe, E.N.1    Ribot, I.2    Steyn, M.3
  • 42
    • 0033790285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archaic lineages in the history of modern humans
    • Labuda D, Zietkiewicz E, Yotova V. 2000. Archaic lineages in the history of modern humans. Genetics 156:799-808.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 799-808
    • Labuda, D.1    Zietkiewicz, E.2    Yotova, V.3
  • 43
    • 0001654052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genes, tribes and African history
    • MacEachern S. 2000. Genes, tribes and African history. Curr Anthropol 41:357-384.
    • (2000) Curr Anthropol , vol.41 , pp. 357-384
    • MacEachern, S.1
  • 44
    • 34447521876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation
    • Manica A, Amos W, Balloux F, Hanihara T. 2007. The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation. Nature 448:346-349.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 346-349
    • Manica, A.1    Amos, W.2    Balloux, F.3    Hanihara, T.4
  • 46
    • 0002275679 scopus 로고
    • Traditional morphometrics
    • In: Rohlf FJ, Bookstein FL, editors. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Special Publication
    • Marcus LF. 1990. Traditional morphometrics. In: Rohlf FJ, Bookstein FL, editors. Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Special Publication. p 77-122.
    • (1990) Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop , pp. 77-122
    • Marcus, L.F.1
  • 47
    • 77249174416 scopus 로고
    • In: Singer R, Lundy JK, editors. Variation, culture and evolution in African populations: papers in honour of Dr. Hertha deVilliers. Johannesburg:Witwatersr and University Press
    • Morris AG. 1986. Khoi and San craniology: a re-evaluation of the osteological reference samples. In: Singer R, Lundy JK, editors. Variation, culture and evolution in African populations: papers in honour of Dr. Hertha deVilliers. Johannesburg:Witwatersr and University Press. p 1-12.
    • (1986) Khoi and San Craniology: A Re-evaluation of the Osteological Reference Samples , pp. 1-12
    • Morris, A.G.1
  • 48
    • 27144522255 scopus 로고
    • The reflections of the collector: San and Khoi skeletons in museum collections
    • Morris AG. 1987. The reflections of the collector: San and Khoi skeletons in museum collections. S Afr Archaeol Bull 42:12-22.
    • (1987) S Afr Archaeol Bull , vol.42 , pp. 12-22
    • Morris, A.G.1
  • 50
    • 2742532799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophy skulls, museums and the san
    • In: Skotnes P, editor, Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press
    • Morris AG. 1996. Trophy skulls, museums and the San. In: Skotnes P, editor. Miscast: negotiating the presence of the Bushmen. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. p 67-79.
    • (1996) Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen , pp. 67-79
    • Morris, A.G.1
  • 51
    • 33646228129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometric cranial identity of prehistoric Malawians in the light of Sub-Saharan African diversity
    • Morris AG, Ribot I. 2006. Morphometric cranial identity of prehistoric Malawians in the light of Sub-Saharan African diversity. Am J Phys Anthropol 130:10-25.
    • (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.130 , pp. 10-25
    • Morris, A.G.1    Ribot, I.2
  • 53
    • 77249160331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary acceleration in an endangered African primate: Speciation and divergence in the Zanzibar Red Colobus (Primates, Colobinae)
    • DOI 10.1007/s10764-008-9306-9311
    • Nowak K, Cardini A, Elton S. 2009. Evolutionary acceleration in an endangered African primate: speciation and divergence in the Zanzibar Red Colobus (Primates, Colobinae). Int J Primat. DOI 10.1007/s10764-008-9306-9311
    • (2009) Int J Primat
    • Nowak, K.1    Cardini, A.2    Elton, S.3
  • 55
    • 0033852603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: Biology, landmarks and geometry
    • O'Higgins P. 2000. The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: Biology, landmarks and geometry. J Anat 197:103-120.
    • (2000) J Anat , vol.197 , pp. 103-120
    • O'Higgins, P.1
  • 57
    • 0035208232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: Insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade
    • Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A. 2001. Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: Insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. Ann Hum Genet 65:439-458.
    • (2001) Ann Hum Genet , vol.65 , pp. 439-458
    • Pereira, L.1    MacAulay, V.2    Torroni, A.3    Scozzari, R.4    Prata, M.J.5    Amorim, A.6
  • 58
    • 28644433781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximum-likelihood identification of fossils: Taxonomic identification of quaternary marmots (rodentia, mammalia) and identification of vertebral position in the pipesnake cylindrophis (serpentes, reptilia)
    • In: Elewa AMT, editor, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag
    • Polly PD, Head JJ. 2004. Maximum-likelihood identification of fossils: taxonomic identification of quaternary marmots (Rodentia, Mammalia) and identification of vertebral position in the pipesnake Cylindrophis (Serpentes, Reptilia). In: Elewa AMT, editor. Morphometrics-applications in biology and paleontology. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p 197- 222.
