Animal models of cognitive impairment produced by developmental lead exposure

Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 73-100

  Rice, Deborah C ^a  

^a Maine Department of Health and Human Services   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 75349083342     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Byers, R.K. and Lord, E.E., Late effects of lead poisoning on mental development, Am. J. Dis. Child, 66, 471, 1943.
2. Thurston, D.L., Middelkamp, J.N., and Mason, E., The late effects of lead poisoning, J. Pediatr., 47, 413, 1955.
3. Jenkins, C.D. and Mellins, B.B., Lead poisoning in children, AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 77, 70, 1957.
4. Perlstein, M.A. and Attala, R., Neurological sequelae of plumbism in children, Clin. Pediatr., 5, 282, 1966.
5. Lin-Fu, J.S., Undue absorption of lead among children - a new look at an old problem, N. Engl. J. Med., 186, 702, 1972.
6. de la Burdé, B. and Choate, M.S., Early asymptomatic lead exposure and development at school age, J. Pediatr., 87, 638, 1972.
7. Needleman, H.L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A., Reed, R., Peresie, H., Maher, C., and Barrett, P., Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels, N. Engl. J. Med., 300, 689, 1979.
8. Rice, D.C., Behavioral effects of lead: commonalities between experimental and epidemiological data, Environ. Health Perspect., 104, 337, 1996.
9. Canfield, R.L., Henderson, M.A., Jr., Cory-Slechta, D.A., Cox, C., Jusko, T.A., and Lanphear, B.P., Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 Ig per deciliter, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1517, 2003.
10. Lanphear, B.P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P., Bellinger, D.C., Canfield, R.L., Dietrich, K.N., Bornschein, R., Greene, T., Rothenberg, S.J., Needleman, H.L., Schnaas, L., Wasserman, G., Graziano, J., and Roberts, R., Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 894, 2005.
11. Rice, D.C., Quantification of operant behavior, Toxicol. Lett., 43, 361, 1988.
12. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Implications of changes in schedule-controlled behavior of rodents correlated with prolonged lead exposure, in Neurobehavioral Toxicity: Analysis and Interpretation, Weiss, B. and O’Donoghue, J., Eds., Raven Press, New York, 1994, p. 195.
13. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Weiss, B., and Cox, C., Delayed behavioral toxicity of lead with increasing exposure concentration, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 71, 342, 1983.
14. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Weiss, B., and Cox, C., Performance and exposure indices of rats exposed to low concentrations of lead, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 78, 291, 1985.
15. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Brockel, B.J., and O’Mara, D.J., Lead exposure and dorsomedial striatum mediation of fixed interval schedule-controlled behavior, Neurotoxicology, 23, 313, 2002.
16. Cory-Slechta, D.A. and Thompson, T., Behavioral toxicity of chronic postweaning lead exposure in the rat, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 47, 151, 1979.
17. Cory-Slechta, D.A. and Pokora, M.J., Behavioral manifestations of prolonged lead exposure initiated at different stages of the life cycle: I. Schedule-controlled responding, Neurotoxicology, 12, 745, 1991.
18. Rice, D.C., Gilbert, S.G., and Willes, R.F., Neonatal low-level lead exposure in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): locomotor activity, schedule-controlled behavior, and the effects of amphetamine, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 51, 503, 1979.
19. Rice, D.C., Lead exposure during different developmental periods produces different effects in FI performance in monkeys tested as juveniles and adults, Neurotoxicology, 13, 757, 1992.
20. Rice, D.C., Schedule-controlled behavior in infant and juvenile monkeys exposed to lead from birth, Neurotoxicology, 9, 75, 1988.
21. Nation, J.R., Frye, G.D., Von Stultz, J., and Bratton, G.R., Effects of combined lead and cadmium exposure: changes in schedule-controlled responding and in dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites, Behav. Neurosci., 103, 1108, 1989.
22. Angell, N.F. and Weiss, B., Operant behavior of rats exposed to lead before or after weaning, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 63, 62, 1982.
23. Zenick, H. et al., Deficits in fixed-interval performance following prenatal and postnatal lead exposure, Dev. Psychobiol., 12, 509, 1979.
24. Mele, P.C., Bushnell, P.J., and Bowman, R.E., Prolonged behavioral effects of early postnatal lead exposure in rhesus monkeys: fixed-interval responding and interactions with scopolamine and pentobarbital, Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 6, 129, 1984.
