Sample Preparation for Drug Discovery Bioanalysis

Integrated Strategies for Drug Discovery Using Mass Spectrometry

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 477-510

  Wells, David A ^a  

^a Sample Prep Solutions Co   (United States)

Author keywords

Automation; Bioanalysis; Extraction; Filtration; High throughput; Liquid liquid extraction; On line; Protein precipitation; Restricted access materials; Sample preparation; Solid phase extraction; Solid supported liquid liquid extraction; Turbulent flow chromatography

Indexed keywords

EID: 75149165320     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0471721034.ch17     Document Type: Chapter

References (121)

1. Kataoka, H.; Lord, H. "Sampling and Sample Preparation for Clinical and Pharmaceutical Analysis," in: Pawliszyn, J. ed., Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory: Fundamentals and New Directions in Sample Preparation, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Chapter 23, 779-836 (2002).
2. Blanchard, J. "Evaluation of the Relative Efficacy of Various Techniques for Deproteinizing Plasma Samples Prior to High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis," J. Chromatogr. 226, 455-460 (1981).
3. Bonfiglio, R.; King, R.C.; Olah, T.V.; Merkle, K. "The Effects of Sample Preparation Methods on the Variability of the Electrospray Ionization Response for Model Drug Compounds," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13(12), 1175-1185 (1999).
4. King, R.; Bonfiglio, R.; Fernandez-Metzler, C.; Miller-Stein, C.; Olah, T. "Mechanistic Investigation of Ionization Suppression in Electrospray Ionization," J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 11, 942-950 (2000).
5. Constanzer, M.; Chavez-Eng, C.; Matuszewski, B. "Determination of a Thermally Labile Metabolite of a Novel Growth Hormone Secretagogue in Human and Dog Plasma by Liquid Chromatography with Ion Spray Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection," J. Chromatogr. B 760, 45-53 (2001).
6. Matuszewski, B.K.; Costanzer, M.L.; Chavez-Eng, C.M. "Matrix Effect in Quantitative LC/MS/MS Analyses of Biological Fluids: A Method for Determination of Finasteride in Human Plasma at Picogram Per Milliliter Concentration," Anal. Chem. 70, 882-889 (1998).
7. Fu, I.; Woolf, E.J.; Matuszewski, B.K. "Effect of the Sample Matrix on the Determination of Indinavir in Human Urine by HPLC with Turbo Ion Spray Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 18, 347-357 (1998).
8. Buhrman, D.L.; Price, P.I.; Rudewicz, P.J., "Quantitation of SR 27417 in Human Plasma using Electrospray Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Study of Ion Suppression," J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 7, 1099-1105 (1996).
9. Jemal, M.; Xia, Y.-Q. "The Need for Adequate Chromatographic Separation in the Quantitative Determination of Drugs in Biological Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13(2), 97-106 (1999).
10. Miller-Stein, C.; Bonfiglio, R.; Olah, T.V.; King, R.C. "Rapid Method Development of Quantitative LC-MS/MS Assays for Drug Discovery," Am. Pharm. Rev. 3(3), 54-61 (2000).
11. Zheng, J.J.; Lynch, E.D.; Unger, S.E. "Comparison of SPE and Fast LC to Eliminate Mass Spectrometric Matrix Effects from Microsomal Incubation Products," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28(2), 279-285 (2002).
12. Mei, H.; Hsieh, Y.; Nardo, C.; Xu, X.; Wang, S.; Ng K.; Korfmacher, W.A. "Investigation of Matrix Effects in Bioanalytical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Assays: Application to Drug Discovery," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17(1), 97-103 (2004).
13. Korfmacher, W.A.; Cox, K.A.; Bryant, M.S.; Veals, J.; Ng, K.; Watkins, R.; Lin, C.-C. "HPLC-API/MS/MS: A Powerful Tool for Integrating Drug Metabolism into the Drug Discovery Process," Drug Disc. Today 2(12), 532-537 (1997).
