The late Eocene clinopyroxene-bearing spherule layer: New sites, nature of the strewn field, Ir data, and discovery of coesite and shocked quartz

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 452, Issue , 2009, Pages 37-70

  Liu, Shaobin ^a   Glass, B P ^a   Kyte, Frank T ^b   Bohaty, Steven M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Coesite; Impact spherules; Iridium; Oxygen isotopes; Shocked quartz

Indexed keywords

DEEPWATER DRILLING; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; INFILL DRILLING; IRIDIUM; OCEANOGRAPHY; STRATIGRAPHY;

COESITE; CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; IMPACT SPHERULES; NORTH-EAST INDIAN OCEAN; OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMS; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; SHOCKED QUARTZ;

QUARTZ;

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY; CLINOPYROXENE; COESITE; CONFERENCE PROCEEDING; CRATER; CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY BOUNDARY; DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT; EJECTA; EOCENE; IMPACT STRUCTURE; IRIDIUM; OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; QUARTZ; SPHERULE; TEKTITE;

INDIAN OCEAN; POPIGAI CRATER; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SOUTHERN OCEAN;

SPHERULES;

EID: 74949123026     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2009.2452(04)     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (125)

1. Albin, E., and Wampler, J.M., 1996, New potassium-argon ages for georgiaites and the upper Eocene Dry Branch Formation (Twiggs Clay Member): Inferences about tektite stratigraphic occurrence [abs.]: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Lunar and Planetary Science, v. 27, p. 5-6.
2. Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., Michel, H.V., and Alvarez, L.W., 1982, Iridium anomaly approximately synchronous with terminal Eocene extinction: Science, v. 216, p. 886-888, doi: 10.1126/science.216.4548.886.
3. Berggren, W.A., and Pearson, P.N., 2005, A revised tropical to subtropical Paleo gene planktonic foraminiferal zonation: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 35, p. 279-298, doi: 10.2113/35.4.279. (Pubitemid 43036149)
4. Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., III, and Aubry, M.-P., 1995, A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy, in Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., III, Aubry, M.-P., and Hardenbol, J., eds., Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 54, p. 129-212.
5. Berry, L.G., 1974, Selected Powder Diffraction Data for Minerals-Search Manual: Joint Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Publication DBM-1-123, 832 p.
6. Bice, D., and Montanari, A., 1988, Magnetic stratigraphy of the Massignano section across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, in Premoli Silva, I, Coccioni, R., and Montanari, A., eds., The Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in the Marche- Umbria Basin (Italy): International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Special Publication: Ancona, F. Ili Aniballi Publishers, p. 111-117.
7. Bodiselitsch, B., Montanari, A., Koeberl, C., and Coccioni, R., 2004, Delayed climate cooling in the late Eocene caused by multiple impacts: High resolution geochemical studies at Massignano, Italy: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 223, p. 283-302, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.028. (Pubitemid 38889297)
8. Bohaty, S.M., and Zachos, J.C., 2003, Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the later middle Eocene: Geology, v. 31, p. 1017-1020, doi: 10.1130/G19800.1. (Pubitemid 38000061)
9. Bohor, B.F., and Glass, B.P., 1995, Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules-From Haiti to Wyoming and beyond: Meteoritics, v. 30, p. 182-198.
10. Bottomley, R.J., Grieve, R.A.F., York, D., and Masaitis, V., 1997, The age of the Popigai impact event and its relations to events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary: Nature, v. 388, p. 365-368, doi: 10.1038/41073. (Pubitemid 27334811)
11. Bouma, A.H., and Moore, C.J., 1975, Physical properties of deep-sea sediments from the Philippine Sea and Sea of Japan, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 31: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 535-568.
12. Cande, S.C., and Kent, D.V., 1995, Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity time scale for the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 6093-6095, doi: 10.1029/94JB03098.
13. Channell, J.E.T., Galeotti, S., Martin, E.E., Billups, K., Scher, H.D., and Stoner, J.S., 2003, Eocene to Miocene magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy at ODP Site 1090 (sub-Antarctic South Atlantic): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 607-623, doi: 10.1130/ 0016-7606(2003)115<0607:ETMMBA>2.0.CO;2.