25. Sagvolden, T., Aase, H., Zeiner, P., and Berger, D., Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Behav. Brain Res., 94, 61, 1998.
26. Darcheville, J.C., Riviere, V., and Wearden, J.H., Fixed-interval performance and selfcontrol in children., J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 57, 187, 1992.
27. Darcheville, J.C., Riviere, V., and Wearden, J.H., Fixed-interval performance and selfcontrol in infants, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 60, 239, 1993.
28. Rice, D.C., Behavioral effects of lead in monkeys tested during infancy and adulthood, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 14, 235, 1992.
29. Rice, D.C. and Gilbert, S.G., Low lead exposure from birth produces behavioral toxicity (DRL) in monkeys, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 80, 421, 1985.
30. Alfano, D.P. and Petit, T.L., Behavioral effects of postnatal lead exposure: possible relationship to hippocampal dysfunction, Behav. Neurol. Biol., 32, 319, 1981.
31. Dietz, D.D., McMillan, D.E., Grant, L.D., and Kimmel, C.A., Effects of lead on temporally spaced responding in rats, Drug Chem. Toxicity, 1, 401, 1978.
32. Cory-Slechta, D.A. et al., Chronic postweaning lead exposure and response duration performance, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 60, 78, 1981.
33. Hopper, D.L., Kernan, W.J., and Lloyd, W.E., The behavioral effects of prenatal and early postnatal lead exposure in the primate Macaca fascicularis, Toxicol. Indust. Health, 2, 1, 1986.
34. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Weiss, B., and Cox, C., Performance and exposure indices of rats exposed to low concentrations of lead, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 71, 342, 1983.
35. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Prolonged lead exposure and fixed ratio performance, Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 8, 237, 1986.
36. Rice, D.C., Schedule-controlled behavior in monkeys, in Behavioral Pharmacology: The Current Status, Seiden, L.S. and Balster, R.L., Eds., Alan R. Liss, New York, 1985, chap. 8.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, A Review of Evidence of Health Effects of Blood Lead Levels <10µg/dl in Children, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, 2004.
38. Fulton, M., Raab, G., Thomson, G., Laxen, D., Hunter, R., and Hepburn, W., Influence of blood lead on the ability and attainment of children in Edinburgh, Lancet, 8544, 1221, 1987.
39. Fergusson, D.M., Fergusson, J.E., Horwood, L.J., and Kinzett, N.G., A longitudinal study of dentine lead levels, intelligence, school performance and behavior, part I: dentine lead levels and exposure to environmental risk factors, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 29, 781, 1988.
40. Fergusson, D.M., Fergusson, J.E., Horwood, L.J., and Kinzett, N.G., A longitudinal study of dentine lead levels, intelligence, school performance and behavior, part II: dentine lead and cognitive ability, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 29, 783, 1988.
41. Fergusson, D.M., Fergusson, J.E., Horwood, L.J., and Kinzett, N.G., A longitudinal study of dentine lead levels, intelligence, school performance and behavior, part III: dentine lead levels and attention/activity, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 29, 811, 1988.
42. Yule, W., Lansdown, R., Millar, I., and Urbanowicz, M., The relationship between blood lead concentration, intelligence, and attainment in a school population: a pilot study, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 23, 567, 1981.
43. Leviton, A., Bellinger, D., Allred, E.N., Rabinowitz, M., Needleman, H., and Schoenbaum, S., Pre- and postnatal low-level lead exposure and children’s dysfunction in school, Environ. Res., 60, 30, 1993.
44. Canfield, R.L., Kreher, D.A., Cornwell, C., and Henderson, C.R., Jr., Low-level lead exposure, executive functioning, and learning in early childhood, Neuropsychol. Dev. Cognit. C. Child Neuropsychol., 9, 35, 2003.
45. Zenick, H., Rodriquez, W., Ward, J., and Elkington, B., Influence of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure on discrimination learning in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 8, 347, 1978.
46. Carson, T.L., Van Gelder, G.A., Karas, G.C., and Buck, W.B., Slowed learning in lambs prenatally exposed to lead, Arch. Environ. Health, 29, 154, 1974.
47. Winneke, G., Brockhaus, A., and Baltissen, R., Neurobehavioral and systemic effects of long-term blood lead elevation in rats, I: discrimination learning and open-field behavior, Arch. Toxicol., 37, 247, 1977.