14. Hsieh, Y.; Bryant, M.S.; Brisson, J.-M.; Ng, K.; Korfmacher, W.A. "Direct Cocktail Analysis of Drug Discovery Compounds in Pooled Plasma Samples using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. B 767(2), 353-362 (2002).
15. Watt, A.P.; Morrison, D.; Locker, K.L.; Evans, D.C. "Higher Throughput Bioanalysis by Automation of a Protein Precipitation Assay using a 96-Well Format with Detection by LC-MS/MS," Anal. Chem. 72, 979-984 (2000).
16. Berna, M.; Murphy, A.T.; Wilken, B.; Ackermann, B. "Collection, Storage and Filtration of In Vivo Study Samples using 96-Well Filter Plates to Facilitate Automated Sample Preparation and LC/MS/MS Analysis," Anal. Chem. 74, 1197-1201 (2002).
17. Murphy, A.T.; Berna, M.J.; Holsapple, J.L.; Ackermann, B.L. "Effects of Flow Rate on High-Throughput Quantitative Analysis of Protein-Precipitated Plasma using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 537-543 (2002).
18. Locker, K.L.; Morrison, D.; Watt, A.P. "Quantitative Determination for L-775,606, a Selective 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1D Agonist, in Rat Plasma using Automated Sample Preparation and Detection by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. B 750(1), 13-23 (2001).
19. Bakhtiar, R.; Lohne, J.; Ramos, L.; Khemani, L.; Hayes, M.; Tse, F. "High-Throughput Quantification of the Anti-Leukemia Drug STI571 (GleevecTM) and its Main Metabolite (CGP 74588) in Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. B 768, 325-340 (2002).
20. Sadagopan, N.; Cohen, L.; Roberts, B.; Collard, W.; Omer, C. "Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Cyclophosphamide and its Hydroxy Metabolite in Plasma and Tissue for Determination of Tissue Distribution," J. Chromatogr. B 759, 277-284 (2001).
21. Shou, W.Z.; Bu, H.-Z.; Addison, T.; Jiang, X.; Naidong, W. "Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatographic Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) Method for the Determination of Ribavarin in Human Plasma and Serum," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 29(1-2), 83-94 (2002).
22. Ramos, L.; Brignol, N.; Bakhtiar, R.; Ray, T.; McMahon, L.M.; Tse, F.L.S. "High-Throughput Approaches to the Quantitative Analysis of Ketoconazole, a Potent Inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 3A4, in Human Plasma," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14(23), 2282-2293 (2000).
23. Biddlecombe, R.A.; Pleasance, S. "Automated Protein Precipitation by Filtration in the 96-Well Format," J. Chromatogr. B 734, 257-265 (1999).
24. De Nardi, C.; Braggio, S.; Ferrari, L.; Fontana, S. "Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Determination of Sanfetrinem in Human Plasma," J. Chromatogr. B 762, 193-201 (2001).
25. Walter, R.E.; Cramer, J.A; Tse, F.L.S. "Comparison of Manual Protein Precipitation (PPT) versus a New Small Volume PPT 96-Well Filter Plate to Decrease Sample Preparation Time," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25, 331-337 (2001).
26. Rouan, M.C.; Buffet, C.; Masson, L.; Marfil, F.; Humbert, H.; Maurer, G. "Practice of Solid-Phase Extraction and Protein Precipitation in the 96-Well Format Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet for the Analysis of Drugs in Plasma and Brain," J. Chromatogr. B 754, 45-55 (2001).
27. Rouan, M.C.; Buffet, C.; Marfil, F.; Humbert, H.; Maurer, G. "Plasma Deproteinization by Precipitation and Filtration in the 96-Well Format," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25, 995-1000 (2001).
28. Mazenko, R.S.; Skarbek, A.; Woolf, E.J.; Simpson, R.C.; Matuszewski, B. "Sample Preparation via Solid Phase Extraction in the 96-Well Form for HPLC/UV Detection-Based Biofluid Assays. Application to the Determination of a Novel Cyclooxygenase II Inhibitor in Human Plasma and Urine," J. Liq. Chrom. 24(17), 2601-2614 (2001).
