Trends in reef fish population and associated fishery after three millennia of resource utilization and a century of socio-economic changes in American Samoa

Reviews in Fisheries Science

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 318-335

  Sabater, Marlowe G ^a   Carroll, Benjamin P ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (American Samoa)

Author keywords

Boat based fishery; Catch landing; Fishing effort; Population density; Reef fish abundance; Shoreline fishery

Indexed keywords

ANTHOZOA;

EID: 74949123502     PISSN: 10641262     EISSN: 15476553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10641260802702872     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adams, A. J., and J. P. Ebersole. Use of back-reef and lagoon habitats by coral reef fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog, Ser., 228: 213-226 (2002).
2. Allen, G. R. Damselfishes of the World. Melle, Germany: Mergus Publishers (1991).
3. Allen, M. S. Temporal variation in Polynesian fishing strategies: The Southern Cook Islands in regional perspective. Asian Perspect., 31: 183-204 (1992).
4. Allen, M. S. Resolving long-term change in Polynesian marine fisheries. Asian Perspect., 41: 195-212 (2002).
5. Amesbury, J. R. Mollusk collecting and environmental change during the Prehistoric Period in the Mariana Islands. Coral Reefs, 26: 947-958 (2007).
6. ASDOC (American Samoa Department of Commerce). American Samoa Statistical Yearbook 2006. American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, American Samoa (2006).
7. Ault, J. S., J. A. Bohnsack, and G. A. Meester. A retrospective (1979-1996) multi-species assessment of coral reef fish stocks in the Florida Keys. Fish. Bull., 96: 395-414 (1998).
8. Ault, J. S., S. G. Smith, and J. A. Bohnsack. Evaluation of average length as an estimator of exploitation status for the Florida coralreef fish community. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 62: 417-423 (2005).
9. Ault, J. S., S. G. Smith, J. A. Bohnsack, J. Luo, D. E. Harper, and D. B. McClellan. Building sustainable fisheries in Florida's coral reef ecosystem: Positive signs in the Dry Tortugas. Bull. Mar. Sci., 78: 633-654 (2006).
10. Belk, M. S. Habitat partitioning in two tropical reef fishes, Pomacentrus lividus and P. albofasciatus. Copeia, 4: 603-607 (1975).
11. Birkeland, C. E., A. L. Green, C. Mundy, and K. Miller. Long-term Monitoring of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Tutuila Island (American Samoa) 1985 to 2001: Summary of Surveys Conducted in 1998 and 2001. Report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce, 158 pp. (2004).
12. Birkeland, C. E., R. H. Randall, and S. Amesbury. Coral and Reef-fish Assessment of the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce, 126 pp. (1994).
13. Birkeland, C.E., R. H. Randall, A. L. Green, B. D. Smith, and S. Wilkins. Changes in the Coral Reef Communities of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Tutuila Island (American Samoa) Over the Last Two Decades. Report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 223 pp. (1996).
14. Birkeland, C. E., R. H. Randall, A. L. Green, B. D. Smith, and S. Wilkins. Changes in the Coral Reef Communities of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Tutuila Island (American Samoa), 1982-1995. Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary Science Series No. 2003-1, American Samoa (2003).
15. Birkeland, C. E., R. H. Randall, R. C. Wass, B. D. Smith, and S. Wilkins. Biological Resources Assessment of the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA Technical Memorandum Series NOS/MEMD No. 3, 232 pp. (1987).
16. Brainard, R., J. Asher, J. Gove, J. Helyer, J. Kenyon, F. Mancini, J. Miller, S. Myhre, M. Nadon, J. Rooney, R. Schroeder, E. Smith, B. Vargas-Angel, S. Vogt, P. Vroom, S. Balwani, S. Ferguson, R. Hoeke, M. Lammers, E. Lundblad, J. Maragos, R. Moffitt, M. Timmers, and O. Vetter. Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Report for American Samoa: 2002-2006. Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, NOAA Special Report NMFS PIFSC, 504 pp. (2008).
