Integrated telychian (silurian) K-bentonite chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy in Estonia and Latvia

Lethaia

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 32-44

  Kiipli, Tarmo ^a   Kallaste, Toivo ^a   Nestor, Viiu ^a   Loydell, David K ^b  

^a TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Estonia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chitinozoans; Conodonts; Graptolites; K bentonites; Silurian; Telychian

Indexed keywords

BENTONITE; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; BIOZONATION; CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY; CONODONT; GRAPTOLITE; SILURIAN; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; VOLCANIC ASH;

ESTONIA; LATVIA;

CHITINOZOA;

EID: 75249097708     PISSN: 00241164     EISSN: 15023931     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00162.x     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. André L, Hertogen J, Deutsch S. Ordovician-Silurian magmatic provinces in Belgium and the Caledonian orogeny in Middle Europe. Geology 1986, 14:879-882.
2. Batchelor RA. Geochemistry of biotite in metabentonites as an age discriminant, indicator of regional magma sources and potential correlating tool. Mineralogical Magazine 2003, 67:807-817.
3. Batchelor RA, Clarkson ENK. Geochemistry of Silurian metabentonite and associated apatite from the North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills. Scottish Journal of Geology 1993, 29:123-130.
4. Batchelor RA, Evans J. Use of strontium isotope ratios and rare earth elements in apatite microphenocrysts for characterization and correlation of Silurian metabentonites: a Scandinavian case study. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2000, 80:3-8.
5. Batchelor RA, Jeppsson L. Late Llandovery bentonites from Gotland, Sweden, as chemostratigraphic markers. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1994, 151:741-746.
6. Batchelor RA, Jeppsson L. Wenlock metabentonites from Gotland, Sweden: geochemistry, sources and potential as chemostratigraphic markers. Geological Magazine 1999, 136:661-669.
7. Batchelor RA, Weir JA, Spjeldnæs N. Geochemistry of Telychian metabentonites from Vik, Ringerike District, Oslo Region. Norwegian Journal of Geology 1995, 75:219-228.
8. Batchelor RA, Harper DAT, Anderson TB. Geochemistry and potential correlation of Silurian (Telychian) metabentonites from Ireland and SW Scotland. Geological Journal 2003, 38:161-174.
9. Bergström SM, Huff WD, Kolata DR, Kaljo D. Silurian K-bentonites in the Iapetus region: a preliminary event-stratigraphic and tectonomagmatic assessment. GFF 1992, 114:327-334.
10. Bergström SM, Huff WD, Kolata DR. The Lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite. Part I: stratigraphic position, distribution, and palaeogeographic significance. Geological Magazine 1998, 135:1-13.
11. Bergström SM, Toprak Fthomampersand, Huff WD, Mundil R. Implications of a new, biostratigraphically well-controlled, radio-isotopic age for the lower Telychian Stage of the Llandovery Series (Lower Silurian, Sweden). Episodes 2008, 31:309-314.
12. Böhnke A, Katzung G. The Middle Silurian from Bornholm (Denmark) - sedimentology, petrology and age. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 2001, 222:161-191.
13. Bohor BF, Triplehorn DM. Tonsteins: Altered Volcanic-Ash Layers in Coal-Bearing Sequences. The Geological Society of America Special Paper 1993, 285:44. pp
14. Dufka P, Kříž, Štorch P. Silurian graptolites and chitinozoans from the uranium industry boreholes drilled in 1968-1971 (Prague Basin, Bohemia). Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey 1995, 70:5-14.
15. Geng L-Y, Qian Z-S, Ding L-S, Wang Y, Wang G-X, Cai X-Y. Silurian chitinozoans from the Yangtze region. Palaeoworld 1997, 8:1-152.
16. Grahn Y. Silurian Chitinozoa and biostratigraphy of subsurface Gotland. GFF 1995, 117:57-65.
17. Grahn Y. Lower Silurian (Llandovery- Middle Wenlock) Chitinozoa and biostratigraphy of the mainland of Sweden. GFF 1998, 120:273-283.
18. Grahn Y. Silurian and Lower Devonian chitinozoan taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the Trombetas Group, Amazonas Basin, northern Brazil. Bulletin of Geosciences 2005, 80:245-276.
19. Grahn Y. Ordovician and Silurian chitinozoan biozones of western Gondwana. Geological Magazine 2006, 143:509-529.
20. Hints R, Kirsimäe K, Somelar P, Kallaste T, Kiipli T. Multiphase Silurian bentonites in the Baltic Palaeobasin. Sedimentary Geology 2008, 209:69-79.
21. Huff WD. Ordovician K-bentonites: issues in interpreting and correlating ancient tephras. Quaternary International 2008, 178:276-287.
22. Huff WD, Bergström SM, Kolata DR, Sun H. The Lower Silurian Osmundsberg K-bentonite. Part II: mineralogy, geochemistry, chemostratigraphy and tectonomagmatic significance. Geological Magazine 1998, 135:15-26.
23. Jeppsson L. A new latest Telychian, Sheinwoodian and Early Homerian (Early Silurian) Standard Conodont Zonation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 1997, 88:91-114.
24. Jeppsson L, Calner M, Eriksson M, Eriksson M, Calner M. Locality descriptions. The Dynamic Silurian Earth. Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy Field Meeting 2005, Field guide and Abstracts, Rapporter och meddelanden 2005, 121:22-56. (eds), Geological Survey of Sweden
25. Kallaste T, Kiipli T. New correlations of Telychian bentonites in Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 2006, 55:241-251.