29. Nicholson, J.K.; Connelly, J.; Lindon, J.C.; Holmes, E. "Metabonomics: A Platform for Studying Drug Toxicity and Gene Function," Nature Rev. 1, 153-161 (2002).
30. Palmer, D.S.; Rosborough, D.; Perkins, H.; Bolton, T.; Rock, G.; Ganz, P.R. "Characterization of Factors Affecting the Stability of Frozen Heparinized Plasma," Vox Sang 65(4), 258-270 (1993).
31. McCauley-Myers, D.L.; Eichhold, T.H.; Bailey, R.E.; Dobrozsi, D.J.; Best, K.J.; Hayes II, J.W.; Hoke II, S.H. "Rapid Bioanalytical Determination of Dextromethorphan in Canine Plasma by Dilute-and-Shoot Preparation Combined with One Minute per Sample LC-MS/MS Analysis to Optimize Formulations for Drug Delivery," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 23, 825-835 (2000).
32. Zhang, N.; Hoffman, K.L.; Li, W.; Rossi, D.T. "Semi-Automated 96-Well Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Quantitation of Drugs in Biological Fluids," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 22, 131-138 (2000).
33. Ke, J.; Yancey, M.; Zhang, S.; Lowes, S.; Henion, J. "Quantitative Liquid Chromatographic-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Reserpine in FVB/N Mouse Plasma using a "Chelating" Agent (Disodium EDTA) for Releasing Protein-Bound Analytes during 96-Well Liquid/Liquid Extraction," J. Chromatogr. B 742, 369-380 (2000).
34. Ramos, L.; Bakhtiar, R.; Tse, F.L.S. "Liquid-Liquid Extraction using 96-Well Plate Format in Conjunction with Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Determination of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) in Human Plasma," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14(9), 740-745 (2000).
35. Jemal, M.; Teitz, D.; Ouyang, Z.; Khan, S. "Comparison of Plasma Sample Purification by Manual Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Automated 96-Well Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Automated 96-Well Solid Phase Extraction for Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. B 732, 501-508 (1999).
36. Hoke II, S.H.; Tomlinson II, J.A.; Bolden, R.D.; Morand, K.L.; Pinkston, J.D.; Wehmeyer, K.R. "Increasing Bioanalytical Throughput using pcSFC-MS/MS: 10 Minutes per 96-Well Plate," Anal. Chem. 73, 3083-3088 (2001).
37. Zweigenbaum, J.; Heinig, K.; Steinborner, S.; Wachs, T.; Henion, J. "High-Throughput Bioanalytical LC/MS/MS Determination of Benzodiazepines in Human Urine: 1000 Samples per 12 Hours," Anal. Chem. 71, 2294-2300 (1999).
38. Zweigenbaum, J.; Henion, J. "Bioanalytical High-Throughput Selected Reaction Monitoring-LC/MS Determination of Selected Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Human Plasma: 2000 Samples/Day," Anal. Chem. 72, 2446-2454 (2000).
39. Onorato, J.M.; Henion, J.D.; Lefebvre, P.M.; Kiplinger, J.P. "Selected Reaction Monitoring LC-MS Determination of Idoxifene and Its Pyrrolidinone Metabolite in Human Plasma using Robotic High-Throughput, Sequential Sample Injection," Anal. Chem. 73, 119-125 (2001).
40. Shen, Z.; Wang, S.; Bakhtiar, R. "Enantiomeric Separation and Quantification of Fluoxetine (Prozac) in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction in 96-Well Plate Format," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 332-338 (2002).
41. Brignol, N.; McMahon, L.M.; Luo, S.; Tse, F.L.S. "High-Throughput Semi-Automated 96-Well Liquid/Liquid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Everolimus and Cyclosporin A in Whole Blood," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15, 898-907 (2001).
42. Bolden, R.D.; Hoke II, S.H.; Eichhold, T.H.; McCauley-Myers, D.L.; Wehmeyer, K.R. "Semi-Automated Liquid-Liquid Back-Extraction in a 96-Well Format to Decrease Sample Preparation Time for the Determination of Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan in Human Plasma," J. Chromatogr. B 772(1), 1-10 (2002).