    • (2004) Morphometrics-Applications in Biology and Paleontology , pp. 197-222
    • Polly, P.D.1    Head, J.J.2
  • 59
    • 14744280512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human populations
    • Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F. 2005. Geography predicts neutral genetic diversity of human populations. Curr Biol 15:R159-R160.
    • (2005) Curr Biol , vol.15
    • Prugnolle, F.1    Manica, A.2    Balloux, F.3
  • 60
    • 33646247655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Craniometrical analysis of Central and East Africans in relation to history: A case based on unique collections of known ethnic affiliation
    • Ribot I. 2003. Craniometrical analysis of Central and East Africans in relation to history: a case based on unique collections of known ethnic affiliation. Anthropologica et Praehistorica 114:25-50.
    • (2003) Anthropologica et Praehistorica , vol.114 , pp. 25-50
    • Ribot, I.1
  • 61
    • 33646253943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of modern sub-Saharan African populations: Craniometric interpretations in relation to geography and history
    • Ribot I. 2004. Differentiation of modern sub-Saharan African populations: Craniometric interpretations in relation to geography and history. Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris 16:143-165.
    • (2004) Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris , vol.16 , pp. 143-165
    • Ribot, I.1
  • 62
    • 0014851906 scopus 로고
    • Bushman, hottentot and south african negro crania studied by distance and discrimination
    • Rightmire GP. 1970. Bushman, Hottentot and South African Negro crania studied by distance and discrimination. Am J Phys Anthropol 33:169-196.
    • (1970) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.33 , pp. 169-196
    • Rightmire, G.P.1
  • 63
    • 34249780451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. Available at
    • Rohlf FJ. 2007. TpsRegr. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. Available at: http://life.bio. sunysb.edu/morph/
    • (2007) TpsRegr
    • Rohlf, F.J.1
  • 65
    • 0030005338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allometry and adaptation of body proportions and stature in African Pygmies
    • Shea BT, Bailey RC. 1996. Allometry and adaptation of body proportions and stature in African Pygmies. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:311-340.
    • (1996) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.100 , pp. 311-340
    • Shea, B.T.1    Bailey, R.C.2
  • 66
    • 35348878685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic, geographic and environmental correlates of human temporal bone variation
    • Smith HF, Terhune CE, Lockwood CA. 2007. Genetic, geographic and environmental correlates of human temporal bone variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 134:312-322.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.134 , pp. 312-322
    • Smith, H.F.1    Terhune, C.E.2    Lockwood, C.A.3
  • 67
    • 59549091063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Evidence from three-dimensional morphology
    • Smith HF. 2009. Which cranial regions reflect molecular distances reliably in humans? Evidence from three-dimensional morphology. Am J Hum Biol 21:36-47.
    • (2009) Am J Hum Biol , vol.21 , pp. 36-47
    • Smith, H.F.1
  • 68
    • 0035998891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of cranial shape variation in the Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae
    • Singleton M. 2002. Patterns of cranial shape variation in the Papionini (Primates: Cercopithecinae). J Hum Evol 42:547-578.
    • (2002) J Hum Evol , vol.42 , pp. 547-578
    • Singleton, M.1
  • 69
    • 0346753757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morpheus (beta version)
    • Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York
    • Slice DE. 1999. Morpheus (beta version). Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York. Stony Brook: New York.
    • (1999) Stony Brook: New York
    • Slice, D.E.1
  • 71
    • 84996055383 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative morphological distinctions between bushman and hottentot skulls: A preliminary report
    • Stern JT, Singer R. 1967. Quantitative morphological distinctions between Bushman and Hottentot skulls: a preliminary report. S Afr Archaeol Bull 22:103-111.
    • (1967) S Afr Archaeol Bull , vol.22 , pp. 103-111
    • Stern, J.T.1    Singer, R.2
  • 72
    • 0036323319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of african populations: Human evolution and genetic disease
    • Tishkoff SA, Williams SM. 2002. Genetic analysis of African populations: Human evolution and genetic disease. Nat Rev Genet 3:611-621.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Genet , vol.3 , pp. 611-621
    • Tishkoff, S.A.1    Williams, S.M.2
  • 74
    • 49649107581 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the occipital bone in Africa. I. pearson's occipital index and the chord-arc index in modern crania: Means, minimum values, and variability
    • Tobias PV. 1959. Studies on the occipital bone in Africa. I. Pearson's occipital index and the chord-arc index in modern crania: means, minimum values, and variability. J R Anthropol Inst 89:233-252.