14. Clymer, A.K., Bice, D.M., and Montanari, A., 1996, Shocked quartz from the late Eocene: Impact evidence from Massignano, Italy: Geology, v. 24, p. 483-486, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0483:SQFTLE>2.3.CO;2.
15. Coccioni, R., Basso, D., Brinkhuis, H., Galeotti, S., Gardin, S., Monechi, S., and Spezzaferri, S., 2000, Marine biotic signals across a late Eocene impact layer at Massignano, Italy: Evidence for long-term environmental perturbations?: Terra Nova, v. 12, p. 258-263, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000. 00305.x. (Pubitemid 33112254)
16. Crux, J.A., 1991, Calcareous nannofossils recovered by Leg 114 in the sub- Antarctic South Atlantic Ocean, in Ciesielski, P.F., Kristoffersen, Y., Clement, B.M., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 114: College Station, Texas, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 155-177.
17. Deutsch, A., and Koeberl, C., 2006, Establishing the link between the Chesapeake Bay impact structure and the North American tektite strewn field: The Sr-Nd isotopic evidence: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 41, p. 689-703.
18. D'Hondt, S.L., Keller, G., and Stallard, R.F., 1987, Major element compositional variation within and between different late Eocene microtektite strewn fields: Meteoritics, v. 22, p. 61-79.
19. Donaldson, S., and Hildebrand, A.R., 2001, The global fluence of iridium at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 36, no.9, supplement, p. A50.
20. DuBois, D.L., 1983, The Spatial and Temporal Relationships of the North American Microtektite Layer [M.S. thesis]: Newark, University of Delaware, 170 p.
21. Florindo, F., and Roberts, A.P., 2005, Eocene-Oligocene magnetobiochronology of ODP Sites 689 and 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 46-66, doi: 10.1130/ B25541.1.
22. Ford, R.J., 1988, An empirical model for the Australasian tektite field: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 483-490, doi: 10.1080/08120098808729464.
23. Funakawa, S., and Nishi, H., 2005, Late middle Eocene to late Oligocene radiolarian biostratigraphy in the Southern Ocean (Maud Rise, ODP Leg 113, Site 689): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 54, p. 213-247, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2004. 12.002. (Pubitemid 40307170)
24. Funakawa, S., Nishi, H., Moore, T.C., and Nigrini, C.A., 2006, Radio larian faunal turnover and paleoceanographic change around the Eocene/ Oligocene boundary in the central Pacific, ODP Leg 199, Holes 1218A, 1210A, and 1220A: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 230, p. 183-203.
25. Ganapathy, R., 1982, Evidence for a major meteorite impact on the Earth 34 million years ago: Implication for Eocene extinctions: Science, v. 216, p. 885-886, doi: 10.1126/science.216.4548.885.
26. Gary, M., McAfee, R., Jr., and Wolf, C.L., 1972, Glossary of Geology: Washington, D.C., American Geological Institute, 805 p.
27. Glass, B.P., 1984, Solution of naturally-occurring glasses in the geological environment: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, v. 67, p. 265-286, doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(84)90154-6.
28. Glass, B.P., 1986, Late Eocene microtektites and clinopyroxene-bearing spherules , in Pomerol, Ch., and Premoli Silva, I. eds., Terminal Eocene Events: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 395-401.
29. Glass, B.P., 1989, North American tektite debris and impact ejecta from DSDP Site 612: Meteoritics, v. 24, p. 209-218.
30. Glass, B.P., 2002, Upper Eocene impact ejecta/spherule layers in marine sediments: Chemie der Erde, v. 62, p. 173-196, doi: 10.1078/0009-2819-00017.
31. Glass, B.P., and Burns, C.A., 1987, Late Eocene crystal-bearing spherules: Two layers or one?: Meteoritics, v. 22, p. 265-279.
32. Glass, B.P., and Burns, C.A., 1988, Microkrystites: A new term for impactproduced glassy spherules containing primary crystallites, in Ryder, G., ed., Proceedings of the Eighteenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 455-458.
33. Glass, B.P., and Koeberl, C., 1999, Ocean Drilling Project Hole 689B spherules and upper Eocene microtektite and clinopyroxene-bearing spherule strewn fields: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 34, p. 197-208.