43. Steinborner, S.; Henion, J. "Liquid-Liquid Extraction in the 96-Well Plate Format with SRM LC/MS Quantitative Determination of Methotrexate and Its Major Metabolite in Human Plasma," Anal. Chem. 71, 2340-2345 (1999).
44. Susanto, F.; Humfeld, S.; Reinauer, H. "A Simple High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Mexiletine in Human Plasma at Therapeutic Levels," Chromatographia 21, 41-43 (1986).
45. Plomp, T.A.; Engels, M.; Robles de Medina, E.O.; Maes, R.A. "Simultaneous Determination of Amiodarone and its Major Metabolite Desethylamiodarone in Plasma, Urine and Tissues by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography," J. Chromatogr. 273, 379-392 (1983).
46. Wesley, J.F.; Lasky, F.D. "Simultaneous Analysis of Antiarrhythmic Drugs and Metabolites by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Interference Studies and Comparisons with other Methods," Clin. Biochem. 15(6), 284-290 (1982).
47. Ruud-Christensen, M. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of (R)-and (S)-Proxyphylline in Human Plasma," J. Chromatogr. 491, 355-366 (1989).
48. Van deWiele, M.; DeWasch, K.; Vercammen, J.; Courtheyn, D.; De Brabander, H.; Impens, S. "Determination of 16B-Hydroxystanozolol in Urine and Feces by Liquid Chromatography-Multiple Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. A 904, 203-209 (2000).
49. Bendriss, E.; Markoglou, N.; Wainer, I.W. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay for Simultaneous Determination of Dextromethorphan and Its Main Metabolites in Urine and in Microsomal Preparations," J. Chromatogr. B 754, 209-215 (2001).
50. Zhao, J.J.; Xie, I.H.; Yang, A.Y.; Roadcap, B.A.; Rogers, J.D. "Quantitation of Simvastatin and its β-Hydroxy Acid in Human Plasma by Liquid-Liquid Cartridge Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Mass Spectrom. 35, 1133-1143 (2000).
51. Peng, S.X.; Henson, C.; Strojnowski, M.J.; Golebiowski, A.; Klopfenstein, S.R. "Automated High-Throughput Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Initial Purification of Combinatorial Libraries," Anal. Chem. 72, 261-266 (2000).
52. Peng, S.X.; Branch, T.M.; King, S.L. "Fully Automated 96-Well Liquid-Liquid Extraction for Analysis of Biological Samples by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 73, 708-714 (2001).
53. Wang, A.Q.; Fisher, A.L.; Hsieh, J.; Cairns, A.M.; Rogers, J.D.; Musson, D.G. "Determination of a β 3-Agonist in Human Plasma by LC/MS/MS with Semi-Automated 48-Well Diatomaceous Earth Plate," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 26, 357-365 (2001).
54. Wells, D.A. High Throughput Bioanalytical Sample Preparation: Methods and Automation Strategies, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (2003).
55. Hennion, M.-C. "Solid-Phase Extraction: Method Development, Sorbents and Coupling with Liquid Chromatography," J. Chromatogr. A 856, 3-54 (1999).
56. Hennion, M.-C.; Cau-Dit-Coumes, C.; Pichon, V. "Trace Analysis of Polar Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Samples Tools for the Rapid Prediction and Optimisation of the Solid-Phase Extraction Parameters," J. Chromatogr. A 823(1-2), 147-161 (1998).
57. Bouvier, E.S.P.; Iraneta, P.C.; Neue, U.D.; McDonald, P.D.; Phillips, D.J.; Capparella, M.; Cheng, Y.-F. "Polymeric Reversed-Phase SPE Sorbents-Characterization of a Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balanced SPE Sorbent," LC-GC 16(Supplement), S53-S57 (1998).
58. Bouvier, E.S.P.; Martin, D.M.; Iraneta, P.C.; Capparella, M.; Cheng, Y.-F.; Phillips, D.J. "A Novel Polymeric Reversed-Phase Sorbent for SPE," LC-GC 15(2), 152-158 (1997).