48. Bushnell, P.J. and Bowman, R.E., Reversal learning deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 10, 733, 1979.
49. Rice, D.C. and Willes, R.F., Neonatal low-level lead exposure in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): effect on two-choice nonspatial form discrimination, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol., 2, 1195, 1979.
50. Rice, D.C., Chronic low-lead exposure from birth produces deficits in discrimination reversal in monkeys, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 77, 201, 1985.
51. Rice, D.C. and Gilbert, S.G., Sensitive periods for lead-induced behavioral impairment (nonspatial discrimination reversal) in monkeys, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 102, 101, 1990.
52. Gilbert, S.G. and Rice, D.C., Low-level lifetime lead exposure produces behavioral toxicity (spatial discrimination reversal) in adult monkeys, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 91, 484, 1987.
53. Rice, D.C., Lead-induced behavioral impairment on a spatial discrimination reversal task in monkeys exposed during different periods of development, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 106, 327, 1990.
54. Lilienthal, H., Winneke, G., Brockhaus, A., and Malik, B., Pre- and postnatal leadexposure in monkeys: effects on activity and learning set formation, Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 8, 265, 1986.
55. Rice, D.C., Effect of lead during different developmental periods in the monkey on concurrent discrimination performance, Neurotoxicology, 13, 583, 1992.
56. Hastings, L., Cooper, G.P., Bornschein, R.L., and Michaelson, I.A., Behavioral deficits in adult rats following neonatal lead exposure, Neurobehav. Toxicol., 1, 227, 1979.
57. Garavan, H., Morgan, R.E., Levitsky, D.A., Hermer-Vazquez, L., and Strupp, B.J., Enduring effects of early lead exposure: evidence for a specific deficit in associative ability, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 22, 151, 2000.
58. Hilson, J.A. and Strupp, B.J., Analyses of response patterns clarify lead effects in olfactory reversal and extradimensional shift tasks: assessment of inhibitory control, associative ability, and memory, Behav. Neurosci., 111, 532, 1997.
59. Morgan, R.E., Levitsky, D.A., and Strupp, B.J., Effects of chronic lead exposure on learning and reaction time in a visual discrimination task, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 22, 337, 2000.
60. Newland, M.C. et al., Prolonged behavioral effects of in utero exposure to lead or methyl mercury: reduced sensitivity to changes in reinforcement contingencies during behavioral transitions and in steady state, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 126, 6, 1994.
61. Evans, H.L., Daniel, S.A., and Marmor, M., Reversal learning tasks may provide rapid determination of cognitive deficits in lead-exposed children, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 16, 471, 1994.
62. Canfield, R.L., Gendle, M.H., and Cory-Slechta, D.A., Impaired neuropsychological functioning in lead-exposed children, Dev. Neuropsychol., 26, 513, 2004.
63. Muñoz, C., Garbe, K., Lilienthal, H., and Winneke, G., Persistence of retention deficit in rats after neonatal lead exposure, Neurotoxicology, 7, 569, 1986.
64. Jett, D.A., Kuhlmann, A.C., Farmer, S.J., and Gilarte, T.R., Age-dependent effects of developmental lead exposure on performance in the Morris water maze, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 57, 271, 1997.
65. Kuhlmann, A.C., McGlothan, J.L, and Guilarte, T.R., Developmental lead exposure causes spatial learning deficits in adult rats, Neurosci. Lett., 233, 101, 1997.
66. Schantz, S.L., Moshtaghian, J., and Ness, D.K., Spatial learning deficits in adult rats exposed to ortho-substituted PCB congeners during gestation and lactation, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 26, 117, 1995.
67. Schantz, S.L., Seo, B.-W., Wong, P.W., and Pessah, I.N., Long-term effects of developmental exposure to 2,22,3,5,,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95) on locomotor activity, spatial learning and memory and brain ryanodine binding, Neurotoxicology, 18, 457, 1997.
68. Levin, E.D. and Bowman, R.E., Long-term lead effects on the Hamilton Search Task and delayed alternation in adult monkeys, Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 8, 219, 1986.
69. Levin, E. and Bowman, R., The effect of preor postnatal lead exposure on Hamilton Search Task in monkeys, Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 5, 391, 1983.
70. Rice, D.C. and Karpinski, K.F., Lifetime low-level lead exposure produces deficits in delayed alternation in adult monkeys, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 10, 207, 1988.