34. Glass, B.P., and Koeberl, C., 2006, Australasian microtektites and associated impact ejecta in the South China Sea and the Middle Pleistocene supereruption of Toba: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 41, p. 305-326.
35. 4 polymorph in naturally occurring shock-metamorphosed zircons: Geology, v. 29, p. 371-373, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0371:DOHPZP>2. 0.CO;2.
36. Glass, B.P., and Wu, J., 1993, Coesite and shocked quartz discovered in the Australasian and North American microtektite layers: Geology, v. 21, p. 435-438, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0435:CASQDI>2.3.CO;2.
37. Glass, B.P., and Zwart, M.J., 1979, North American microtektites in Deep Sea Drilling Project cores from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, p. 595-602, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1979) 90<595:NAMTID>2.0.CO;2.
38. Glass, B.P., Baker, R.N., Storzer, D., and Wagner, G.A., 1973, North American microtektites from the Caribbean Sea and their fission track age: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 19, p. 184-192, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(73) 90113-1.
39. Glass, B.P., Swinki, M.B., and Zwart, P.A., 1979, Australasian, Ivory Coast and North American tektite strewn fields: Size, mass and correlation with geomagnetic reversals and other Earth events, in Merrill, R.B., Bogard, D.D., Hörz, F., McKay, D.S., and Robertson, P.C., eds., Proceedings of the Tenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 2535-2545.
40. Glass, B.P., DuBois, D.L., and Ganapathy, R., 1982, Relationship between an iridium anomaly and the North American microtektite layer in Core RC9-58 from the Caribbean Sea, in Proceedings of the Thirteenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, supplement, p. A425-A428, doi: 10.1029/JB087iS01p0A425.
41. Glass, B.P., Burns, C.A., Crosbie, J.R., and DuBois, D.L., 1985, Late Eocene North American microtektites and clinopyroxene-bearing spherules, in Ryder, G., and Schubert, G., eds., Proceedings of the Sixteenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, Supplement No. B, p. D175-D196.
42. 39 Ar laser-probe dating of North American tektite fragments from Barbados and the age of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary: Chemical Geology-Isotope Geoscience Section, v. 59, p. 181-186.
43. Glass, B.P., Koeberl, C., Blum, J.D., and McHugh, C.M.G., 1998, Upper Eocene tektite and impact ejecta layer on the continental slope off New Jersey: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 33, p. 229-241.
44. Glass, B.P., Huber, H., and Koeberl, C., 2004a, Geochemistry of Cenozoic microtektites and clinopyroxene-bearing spherules: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 3971-4006, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.026. (Pubitemid 39547032)
45. Glass, B.P., Liu, S., and Montanari, A., 2004b, Impact ejecta in upper Eocene deposits at Massignano, Italy: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 39, p. 589-597.
46. Grieve, R.A.F., Langenhorst, F., and Stöffler, D., 1996, Shock metamorphism of quartz in nature and experiment: II. Significance in geoscience: Meteoritics, v. 31, p. 6-35.
47. Gulick, S.S., Barton, P.J., Christeson, G.L., Morgan, J.V., McDonald, M., Mendoza-Cervantes, K., Pearson, Z.F., Surendra, A., Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., Vermeesch, P.M., and Warner, M.R., 2008, Importance of pre-impact crustal structure for the asymmetry of the Chicxulub impact crater: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 131-135. Available from: www.nature.com/ naturegeoscience; doi:10.1038/ngeo103.
48. Hailwood, E.A., and Clement, B.M., 1991, Magnetostratigraphy of Sites 703 and 704, Meteor Rise, southeastern South Atlantic, in Ciesielski, P.F., Kristoffersen, Y., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 114: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 367-386.
49. Hartung, J.B., and Koeberl, C., 1994, In search of the Australasian tektite source crater: The Tonle Sap hypothesis: Meteoritics, v. 29, p. 411-416.
50. Hazel, J.E., 1989, Chronostratigraphy of upper Eocene microspherules: Palaios, v. 4, p. 318-329, doi: 10.2307/3514556.