59. Gilar, M.; Bouvier, E.S.P.; Compton, B.J. "Advances in Sample Preparation in Electromigration, Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Separation Methods," J. Chromatogr. A 909, 111-135 (2001).
60. Huck, C.W.; Bonn, G.K. "Recent Developments in Polymer-Based Sorbents for Solid-Phase Extraction," J. Chromatogr. A 885, 51-72 (2000).
61. Oertel, R.; Richter, K.; Fauler, J.; Kirch, W. "Increasing Sample Throughput in Pharmacological Studies by using Dual-Column Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. A 948, 187-192 (2002).
62. Millership, J.S.; Hare, L.G.; Farry, M.; Collier, P.S.; McElnay, J.C.; Shields, M.D.; Carson, D.J. "The Use of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balanced (HLB) Copolymer SPE Cartridges for the Extraction of Diclofenac from Small Volume Pediatric Plasma Samples," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25, 871-879 (2001).
63. Wu, J.-T.; Zeng, H.; Deng, Y.; Unger, S.E. "High-Speed Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry using a Monolithic Column for High-Throughput Bioanalysis," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15, 1113-1119 (2001).
64. Zimmer, D.; Pickard, V.; Czembor, W.; Müller, C. "Comparison of Turbulent Flow Chromatography with Automated Solid-Phase Extraction in 96-Well Plates and Liquid-Liquid Extraction used as Plasma Separation Techniques for Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Chromatogr. A 854, 23-35 (1999).
65. Wu, J.-T.; Zeng, H.; Qian, M.; Brogdon, B.L.; Unger, S.E. "Direct Plasma Sample Injection in Multiple-Component LC-MS-MS Assays for High-Throughput Pharmacokinetic Screening," Anal. Chem. 72, 61-67 (2000).
66. Ayrton, J.; Dear, G.J.; Leavens, W.J.; Mallet, D.N.; Plumb, R.S. "Use of Generic Fast Gradient Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy in Quantitative Bioanalysis," J. Chromatogr. B 709, 243-254 (1998).
67. King, R.C.; Miller-Stein, C.; Magiera, D.J.; Brann, J. "Description and Validation of a Staggered Parallel High Performance Liquid Chromatography System for Good Laboratory Practice Level Quantitative Analysis by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 43-52 (2002).
68. Deng, Y.; Wu, J.-T.; Lloyd, T.L.; Chi, C.L.; Olah, T.V.; Unger, S.E. "High-Speed Gradient Parallel Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Fully Automated Sample Preparation for Bioanalysis: 30 Seconds per Sample from Plasma," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 1116-1123 (2002).
69. Joyce, K.B.; Jones, A.E.; Scott, R.J.; Biddlecombe, R.A.; Pleasance, S. "Determination of the Enantiomers of Salbutamol and its 4-O-Sulphate Metabolites in Biological Matrices by Chiral Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12(23), 1899-1910 (1998).
70. Yin, H.; Racha, J.; Li, S.-Y.; Olejnik, N.; Satoh, H.; Moore, D. "Automated High Throughput Human CYP Isoform Activity Assay using SPE-LC/MS Method: Application in CYP Inhibition Evaluation," Xenobiotica 30(2), 141-154 (2000).
71. Cheng, Y.-F.; Neue, U.D.; Bean, L. "Straightforward Solid-Phase Extraction Method for the Determination of Verapamil and its Metabolite in Plasma in a 96-Well Extraction Plate," J. Chromatogr. A 828(1-2), 273-281 (1998).
72. Rose, M.J.; Merschman, S.A.; Eisenhandler, R.; Woolf, E.J.; Yeh, K.C.; Lin, L.; Fang, W.; Hsieh, J.; Braun, M.P.; Gatto, G.J.; Matuszewski, B.K. "High-Throughput Simultaneous Determination of the HIV Protease Inhibitors Indinavir and L-756423 in Human Plasma Using Semi-Automated 96-Well Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 24(2), 291-305 (2000).