17. Brookins, K. American Samoa coral reef fishery. In: Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council Briefing Agenda (133rd Meeting of the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, June 12-15, 2006). WPRFMC, Honolulu, HI, 2 pp. (2006).
18. Clarke, K. R. and R. M. Warwick. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, 1st ed. Plymouth, UK: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 144 pp. (2001).
19. Clarke, K. R. and R. N. Gorley. PRIMER v5: User manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, UK (2001).
20. Coutures, E. The Shoreline Fishery of American Samoa: Analysis of 1-Year Data and Implementation of a New Sampling Protocol. Biological Report Series No. 102. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa, 22 pp. (2003).
21. Craig, P. C.Are tropical near-shore fisheries manageable in view of pro-jected population increase? Proceedings of the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency Regional Inshore Management Workshop, New Caledonia, June 26-July 7, 1995 (1995).
22. Craig, P. C., and A. L. Green. Overfished coral reefs in American Samoa: No quick fix. Reef Encounter, 33: 21-22 (2005)
23. Craig, P. C., A. L. Green, and F. Tuilagi. Subsistence harvest of coral reef resources in the outer islands of American Samoa: Modern, historic, and prehistoric catches. Fish. Res., 89: 230-240 (2008).
24. Craig, P. C., A. L. Green, and S. Saucerman. Coral reef troubles in American Samoa. S. Pac. Commission Newsletter, 72: 33-34 (1995).
25. Craig, P. C., B. Ponwith, F. Aitaoto, and D. Hamm. The commercial, subsistence, and recreational fisheries of American Samoa. Mar. Fish. Rev., 55: 109-116 (1993).
26. Craig, P. C., G. DiDonato, D. Fenner, and C. Hawkins. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of American Samoa. In: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely As-sociated States: 2005 (J. Waddell, Ed., pp. 312-337). Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 11. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessments Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD (2005).
27. Craig, P. C., J. H. Choat, L. M. Axe, and S. Saucerman. Population biology and harvest of the coral reef surgeonfish Acanthurus lineatus in American Samoa. Fish. Bull., 95: 680-693 (1997).
28. Dalzell, P. D. The role of archaeological and cultural-historical records in long-range coastal fisheries resources management strategies and policies in the Pacific Islands. Ocean Coast. Manage., 40: 237-252 (1998).
29. Dalzell, P. D., T. Adams, and N. Polunin. Coastal fisheries in the Pacific Islands. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 33: 395-531 (1996).
30. Dorenbosch, M., M. C. van Riel, I. Nagelkerken, and G. van der Velde. The relationship of reef fish densities to the proximity of mangrove and seagrass nurseries. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 60: 37-48 (2004).
31. Dorenbosch, M., M. G. G. Grol, I. Nagelkerken, and G. van der Velde. Seagrass beds and mangroves as potential nurseries for the threatened Indo-Pacific humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus and Caribbean rainbow parrotfish, Scarus guacamia. Biol. Conserv., 129: 277-282 (2006).
32. Fenner, D., M. Speicher, S. Gulick, G. Aeby, S. C. Aletto, P. Anderson, B. Carroll, E. DiDonato, G. DiDonato, V. Farmer, J. Gove, P. Houk, E. Lundbland, M. Nadon, F. Riolo, M. Sabater, R. Schroeder, E. Smith, C. Tuitele, A. Tagarino, S. Vaitautolu, E. Vaoli, B. Vargas-Angel, and P. Vroom. The state of coral reef ecosystem of American Samoa. The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of American Samoa. In: The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2005 (J. Waddell, Ed., pp. 307-352). Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessments Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD (2008).
33. Freitas, R. H. A., R. S. Rosa, S. H. Gruber, and B. M. Wetherbee. Early growth and juvenile population structure of lemon sharks Negaprion brevirostris in the Atol das Rocas Biological Reserve off northeast Brazil. J. Fish Biol., 69: 1319-1332 (2006).