51. Hildebrand, A.R., Pilkington, M., Ortiz-Aleman, C., Chavez, R.E., Urrutis-Fucugauchi, J., Conners, M., Graniel-Castro, E., Camara-Zi, A., Halpenny , J.A., and Niehaus, D., 1998, Mapping Chicxulub crater structure with gravity and seismic refl ection data, in Grady, M.M., Hutchison, R., McCall, G.J.H., and Rothery, D.A., eds., Meteorites: Flux with Time and Impact Effects: Geological Society of London Special Publication 140, p. 153-173.
52. Hölker, T., Deutsch, A., and Masaitis, V.L., 1997, Nd-Sr isotope signatures of impactites from the Popigai impact crater (Russia): Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, v. 28, abstract 1356 [CD-ROM].
53. Horton, J.W., Jr., and Izett, G.A., 2005, Crystalline ejecta and shocked minerals of the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, USGS-NASA Langley core, Hampton, Virginia, with supplemental constraints on the age of impact, in Horton, J.W., Jr., et al., eds., Studies of the Chesapeake Bay Impact Structure-The USGS-NASA Langley Corehole, Hampton, Virginia, and Related Coreholes and Geophysical Surveys: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1688, p. E1-E30.
54. John, C., and Glass, B.P., 1974, Clinopyroxene-bearing spherules associated with North American microtektites: Geology, v. 2, p. 599-602, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<599:CGSAWN>2.0.CO;2.
55. Johnson, D.A., 1990, Radiolarian biostratigraphy in the central Indian Ocean, Leg 115, in Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 115: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 395-409.
56. Jovane, L., Florindo, F., Sprovieri, M., and Pälike, H., 2006, Astronomic calibration of the late Eocene/early Oligocene Massignano section (central Italy): Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 7, no.7, p. Q07012, doi: 10.1029/2005GC001195.
57. Keller, G., D'Hondt, S.L., and Vallier, T.L., 1983, Multiple microtektite horizons in upper Eocene marine sediments: No evidence for mass extinctions: Science, v. 221, p. 150-152, doi: 10.1126/science.221.4606.150.
58. Keller, G., D'Hondt, S.L., Orth, C.J., Gilmore, J.S., Oliver, P.Q., Shoemaker, E.M., and Molina, E., 1987, Late Eocene impact microspherules: Stratigraphy, age and geochemistry: Meteoritics, v. 22, p. 25-60.
59. Kettrup, B., Deutsch, A., and Masaitis, V.L., 2003, Homogeneous impact melts produced by a heterogeneous target? Sr-Nd isotopic evidence from the Popigai Crater, Russia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 67, p. 733-750, doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01143-2. (Pubitemid 36199334)
60. Kieffer, S.W., Phakey, P.P., and Christie, J.M., 1976, Shock processes in porous quartzite: Transmission electron microscope observation and theory: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 59, p. 41-93, doi: 10.1007/BF00375110.
61. Koeberl, C., Poag, C.W., Reimold, W.U., and Brandt, D., 1996, Origin of the Chesapeake Bay structure and the source of the North American tektites: Science, v. 271, p. 1263-1266, doi: 10.1126/science.271.5253.1263.
62. Kring, D.A., 1995, The dimensions of Chicxulub impact crater and the impact melt sheet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 16,979-16,986, doi: 10.1029/95JE01768.
63. Kyte, F.T., 2001, Identification of late Eocene impact deposits at ODP Site 1090, in Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., and Blum, P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 177: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1-9 [online]. Available from: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177-SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/SR177-04.PDF (accessed 14 February 2008).
64. Kyte, F.T., and Liu, S., 2002, Iridium and spherules in late Eocene impact deposits: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, v. 33, abstract 1981 [CD-ROM].
65. Langenhorst, F., 1996, Characteristics of shocked quartz in late Eocene impact ejecta from Massignano (Ancona, Italy): Clues to shock conditions and source crater: Geology, v. 24, p. 487-490, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996) 024<0487:COSQIL>2.3.CO;2.
66. Lee, M.-Y., and Wei, K.-Y., 2000, Australasian microtektites in the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea: Implications for age, size, and location of the impact crater: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 35, p. 1151-1155.
67. Liu, S., 2006, Characterization, Geographic Distribution, and Number of Upper- Eocene Impact Ejecta Layers and Their Correlations with Source Craters [Ph.D. dissertation]: Newark, Delaware, University of Delaware, 284 p.