73. Simpson, R.C.; Skarbek, A.; Matuszewski, B.K. "Quantitative Determination of a Selective Alpha-1a Receptor Antagonist in Human Plasma by HPLC with MS-MS," J. Chromatogr. B 775(2), 133-142 (2002).
74. Eerkes, A.; Addison, T.; Naidong, W. "Simultaneous Assay of Sildenafil and Desmethylsildenafil in Human Plasma using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry on Silica Column with Aqueous-Organic Mobile Phase," J. Chromatogr. B 768(2), 277-284 (2002).
75. Naidong, W.; Bu, H.; Chen, Y.-L.; Shou, W.Z.; Jiang, X.; Halls, T.D.J. "Simultaneous Development of Six LC/MS/MS Methods for the Determination of Multiple Analytes in Human Plasma," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28(6), 1115-1126 (2002).
76. Shou, W.Z.; Jiang, X.; Beato, B.D.; Naidong, W. "A Highly Automated 96-Well Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Fentanyl in Human Plasma," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15(7), 466-476 (2001).
77. Chen, Y.-L.; Hanson, G.D.; Jiang, X.; Naidong, W. "Simultaneous Determination of Hydrocodone and Hydromorphone in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection," J. Chromatogr. B 769, 55-64 (2002).
78. Lensmeyer, G. "Solid-Phase Extraction Disks: Second-Generation Technology for Drug Extractions," in Wong, S.; Sunshine, I. eds., Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 137-148 (1997).
79. Wells, D.A.; Lensmeyer, G.L.; Wiebe, D.A. "Particle-Loaded Membranes as an Alternative to Traditional Packed-Column Sorbents for Drug Extraction: In-Depth Comparative Study," J. Chrom. Sci. 33, 386-392 (1995).
80. Plumb, R.S.; Gray, R.D.M.; Jones, C.M. "Use of Reduced Sorbent Bed and Disk Membrane Solid-Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Biological Fluids, with Application in the 96-Well Format," J. Chromatogr. B 694, 123-133 (1997).
81. Mallet, C.R.; Lu, Z.; Fisk, R.; Mazzeo, J.R.; Neue, U.D. "Performance of an Ultra-Low Elution-Volume 96-Well Plate: Drug Discovery and Development Applications," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17, 163-170 (2003).
82. Wells, D.A. "96-Well Plate Products for Solid-Phase Extraction," LC/GC North America, 17(7), 600-610 (1999).
83. Wells, D.A. "Accessory Products for Solid-Phase Extraction Using 96-Well Plates," LC/GC North America, 17(9), 808-822 (1999).
84. Janiszewski, J.S.; Swyden, M.C.; Fouda, H.G. "High-Throughput Method Development Approaches for Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry," J. Chrom. Sci. 38, 255-258 (2000).
85. Jemal, M.; Huang, M.; Mao, Y.; Whigan, D.; Schuster, A. "Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitation of Fosinoprilat in Human Serum using Automated 96-Well Solid-Phase Extraction for Sample Preparation," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14(12), 1023-1028 (2000).
86. Rule, G.; Henion, J. "High-Throughput Sample Preparation and Analysis Using 96-Well Membrane Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Steroids in Human Urine," J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10, 1322-1327 (1999).
87. Janiszewski, J.; Schneider, R.P.; Hoffmaster, K.; Swyden, M.;Wells, D.; Fouda, H. "Automated Sample Preparation Using Membrane Microtiter Extraction for Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 11(9), 1033-1037 (1997).
88. Simpson, H.; Berthemy, A.; Buhrman, D.; Burton, R.; Newton, J.; Kealy, M.; Wells, D.; Wu, D. "High Throughput Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Bioanalysis Using 96-Well Disk Solid Phase Extraction Plate for the Sample Preparation," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12(2), 75-82 (1998).
89. Bakhtiar, R.; Khemani, L.; Hayes, M.; Bedman, T.; Tse, F. "Quantification of the Anti-Leukemia Drug STI571 (Gleevec) and its Metabolite (CGP 74588) in Monkey Plasma Using a Semi-Automated Solid Phase Extraction Procedure and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 28, 1183-1194 (2002).