71. Rice, D.C. and Gilbert, S.G., Lack of sensitive period for lead-induced behavioral impairment on a spatial delayed alternation task in monkeys, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 103, 364, 1990.
72. Alber, S.A. and Strupp, B.J., An in-depth analysis of lead effects in a delayed spatial alternation task: assessment of mnemonic effects, side bias, and proactive interference, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 18, 3, 1996.
73. Cory-Slechta, D.A., Pokora, M.J., and Widzowski, D.V., Behavioral manifestations of prolonged lead exposure initiated at different stages of the life cycle, II: delayed spatial alternation, Neurotoxicology, 12, 761, 1991.
74. Rice, D.C., Behavioral deficit (delayed matching to sample) in monkeys exposed from birth to low levels of lead, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 75, 337, 1984.
75. Cohn, J., Cox, C., and Cory-Slechta, D.A., The effects of lead exposure on learning in a multiple repeated acquisition and performance schedule, Neurotoxicology, 14, 329, 1993.
76. Stiles, K.M. and Bellinger, D.C., Neuropsychological correlates of low-level lead exposure in school-age children: a prospective study, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 15, 27, 1993.
77. Chiodo, L.M., Jacobson, S.W., and Jacobson, J.L., Neurodevelopmental effects of postnatal lead exposure at very low levels, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 26, 359, 2004.
78. Tuthill, R.W., Hair lead levels related to children’s classroom attention-deficit behavior, Arch. Environ. Health, 51, 214, 1996.
79. Rice, D.C., Lead-induced changes in learning: evidence for behavioral mechanisms from experimental animal studies, Neurotoxicology, 14, 167, 1993.
80. Mirsky, A.F., Behavioral and psychophysiological markers of disordered attention, Environ. Health Perspect., 8, 157, 1987.
81. Mirsky, A.F., Anthony, B., Duncan, C., Ahearn, M., and Kellam, S., Analysis of the elements of attention: a neuropsychological approach, Neuropsychol. Rev., 2, 109, 1991.
82. Bellinger, D., Hu, H., Titlebaum, L., and Needleman, H.L., Attentional correlates of dentin and bone lead levels in adolescents, Arch. Environ. Health, 49, 98, 1994.
83. Needleman, H.L., Introduction: biomarkers in neurodevelopmental toxicology, Environ. Health Perspect., 74, 149, 1987.
84. th Intl. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Lindberg, S.E. and Hutchinson, T.C., Eds., CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, 1987, p. 204.
85. Stokes, L., Letz, R., Gerr, F., Kolczak, M., McNeill, F.E., Chettle, D.R., and Kaye, W.E., Neurotoxicity in young adults 20 years after childhood exposure to lead: the Bunker Hill experience, Occup. Environ. Med., 55, 507, 1998.
86. Rice, D.C., Chronic low-level lead exposure in monkeys does not affect simple reaction time, Neurotoxicology, 9, 105, 1988.
87. Winneke, G. et al., Modulation of lead-induced performance deficit in children by varying signal rate in a serial choice reaction task, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 11, 587, 1989.
88. Winneke, G. et al., Neuropsychologic studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentrations, II: extended study, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 51, 231, 1983.
89. Winneke, G. and Kraemer, V., Neuropsychological effects of lead in children: interaction with social background variables, Neuropsychobiology, 11, 195, 1984.
90. Winneke, G., Hrdina, K., and Brockhaus, A., Neuropsychological studies in children with elevated tooth-lead concentration, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 51, 169, 1982.
91. Walkowiak, J., Altmann, L., Krämer, U., Sveinsson, K., Turfeld, M., Weishoff-Houben, M., and Winneke, G., Cognitive and sensorimotor functions in 6-year-old children in relation to lead and mercury levels: adjustment for intelligence and contrast sensitivity in computerized testing, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 20, 511, 1998.
92. Hansen, O.M. et al., A neuropsychological study of children with elevated dentine lead level: assessment of the effect of lead in different socio-economic groups, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 11, 205, 1989.
93. Brockel, B.J. and Cory-Slechta, D.A., The effects of postweaning low-level Pb exposure on sustained attention: a study of target densities, stimulus presentation rate, and stimulus predictability, Neurotoxicology, 20, 921, 1999.