    • (1959) J R Anthropol Inst , vol.89 , pp. 233-252
    • Tobias, P.V.1
  • 75
    • 13844282907 scopus 로고
    • Memories of Robert James Terry (1871-1966) and the genesis of the Terry and Dart collections of human skeletons
    • Tobias PV. 1987. Memories of Robert James Terry (1871-1966) and the genesis of the Terry and Dart collections of human skeletons. Adler Mus Bull 13:31-34.
    • (1987) Adler Mus Bull , vol.13 , pp. 31-34
    • Tobias, P.V.1
  • 76
    • 51249174562 scopus 로고
    • On the scientific, medical, dental and educational value of collections of human skeletons
    • Tobias PV. 1991. On the scientific, medical, dental and educational value of collections of human skeletons. Int J Anthropol 6:277-280.
    • (1991) Int J Anthropol , vol.6 , pp. 277-280
    • Tobias, P.V.1
  • 77
    • 0029515759 scopus 로고
    • New linguistic evidence and the Bantu expansion
    • Vansina J. 1995. New linguistic evidence and the Bantu expansion. J Afr Hist 36:173-195.
    • (1995) J Afr Hist , vol.36 , pp. 173-195
    • Vansina, J.1
  • 78
    • 0003154225 scopus 로고
    • The statistics of variation
    • van Valen LM. 1978. The statistics of variation. Evol Theory 4:33-43.
    • (1978) Evol Theory , vol.4 , pp. 33-43
    • Van Valen, L.M.1
  • 79
    • 42149126720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brief communication: Human cranial variation fits iterative founder effect model with african origin
    • von Cramon-Taubadel N, Lycett SJ. 2008. Brief communication: human cranial variation fits iterative founder effect model with African origin. Am J Phys Anthropol 136:108-113.
    • (2008) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.136 , pp. 108-113
    • Von Cramon-Taubadel, N.1    Lycett, S.J.2
  • 81
    • 0000884253 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for age and sex diagnoses of skeletons
    • Workshop of European Anthropologists
    • Workshop of European Anthropologists. 1980. Recommendations for age and sex diagnoses of skeletons. J Hum Evol 9:517-549.
    • (1980) J Hum Evol , vol.9 , pp. 517-549
  • 82
    • 33744820072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional status, activity pattern, and dietary intake among the Baka hunter-gatherers in the village camps in Cameroon
    • Yamauchi T, Sato H, Kawamura K. 2000. Nutritional status, activity pattern, and dietary intake among the Baka hunter-gatherers in the village camps in Cameroon. Afr Study Monogr 21:67-82.
    • (2000) Afr Study Monogr , vol.21 , pp. 67-82
    • Yamauchi, T.1    Sato, H.2    Kawamura, K.3
  • 83
    • 85050848435 scopus 로고
    • Human biological diversity in Central Africa
    • Hiernaux J. 1966. Human biological diversity in Central Africa. Man 1:287-306.
    • (1966) Man , vol.1 , pp. 287-306
    • Hiernaux, J.1
  • 84
    • 0033743888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Ethnicity' and 'Ethnic group' in Iron age South Africa
    • Hammond-Tooke WD. 2000. 'Ethnicity' and 'ethnic group' in Iron Age South Africa. S Afr J Sci 96:421-422.
    • (2000) S Afr J Sci , vol.96 , pp. 421-422
    • Hammond-Tooke, W.D.1
  • 85
    • 0002344931 scopus 로고
    • Algorithm 76. Hierarchical clustering using the minimum spanning tree
    • Rohlf FJ. 1973. Algorithm 76. Hierarchical clustering using the minimum spanning tree. Computer J 16:93-95.
    • (1973) Computer J , vol.16 , pp. 93-95
    • Rohlf, F.J.1
  • 86
    • 49649121027 scopus 로고
    • A study of A-Bantu skulls and crania
    • Shrubsall FC. 1899. A study of A-Bantu skulls and crania. J R Anthropol Inst 28:55-94.
    • (1899) J R Anthropol Inst , vol.28 , pp. 55-94
    • Shrubsall, F.C.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.