90. Schütze, D.; Boss, B.; Schmid, J. "Liquid Chromatographic-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for the Analysis of a Neurokinin-1 Antagonist and Its Metabolite Using Automated Solid-Phase Sample Preparation and Automated Data Handling and Reporting," J. Chromatogr. B 748, 55-64 (2000).
91. Fraier, D.; Frigerio, E.; Brianceschi, G.; Casati, M.; Benecchi, A.; James, C. "Determination of MAG-Camptothecin, a New Polymer-Bound Camptothecin Derivative, and Free Camptothecin in Dog Plasma by HPLC with Fluorimetric Detection," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 22(3), 505-514 (2000).
92. Rule, G.; Chapple, M.; Henion, J. "A 384-Well Solid-Phase Extraction for LC/MS/MS Determination of Methotrexate and Its 7-Hydroxy Metabolite in Human Urine and Plasma," Anal. Chem. 73, 439-443 (2001).
93. Biddlecombe, R.A.; Benevides, C.; Pleasance, S. "A Clinical Trial on a Plate? The Potential of 384-Well Format Solid Phase Extraction for High-Throughput Bioanalysis Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15(1), 33-40 (2001).
94. Wells, D.A.; Lloyd, T.L. "Automation of Sample Preparation for Pharmaceutical and Clinical Analysis," in Pawliszyn, J., ed., Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory: Fundamentals and New Directions in Sample Preparation, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Chapter 24, 837-868 (2002).
95. Rossi, D.T. "Sample Preparation and Handling for LC/MS in Drug Discovery," in Rossi, D.T.; Sinz, M.W., eds., Mass Spectrometry in Drug Discovery, Dekker, New York (2002).
96. Smith, G.A.; Lloyd, T.L. "Automated Solid-Phase Extraction and Sample Preparation: Finding the Right Solution for your Laboratory," LC-GC North America 16(12), 21-27 (1998).
97. Rossi, D.T.; Zhang, N. "Automating Solid-Phase Extraction: Current Aspects and Future Prospects," J. Chromatogr. A 885(1-2), 97-113 (2000).
98. Hempenius, J.; Steenvoorden, R.J.J.M.; Lagerwerf, F.M.;Wieling, J.; Jonkman, J.H.G. "High-Throughput Solid-Phase Extraction Technology and Turbo Ionspray LC-MS-MS Applied to the Determination of Haloperidol in Human Plasma," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 20, 889-898 (1999).
99. Ooms, J.A.B.;Van Gils, G.J.M.; Duinkerken, A.R.; Halmingh, O. "Development and Validation of Protocols for Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to LC and LCMS," Amer. Lab 32, 52-57 (2000).
100. McLoughlin, D.A.; Olah, T.V.; Gilbert, J.D. "A Direct Technique for the Simultaneous Determination of 10 Drug Candidates in Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Interfaced to a Prospekt Solid-Phase Extraction System," J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 15, 1893-1901 (1997).
101. Beaudry, F.; Le Blanc, J.C.Y.; Coutu, M.; Brown, N.K. "InVivo Pharmacokinetic Screening in Cassette Dosing Experiments: The Use of On-Line Prospekt Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technology in Drug Discovery," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12(17), 1216-1222 (1998).
102. Marchese, A.; McHugh, C.; Kehler, J.; Bi, H. "Determination of Pranlukast and Its Metabolites in Human Plasma by LC/MS/MS with Prospekt On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction," J. Mass Spectrom. 33, 1071-1079 (1998).
103. Hsieh, J.Y.-K.; Lin, L.; Matuszewski, B.K. "High-Throughput Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Rofecoxib in Human Plasma Using a Fully Automated On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction System," J. Liquid Chrom. Rel. Technol. 24(6), 799-812 (2001).
104. Sola, J.; Prunonosa, J.; Colom, H.; Peraire, C.; Obach, R. "Determination of Ketorolac in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography after Automated On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction," J. Liquid Chrom. Rel. Technol. 19(1), 89-99 (1996).