94. Morgan, R.E., Garavan, H., Smith, E.G., Driscoll, L.L., Levitsky, D.A., and Strupp, B.J., Early lead exposure produces lasting changes in sustained attention, response initiation, and relativity to errors, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 23, 519, 2001.
95. Brockel, B.J. and Cory-Slechta, D.A., Lead, attention, and impulsive behavior: changes in a fixed-ratio waiting-for-reward paradigm, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 60, 545, 1998.
96. Schwartz, J. and Otto, D., Blood lead, hearing thresholds, and neurobehavioral development in children and youth, Arch. Environ. Health, 42, 153, 1987.
97. Osman, K., Pawlas, K., Schütz, A., Gazdzik, M., Sokal, J.A., and Vahter, M., Lead exposure and hearing effects in children in Katowice, Poland, Environ. Res., 80, 1, 1999.
98. Rice, D.C., Effects of lifetime lead exposure in monkeys on detection of pure tones, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 36, 112, 1997.
99. Lasky, R.E., Maier, M.M., Snodgrass, E.B., Hecox, K.E., and Laughlin, N.K., The effects of lead on otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked potentials in monkeys, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 17, 633, 1995.
100. Lilienthal, H., Winneke, G., and Ewert, T., Effects of lead on neurophysiological and performance measures: animal and human data, Environ. Health Perspect., 89, 21, 1990.
101. Yamamura, K., Terayama, K., Yamamoto, N., Kohyama, A., and Kishi, R., Effects of acute lead acetate exposure on adult guinea pigs: electrophysiological study of the inner ear, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 13, 509, 1989.
102. Lilienthal, H. and Winneke, G., Lead effects on the brain stem auditory evoked potential in monkeys during and after the treatment phase, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 18, 17, 1996.
103. Otto, D.A. and Fox, D.A., Auditory and visual dysfunction following lead exposure, Neurotoxicology, 14, 191, 1993.
104. Lasky, R.E., Luck, M.L., Torre, P., III, and Laughlin, N., The effects of early lead exposure on auditory function in rhesus monkeys, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 23, 639, 2001.
105. Stebbins, W.C., Clark, W.W., Pearson, R.D., and Weiland, N.G., Noise and druginduced hearing loss in monkeys, Advances Otorhinolaryngol., 20, 42, 1973.
106. Molfese, D.L. et al., Neuroelectrical correlates of categorical perception for place of articulatin in normal and lead-treated rhesus monkeys, J. Clin. Experimental Neuropsychol., 8, 680, 1986.
107. Dietrich, K.N., Succop, P.A., Berger, O.G., and Keith, R.W., Lead exposure and the central auditory processing abilities and cognitive development of urban children: the Cincinnati lead study cohort at age 5 years, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 14, 51, 1992.
108. Campbell, T.F., Needleman, H.L., Reiss, J.A., and Tobin, M.J., Bone lead levels and language processing performance, Dev. Neuropsychol., 18, 171, 2000.
109. Fergusson, D.M. and Horwood, L.J., The effects of lead levels on the growth of word recognition in middle childhood, Int. J. Epidemiology, 22, 891, 1993.
110. Bellinger, D., Needleman, H.L., Bromfield, R., and Mintz, M., A followup study of the academic attainment and classroom behavior of children with elevated dentine lead levels, Biol. Trace. Elem. Res., 6, 207, 1984.
111. Altmann, L., Sveinsson, K., Krämer, U., Weishoff-Houben, M., Turfeld, M., Winneke, G., and Wiegand, H., Visual functions in 6-year-old-children in relation to lead and mercury levels, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 20, 9, 1998.
112. Allen, J.R., McWey, P.J., and Suomi, S.J., Pathobiological and behavioral effects of lead intoxication in the infant Rhesus monkey, Environ. Health Perspect., 7, 239, 1974.
113. Bushnell, P., Scotopic vision deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead, Science, 196, 333, 1977.
114. Rice, D.C., Effects of lifetime lead exposure on spatial and temporal visual function in monkeys, Neurotoxicology, 19, 893, 1998.
115. Lilienthal, H. et al., Alteration of the visual evoked potential and the electroretinogram in lead-treated monkeys, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 10, 417, 1988.
116. Lilienthal, H. et al., Persistent increases in scotopic B-wave amplitudes after lead exposure in monkeys, Exp. Eye Res., 59, 203, 1994.