26. Kiipli E, Kiipli T, Kallaste T. Identification of the O-bentonite in the deep shelf sections with implication on stratigraphy and lithofacies, East Baltic Silurian. GFF 2006, 128:255-260.
27. Kiipli T, Kallaste T. Correlation of Telychian sections from shallow to deep sea facies in Estonia and Latvia based on the sanidine composition of bentonites. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 2002, 51:143-156.
28. Kiipli T, Kallaste T. Wenlock and uppermost Llandovery bentonites as stratigraphic markers in Estonia, Latvia and Sweden. GFF 2006, 128:139-146.
29. Kiipli T, Männik P, Batchelor R A, Kiipli E, Kallaste T, Perens H. Correlation of Telychian (Silurian) altered volcanic ash beds in Estonia, Sweden and Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 2001, 81:179-194.
30. Kiipli T, Jeppsson L, Kallaste T, Söderlund U. Correlation of Silurian bentonites from Gotland and the East Baltic using sanidine phenocryst composition, and biostratigraphical consequences. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2008a, 165:1-10.
31. Kiipli T, Kallaste T, Kaljo D, Loydell DK. Correlation of Telychian and lowermost Sheinwoodian K-bentonites with the graptolite biozonation in the East Baltic area. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 2007a, 46(Suppl):218-226.
32. Kiipli T, Kiipli E, Kallaste T, Hints R, Somelar P, Kirsimäe K. Altered volcanic ash as an indicator of marine environment, reflecting pH and sedimentation rate - example from the Ordovician Kinnekulle bed of Baltoscandia. Clays and Clay Minerals 2007b, 55:177-188.
33. Kiipli T, Orlova K, Kiipli E, Kallaste T. Use of immobile trace elements for the correlation of Telychian bentonites on Saaremaa Island, Estonia, and mapping of volcanic ash clouds. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008b, 57:39-52.
34. Kiipli T, Soesoo A, Kallaste T, Kiipli E. Geochemistry of Telychian (Silurian) K-bentonites in Estonia and Latvia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 2008c, 171:45-58.
35. Loydell DK, Nestor V. Integrated graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the upper Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Ventspils D-3 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 2005, 142:369-376.
36. Loydell DK, Kaljo D, Männik P. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. Geological Magazine 1998, 135:769-783.
37. Loydell DK, Männik P, Nestor V. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 2003, 140:205-229.
38. Männik P. An updated Telychian (Late Llandovery, Silurian) conodont zonation based on Baltic faunas. Lethaia 2007, 40:45-60.
39. Mullins GL, Loydell DK. Integrated Silurian chitinozoan and graptolite biostratigraphy of the Banwy River section, Wales. Palaeontology 2001, 44:731-781.
40. Mullins GL, Loydell DK. Integrated lower Silurian chitinozoan and graptolite biostratigraphy of Buttington Brick Pit, Wales. Geological Magazine 2002, 139:89-96.
41. Nestor H, Nestor V. Upper Llandovery to middle Wenlock (Silurian) lithostratigraphy and chitinozoan biostratigraphy in southwestern Estonia and northernmost Latvia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 2002, 51:67-87.
42. Nestor V. Early Silurian chitinozoans in Estonia and North Latvia. Academia 1994, 4:1-163.
43. Nestor V, Põldvere A. Silurian chitinozoans. Ruhnu (500) Drill core: Estonian Geological Sections 2003, 5:13-14. (ed.), Geological Survey of Estonia, Tallinn
44. Nestor V. Chitinozoans of the Margachitina margaritana Biozone and the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary in West Estonian drill cores. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 2005, 54:87-111.
45. Nestor V, Einasto R, Loydell DK. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy and lithological characteristics of the Lower and Upper Visby boundary Beds in the Ireviken 3 section, Northwest Gotland. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 2002, 51:215-226.
46. Orville PM. Unit cell parameters of the microcline - low-albite and the sanidine high albite solid solution series. American Mineralogist 1967, 52:55-86.
47. Pearce RB. The geochemistry of Llandovery and Wenlock age K-bentonites in the Southern Uplands. Scottish Journal of Geology 1995, 31:23-28.
48. Põldvere A. Ruhnu (500) drill core, Estonian Geological Sections. Geological Survey of Estonia Bulletin 2003, 5:76. (ed.)
49. Scotese CR. 2002, http://www.scotese.com, (PALEOMAP website)
50. Soufiane A, Achab A. Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian chitinozoans from central Nevada and Arctic Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2000, 113:165-187.
51. Spjeldnæs N. Silurian bentonites from Gotland, Sweden. GFF 1959, 81:582-587.
52. Vandenbroucke T, Verniers J, Clarkson ENK. A chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian strata of the Girvan area, Midland Valley, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 2003, 93:111-134.
53. Verniers J. Calibration of Chitinozoa versus graptolite biozonation in the Wenlock of Builth Wells district (Wales, U.K.), compared with other areas in Avalonia and Baltica. Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 1999, 38:359-380.
54. Verniers J, Nestor V, Paris F, Dufka P, Sutherland S, Van Grootel G. A global Chitinozoa biozonation for the Silurian. Geological Magazine 1995, 132:651-666.