105. Kurita, A.; Kaneda, N. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Camptothecin Derivative Irinotecan Hydrochloride, CPT-11, and Its Metabolites SN-38 and SN-38 Glucuronide in Rat Plasma," J. Chromatogr. B 724(2), 335-344 (1999).
106. Koster, E.; Ooms, B. "Recent Developments in On-Line SPE for HPLC and LC-MS in Bioanalysis," LC-GC Europe 14(12), 55-57 (2001).
107. Jemal, M.; Ouyang, Z.; Xia, Y.-Q.; Powell, M.L. "A Versatile System of High-Flow High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Direct-Injection Analysis of Plasma Samples for Quantitation of a β-Lactam Drug Candidate and its Open Ring Biotransformation Product," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13(14), 1462-1471 (1999).
108. Svennberg, H.; Lagerstrom, P.-O. "Evaluation of an On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Method for Determination of Almokalant, an Antiarrhythmic Drug, by Liquid Chromatography," J. Chromatogr. B 689(2), 371-377 (1997).
109. Crescenzi, C.; Bayoudh, S.; Cormack, P.A.G.; Klein, T.; Ensing, K. "Determination of Clenbuterol in Bovine Liver by Combining Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ion Trap Multiple-Stage Mass Spectrometry," Analyst 125(9), 1515-1517 (2000).
110. Yritia, M.; Parra, P.; Iglesias, E.; Barbanoj, J.M. "Quantitation of Nifedipine in Human Plasma by On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography," J. Chromatogr. A 870, 115-119 (2000).
111. Hedenmo, M.; Eriksson, B.-M. "Liquid Chromatographic Determination of the Macrolide Antibiotics Roxithromycin and Clarithromycin in Plasma by Automated Solid-Phase Extraction and Electrochemical Detection," J. Chromatogr. A 692(1-2), 161-166 (1995).
112. Herman, J.L. "Generic Method for On-Line Extraction of Drug Substances in the Presence of Biological Matrices using Turbulent Flow Chromatography," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 421-426 (2002).
113. Grant, R.P.; Cameron, C.; Mackenzie-McMurter, S. "Generic Serial and Parallel On-Line Direct-Injection Using Turbulent Flow Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16, 1785-1792 (2002).
114. Jemal, M.; Xia, Y.-Q.; Whigan, D.B. "The Use of High-Flow High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Positive and Negative Ion Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Bioanalysis via Direct Injection of the Plasma Serum Samples," Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 12(19), 1389-1399 (1998).
115. Lim, H.K.; Chan, K.W.; Sisenwine, S.; Scatina, J.A. "Simultaneous Screen for Microsomal Stability and Metabolite Profile by Direct Injection Turbulent-Laminar Flow LC-LC and Automated Tandem Mass Spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 73(9), 2140-2146 (2001).
116. Schafer, C.; Lubda, D. "Alkyl Diol Silica: Restricted Access Pre-Column Packings for Fast Liquid Chromatography-Integrated Sample Preparation of Biological Fluids," J. Chromatogr. A 909, 73-78 (2001).
117. Boos, K.-S.; Rudolphi, A. "The Use of Restricted Access Media in HPLC. Part I-Classification and Review," LC-GC 15(7), 602-611 (1997).
118. Rudolphi, A.; Boos, K.-S. "The Use of Restricted Access Media in HPLC. Part II-Applications," LC-GC 15(9), 814-823 (1997).
119. Gundersen, T.E.; Blomhoff, R. "Qualitative and Quantitative Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Natural Retinoids in Biological Samples," J. Chromatogr. A 935, 13-43 (2001).
120. Majors, R.E. "New Chromatography Columns and Accessories at the 2002 Pittsburgh Conference, Part II," LC-GC 20(4), 332-344 (2002).
121. Yu, C.; Cohen, L.H. "Tissue Sample Preparation-Not the Same Old Grind," LC/GC Europe 17(2), 2-6 (2004).