34. Friedlander, A. M., and E. E. De Martini. Contrast in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and main Hawaiian islands: The effects of fishing down apex predators. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 230: 252-264 (2002).
35. Governor's Task Force on Population Growth. Impacts of Rapid Pop-ulation Growth in American Samoa: A Call for Action. American Samoa Government, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 30 pp. (2000).
36. Green, A. L. Status of the Coral Reefs of the Samoan Archipelago. Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa (1996).
37. Green, A. L. American Samoa bans destructive SCUBA fishery: The role of monitoring in management. In: Monitoring Coral Reef Ma-rine Protected Areas (C. Wilkinson, A. Green, J. Alamany, and S. Dionne, Eds., pp. 38-39). Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld., Australia (2003).
38. Green, A. L. An Assessment of the Status of the Coral Reef Resources and their Patterns of Use in the U.S. Pacific Islands. Report for the Western Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Council, Honolulu, HI, 254 pp. (1997).
39. Green, A. L. Status of Coral Reefs on the Main Volcanic Islands of American Samoa: A Resurvey of Long-Term Monitoring Sites (Benthic Communities, Fish Communities, and Key Macroinvertebrates). Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 86 pp. (2002).
40. Green, A. L., C. E. Birkeland, and R. H. Randall. Twenty years of disturbance and change in Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, American Samoa. Pac. Sci., 53: 376-400 (1999).
41. Green, A. L., K. Miller, and C. Mundy. Long-term Monitoring of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Tutuila Island, American Samoa:Results of Surveys Conducted in 2004, Including a Resurvey of the Historic Aua Transect. Report to Department of Commerce, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 96 pp. (2005).
42. Hart, J. W. Samoan Culture, revised edition. Pago-Pago, American Samoa: Ati's Print Shop (1996).
43. Hawhee, J. M. Western Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystem Report. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. Honolulu, HI, 77 pp. (2006).
44. Herdrich, D., and K. Armstrong. Historic Fishing Methods in American Samoa. A report submitted to NOAA-Pacific Island Fishery Science Center, Honolulu, HI (2008).
45. Heupel, C. A., and C. A. Simpfendorfer. Quantitative analysis of aggre-gation behavior in juvenile blacktip sharks. Mar. Biol., 147: 1239-1249 (2005).
46. Hiatt, R. W., and D. W. Strasburg. Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the Marshall Islands. Ecol. Monogr., 30: 65-127 (1960).
47. Hobson, E. S., and J. R. Chess. Trophic relationships among fishes and plankton in the lagoon at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Fish. Bull., 76: 133-153 (1978).
48. Holland, K. N., B. M. Wetherbee, J. D. Peterson, and C. G. Lowe. Movements and distribution of hammerhead shark pups on their natal grounds. Copeia, 2: 495-502 (1993).
49. Iose, P. K., and I. McConnaughey. Fishery Resources in Pala Lagoon. Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 29 pp. (1993).
50. Kilarski, S., D. Klaus, J. Lipscomb, K. Matsoukas, R. Newton, and A. Nugent. Decision Support for Coral Reef Fisheries Management: Community Input as a Means of Informing Policy in American Samoa. M.Sc. thesis, The Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. University of California, Santa Barbara, 132 pp. (2006).
51. Kirch, P., and T. Hunt. The Toaga Site: Three Millennia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manua Islands, American Samoa. University of California, Berkeley. No 51, 248 pp. (1993).
52. Kirch, P. V. Niuatoputapu: The Prehistory of a Polynesian Chiefdom. Thomas Burke Memorial, Washington State Museum, Monograph No. 5. (1988).
53. Knowlton, N., and J. B. C. Jackson. Shifting baselines, local impacts, and global climate change on coral reefs. PLoS Biol, 6: 215-221 (2008).
54. Kuiter, R. H., and T. Tonozuka. Pictorial Guide to Indonesian Reef Fishes. Part 2. FusiliersflDragonets, CaesionidaeflCallionymidae. Australia: Zoonetics, pp. 304-622 (2001).