68. Liu, S., Papanastassiou, D.A., Ngo, H.H., and Glass, B.P., 2006, Sr and Nd analyses of upper Eocene spherules and their implications for target rocks: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 41, p. 705-714.
69. Ma, P., Aggrey, K., Tonzola, C., Schnabel, C., de Nicloa, P., Herzog, G.F., Wasson , J.T., Glass, B.P., Brown, L., Tera, F., Middleton, R., and Klein, J., 2004, Beryllium-10 in Australasian tektites: Constraints on the location of the source crater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 3883-3896, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.026. (Pubitemid 39547027)
70. Madile, M., and Monechi, S., 1991, Late Eocene to early Oligocene calcareous nannofossil assemblages from Sites 699 and 703, sub-Antarctic South Atlantic Ocean, in Ciesielski, P.F., Kristoffersen, Y., Clement, B.M., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 114: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 179-192.
71. Marchand, E., and Whitehead, J., 2002, Statistical evaluation of compositional differences between upper Eocene impact ejecta layers: Mathematical Geology, v. 34, p. 555-572, doi: 10.1023/A:1016094928524. (Pubitemid 41444751)
72. Marino, M., and Flores, J.A., 2002, Data report: Calcareous nannofossil data from the Eocene to Oligocene, in Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., and Blum, P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 177 [Online]: http://www.odp.tamu.edu/publications/177-SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/SR177- 08.PDF (accessed 14 February 2008).
73. Martini, E., 1971, Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation, in Farinacci, A., ed., Proceedings of the 2nd Planktonic Conference, 1970: Rome, Tecnoscienza, v. 2, p. 739-785.
74. Maurrasse, F.J.M.R., and Glass, B.P., 1976, Radiolarian stratigraphy and North American microtektites in Caribbean RC9-58: Implications concerning late Eocene radiolarian chronology and the age of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, in Cauusse, R., ed., Proceedings of the 7th Caribbean Geological Conference, Guadeloupe, France, June 30-July 12, 1974: Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, p. 205-212.
75. Miller, K.G., Berggren, W.A., Zhang, J., and Palmer-Julson, A.A., 1991, Biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy of upper Eocene microtektites at Site 612; how many impacts?: Palaios, v. 6, p. 17-38, doi: 10.2307/3514951.
76. Milner, G.J., 1992, Middle Eocene to early Oligocene foraminifers from the Izu-Bonin forearc, in Fryer, P., Pearce, J.A., Stokking, L.B., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 125: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 71-90.
77. Montanari, A., Asaro, F., Michel, H.V., and Kennett, J.P., 1993, Iridium anomalies of late Eocene age at Massignano (Italy), and ODP Site 689B (Maud Rise, Antarctic): Palaios, v. 8, p. 420-437, doi: 10.2307/3515017.
78. Ngo, H., Wasserburg, G.J., and Glass, B.P., 1985, Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of tektite material from Barbados and their relationship to North American tektites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 1479-1485, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90297-2.
79. Nigrini, C., Sanfilippo, A., and Moore, T.J., Jr., 2005, Cenozoic radiolarian biostratigraphy: A magnetostratigraphic chronology of Cenozoic sequences from ODP Sites 1218, 1219, and 1220, equatorial Pacific, in Wilson, P.A., Lyle, M., Firth, J.V., eds., Scientific results of the Ocean Drilling Program, v. 199: College Station, Texas, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1-6, http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/199-SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/225.PDF.
80. Nocchi, M., Amici, E., and Premoli Silva, I., 1991, Planktonic foramininferal biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental interpretation of Paleogene faunas from the sub-Antarctic transect, Leg 114, in Ciesielski, P.F., Krisstofferson , Y., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 125: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 233-279.
81. Obradovich, J.D., Snee, L., and Izett, G.A., 1989, Is there more than one glassy impact layer in the late Eocene?: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 21, no.7, p. A134.
82. Okada, H., 1990, Quaternary and Paleogene calcareous nannofossils, Leg 115, in Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 115: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 129-174.
83. Okada, H., and Bukry, D., 1980, Supplementary modifications and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973, 1975): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 321-325.
84. Pierrard, O., Robin, E., Rocchia, R., and Montanari, A., 1998, Extraterrestrial Ni-rich spinel in upper Eocene sediments from Massignano, Italy: Geology, v. 26, p. 307-310.