55. Leach, B. F., and M. Intoh. An archaeological fish bone assem-blage from the Vitaria Site, Rurutu, Austral Islands. J. Societie des Oceanistes, 78: 75-77 (1984).
56. Lieske, E., and R. Myers. Coral Reef Fishes: Indo-Pacific and Caribbean including the Red Sea. Harper Collins, London (1994).
57. Lindeman, K. C., R. Pugliese, G. T. Waugh, and J. S. Ault. Developmental patterns within a multispecies reef fishery: Management applications for essential fish habitats and protected areas. Bull. Mar. Sci., 66: 929-956 (2000).
58. Link, J. S. Ecological considerations in Fisheries Management: When does it matter? Fisheries, 27: 10-17 (2002).
59. Masuda, H., and G. R. Allen. Meeresfische der WeltflGroß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle, 528 pp. (1993).
60. McConnaughey, J. The Shoreline Fishery of American Samoa in FY 1992. Biological Report Series No. 41. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa (1993).
61. Morrison, A. E., and D. J. Addison. Assessingtheroleofclimatechange and human predation on marine resources at the Fatumafuti site, Tutuila Island, American Samoa: An agent based model. Archaeol. Ocean., 43: 23-34 (2008).
62. Mumby, P. J., A. J. Edwards, J. E. Arias-Gonzales, K. C. Lindeman, P. G. Blackwell, A. Gall, M. I. Gorczynska, A. R. Harborne, C. L. Pescod, H. Renken, C. C. C. Wabnitz, and G. Llewellyn. Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature, 427: 533-536 (2004).
63. Myers, R. F. Micronesian Reef Fishes, 2nd edition. Barrigada, Guam: Coral Graphics (1991).
64. Nagaoka, L. Chapter 13: Faunal assemblages from the Toaga site. In: The To'aga Site: Three Millennia of Polynesian Occupation in the Manu'a Islands, American Samoa (P. Kirch and T. Hunt, Eds., pp. 189-216). Contributions of the University of California, Berkeley No. 51, 248 pp. (1993).
65. Nagelkerken, I., G. van der Velde, M. W. Gorissen, G. J. Meijer, T. van't Hof, and C. den Hartog. Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds, and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Est. Coast. Shelf. Sci., 51: 31-44 (2000).
66. Newton, K., I. M. Cote, G. M. Pilling, S. Jennings, and N. K. Dulvy. Current and future sustainability of island coral reef fisheries. Curr. Biol., 17: 655-658 (2007).
67. NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS). Atlas of the Shallow Water Benthic Habitats of American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 8, Biogeography Team. Silver Spring, MD, 126 pp. (2005).
68. Page, M. The Biology, Community Structure, Growth and Artisanal Catch of Parrotfishes of American Samoa. Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa, 51 pp. (1998).
69. Pikitch, E. K., D. D. Chapman, E. A. Babcock, and M. S. Shivji. Habitat use and demographic population structure of elasmobranches at a Caribbean atoll (Glovers Reef, Belize). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 302: 187-197 (2005).
70. Ponwith, B. J. The Inshore Fishery of American Samoa: A 12-year Comparison. Biological Report Series No 22. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa, 51 pp. (1991).
71. Ponwith, B. J. The Pala Lagoon Subsistence Fishery. Biological Report Series No. 27. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 28 pp. (1992).
72. Randall, J. E., G. R. Allen, and R. C. Steene. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI, 506 p. (1990).
73. Sabater, M. G., and S. Tofaeono. Spatial Variation in Biomass, Abundance, and Species Composition of Key Reef Species in American Samoa. Biological Report Series No. 2005-1. Department of Ma-rine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 54 pp. (2005).
74. Sabater, M. G. Prehistoric, Historic, and Current Fish Utilization and the Consequence of Human Population Growth on Fish Density, Biomass and Community Composition in American Samoa. Biological Report Series No. 2007-01. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 31 pp. (2007).