85. Poag, C.W., 1997, Roadblocks on the kill curve: Testing the Raup hypothesis: Palaios, v. 12, p. 582-590, doi: 10.2307/3515413.
86. Poag, C.W., Powars, D.S., Poppe, L.J., and Mixon, R.B., 1994, Meteoroid mayhem in Ole Virginny: Source of the North American tektite strewn field: Geology, v. 22, p. 691-694, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0691:MMIOVS>2. 3.CO;2.
87. Poag, C.W., Koeberl, C., and Reimold, W.U., 2004, The Chesapeake Bay Crater-Geology and Geophysics of a Late Eocene Submarine Impact Structure: Heidelberg, Germany, Springer, 522 p.
88. Prasad, M.S., Mahale, V.P., and Kodagali, V.N., 2007, New sites of Australasian microtektites in the central Indian Ocean: Implications for the location and size of source crater: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, p. E06007, doi: 10.1029/2006JE002857. (Pubitemid 47342704)
89. Premoli Silva, I., and Spezzaferri, S., 1990, Paleogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental remarks on Paleogene sediments from Indian Ocean Sites, Leg 115, in Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 115: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 277-314.
90. Prothero, D.R., Ivany, L., and Nesbitt, E., eds., 2003, From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition: New York, Columbia University Press, 560 p.
91. Riedel, W.R., and Sanfilippo, A., 1978, Stratigraphy and evolution of tropical Cenozoic radiolarians: Micropaleontology, v. 24, p. 61-96, doi: 10.2307/1485420.
92. Sanfilippo, A., Riedel, W.R., Glass, B.P., and Kyte, F.T., 1985, Late Eocene microtektites and radiolarian extinctions on Barbados: Nature, v. 314, p. 613-615, doi: 10.1038/314613a0.
93. Schellenberg, S.A., Brinkhuis, H., Stickley, C.E., Fuller, M., Kyte, F.T., and Williams, G.L., 2004, The Cretaceous/Paleogene transition on the East Tasman Plateau, southwestern Pacific, in Exon, N.F., Kennett, J.P., and Malone, M.J., eds., Climate Evolution in the Southern Ocean and Australia's Cenozoic Flight Northward from Antarctica: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 151, p. 93-112.
94. Schnetzler, C.C., 1992, Mechanism of Muong Nong-type tektite formation and speculation on the source of Australasian tektites: Meteoritics, v. 27, p. 154-165.
95. Shaw, H.F., and Wasserburg, G.J., 1982, Age and provenance of the target materials for tektites and possible impactites as inferred from Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr systematics: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 60, p. 155-177, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90001-2.
96. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1976, Site 315, in Schlanger, S.O., Jackson, E.D., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 33: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 37-104.
97. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1981, Site 462, in Larson, R.L., Schlanger, S.O., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 61: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 19-394.
98. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1986, Site 592: Lord Howe Rise, 36°S, in Kennett, J.P., von der Borch, C.C., et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 90: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 487-550.
99. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1987, Site 612, in Poag, C.W., Watts, A.B., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 95: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 31-153.
100. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1988a, Site 689, in Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 113: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 89-181.
101. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1988b, Site 699, in Ciesielski, P.F., Krisstofferson, Y., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 110: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 389-485.
102. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1988c, Site 703, in Ciesielski, P.F., Krisstofferson, Y., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 110: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 549-619.
103. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1988d, Site 709, in Brockman, J., Duncan, R.A., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 121: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 305-358.
104. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1989, Site 738, in Barron, J., Larsen, B., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 119: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 229-288.
105. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1990, Site 786, in Fryer, P., Pearce, J.A., Stokking, L.B., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 125: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 313-363.
106. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999, Site 1090, in Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., Blum, P., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 177: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1-101 [Online ]. Available from: http://www.odp.tamu.edu/publications/177-IR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/ CHAP-105.PDF (accessed 14 February 2008).
107. Shipboard Scientific Party, 2004, Explanatory notes, in Tucholke, B.E., Sibuet, J.-C., Klaus, A., et al., Initial Reports of the Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 210: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1-69, doi: 10.2973/odp.proc.ir.210.102.2004.