75. Sabater, M. G., and S. Tofaeono. Spatial Variation in Biomass, Abun-dance, and Species Composition of Key Reef Species in American Samoa. Revised Edition. Biological Report Series No. 2006-2. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 58 pp. (2006).
76. Sabater, M. G., and S. Tofaeono. Effects of scale and benthic com-position on biomass and trophic group distribution of reef fishes in American Samoa. Pac. Sci., 61: 503-520 (2007).
77. Sano, M., M. Shimizu, Y. Nose. Food Habits of Teleostean Reef Fishes in Okinawa Island, Southern Japan. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, 128 pp. (1984).
78. Saucerman, S. The Inshore Fishery of American Samoa, 1991 to 1994. Biological Report No. 77. Department of Marine and Wildlife Re-sources, Pago Pago, American Samoa, 26 pp. (1995a).
79. Saucerman, S. Assessing the Management Need of a Coral Reef Fishery in Decline. Joint FFA/SPC Workshop on the Management of South Pacific Inshore Fisheries. Noumea, New Caledonia, June 26-July 7, 1995 (1995b).
80. Schaffer, J. R. American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Honolulu, HI: Island Heritage Publishing (2000).
81. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 3rd edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company (1995).
82. StatSoft Inc. STATISTICA (data analysis software), version 8.0. www.statsoft.com (2007).
83. Thresher, R. E., and P. L. Colin. Trophic structure, diversity, and abun-dance of fishes of the deep reef (30-300 m) at Enewetak, Marshall Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci., 38: 253-272 (1986).
84. Tuilagi, F., and A. L. Green. Community Perception of Changes in Coral Reef Fisheries in American Samoa. Joint FFA/SPC workshop on the management of South Pacific Inshore Fisheries. Noumea, New Caledonia, June 26-July 7, 14 pp. (1995).
85. Tupper, M. Identification of nursery habitats for commercially valuable humphead wrasse Cheilinus undulatus and large groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) in Palau. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 332: 189-199 (2007).
86. Ulijaszek, S. J. Modernization and the diet of adults on Rarotonga, the Cook Islands. Ecol. Food Nutr., 41: 203-228 (2002).
87. U.S. Census Bureau. Census of Population. American Samoa Government. Department of Commerce, Pago-Pago, American Samoa (1990).
88. U.S. Census Bureau. Census of Population. American Samoa Government. Department of Commerce, Pago-Pago, American Samoa (2000).
89. Wass, R. C. The shoreline fishery of American Samoa, past and present. In: Marine and Coastal Processes in the Pacific: Ecological As-pects of Coastal Zone Management (J. Munro, Ed., pp. 51-83). Paris: United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (1980).
90. Wass, R. C. Characterization of Inshore Samoan Fish Communities. Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa, 48 pp. (1982).
91. Wass, R. C. An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Samoa. NOAA Technical Report SSRF-781, U.S. Department of Commerce, 43 pp. (1984).
92. Whaylen, L., and D. Fenner. Report of 2005 American Samoa Coral Reef Monitoring Program (ASCRMP). Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa, 40 pp. (2005).
93. WHO (World Health Organization). Diet, food supply, and obesity in the Pacific. Regional Office for the Western Pacific (2003).
94. Yamasaki, G., D. Itano, and R. Davis. A Study of and Recommendations for the Management of the Mangrove and Lagoon Areas of Nu'uuli and Tafuna, American Samoa. Biological Report Series No. 10. Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago-Pago, American Samoa (1985).
95. Zeller, D., S. Booth, P. Craig, D. Pauly. Reconstruction of coral reef fisheries catches in American Samoa, 1950-2002. Coral Reefs 25: 144-152 (2006).
96. Zeller, D., S. Booth, G. Davis, D. Pauly. Re-estimation of small-scale fishery catches for U.S. flag-associated island areas in the Western Pacific: The last 50 years. Fish. Bull., 105: 266-277 (2007)