108. Spezzaferri, S., Basso, D., and Coccioni, R., 2002, Late Eocene planktonic foraminiferal response to an extraterrestrial impact at Massignano GSSP (northeastern Apennines, Italy): Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 32, p. 188-199, doi: 10.2113/0320188. (Pubitemid 34929748)
109. Spieß, V., 1990, Cenozoic magnetostratigraphy of Leg 113 drill sites, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 113: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 261-315.
110. Stabell, B., Ali, J., Ciampo, G., Milner, G., Wang, Y.-J., and Xu, Y., 1992, Biostratigraphic summary, Leg 125, in Fryer, P., Pearce, J.A., Stokking, L.B., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 125: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 615-622.
111. Stauffer, P.H., 1978, Anatomy of the Australasian tektite strewn field and the probable size of its source crater, in Nutalaya, P., ed., Proceedings of the Third Regional Conference on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Southeast Asia: Bangkok, Thailand, Asian Institute of Technology, p. 285-289.
112. Stecher, O., Ngo, H.H., Papanastassiou, D.A., and Wasserburg, G.J., 1989, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence for the origin of tektite material from DSDP Site 612 off the New Jersey coast: Meteoritics, v. 24, p. 89-98.
113. Stöffler, D., and Claeys, P., 1997, Earth rocked by combination punch: Nature, v. 388, p. 331-332, doi: 10.1038/40981.
114. Stöffler, D., Gault, D.E., Wedekind, J., and Polkowski, G., 1975, Experimental hypervelocity impact into quartz sand: Distribution and shock metamorphism of ejecta: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 80, p. 4062-4077, doi: 10.1029/JB080i029p04062.
115. Stott, L.D., and Kennett, J.P., 1990, Antarctic Paleogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy: ODP Leg 113, Sites 689 and 690, in Barker, P.F., Kennett , J.P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 113: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 549-569.
116. Thein, J.E., 1987, A tektite layer in upper Eocene sediments of the New Jersey continental slope (Site 612, Leg 95), in Poag, C.W., Watts, A.B., Cousin, M., et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 95: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 565-579.
117. Vishnevsky, S., and Montanari, A., 1999, Popigai impact structure (Arctic Siberia, Russia): Geology, petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of glass-bearing impactites, in Dressler, B.O., and Sharpton, V.L. eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution II: Geological Society of America Special Paper 339, p. 19-59.
118. Vonhof, H.B., and Smit, J., 1999, Late Eocene microkrystites and microtektites at Maud Rise (Ocean Drilling Project Hole 689B; Southern Ocean) suggest a global extension of the approximately 35.5 Ma Pacific impact ejecta strewn field: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, v. 34, p. 747-755.
119. Vonhof, H.B., Smit, J., Brinkhuis, H., Montanari, A., and Nederbragt, A.J., 2000, Global cooling accelerated by early late Eocene impacts?: Geology, v. 28, p. 687-690, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<687:GCABEL>2.0.CO;2.
120. Wei, W., 1995, How many impact-generated microspherule layers in the upper Eocene?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 114, p. 101-110, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(95)00075-W.
121. Wei, W., 1998, Calcareous nannofossils from the New Jersey continental margin, in Christie-Blick, N., Austin, J.A., Jr., Malone, M.J., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 174A: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 1-16. Available from: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/174A-SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/SR174a05.PDF (accessed 14 February 2008).
122. Wei, W., and Wise, S.W., Jr., 1990, Middle Eocene to Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils recovered by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 113 in the Weddell Sea, in Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 113: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 639-666.
123. Whitehead, J., Papanastassiou, D.A., Spray, J.G., Grieve, R.A.F., and Wasserburg, G.J., 2000, Late Eocene impact ejecta: Geochemical and isotopic connections with the Popigai impact structure: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 181, p. 473-487, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00225-9. (Pubitemid 30793021)
124. Wrobel, K.E., and Schultz, P.H., 2003, The effect of rotation on the deposition of terrestrial impact ejecta: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, v. 34, abstract 1190 [CD-ROM].
125. Xu, Y., and Wise, S.W., Jr., 1992, Middle Eocene to Miocene calcareous nannofossils of Leg 125 from the western Pacific Ocean, in Fryer, P., Pearce, J.A., Stokking, L.B., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 125: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 43-70.