Summary of Puerto Rico's vulnerability to coastal hazards: Risk, mitigation, and management with examples

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 460, Issue , 2009, Pages 149-165

  Bush, David M ^a   Neal, William J ^b   Jackson, Chester W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST GEORGIA   (United States)

^b GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEACHES; EROSION; HAZARDS; HURRICANES; POPULATION STATISTICS; RETAINING WALLS; SEA LEVEL; STORMS;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS; BEACH SEDIMENTS; COASTAL PROCESS; CONSTRUCTION DESIGN; EROSION CONTROL; HIGH POPULATION DENSITY; HIGH-RISK ZONES; PUBLIC EDUCATION;

COASTAL ZONES;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BEACH PROFILE; COASTAL DEVELOPMENT; COASTAL EROSION; COASTAL SEDIMENT; COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION; EROSION CONTROL; EROSION RATE; FLOODING; HAZARD MANAGEMENT; HURRICANE EVENT; MITIGATION; REGULATORY APPROACH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; VULNERABILITY;

PUERTO RICO;

RHIZOPHORACEAE;

EID: 74949117599     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2009.2460(11)     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Beller, W., Casellas, M.A., Cerame-Vivas, M.J., El Koury, J., Gelabert, P.A., Gonzalez Liboy, J.A., Hernandez Avial, M., Maldonado, N., Matos, C.A., Mignucci-Gianonni, A., Pantojza-Garcia, E., Rigau, J., Shelly, D., Tacher-Roffe, M., and Zerbi, N., 1999, Puerto Rico and the Sea-1999: An Action Program for Marine Affairs. A Report to the Governor: San Juan, Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, 122 p.
2. Briggs, R.P., 1961, Recent shoreline changes and sedimentation at Puerto Arecibo and vicinity, Puerto Rico: Shore and Beach, v. 29, no.1, p. 27-36.
3. Bush, D.M., 1991, Impact of Hurricane Hugo on the rocky coast of Puerto Rico, in Finkl, C.W., and Pilkey, O.H., eds., Impacts of Hurricane Hugo: September 10-22, 1989: Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 8, p. 49-67.
4. Bush, D.M., Webb, R.M.T., Hyman, L., González Liboy, J., and Neal, W.J.,1995, Living with the Puerto Rico Shore: Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 193 p.
5. Bush, D.M., Pilkey, O.H., and Neal, W.J., 1996a, Living by the Rules of the Sea: Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 179 p.
6. Bush, D.M., Richmond, B.R., and Neal, W.J., 1996b, Coastal Zone Hazards Maps of Puerto Rico: Hurricane Hugo Impacted Portion of the Shoreline, Cibuco (Punta Garaza) to Punta Viento: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-506, 12 p., 12 sheets.
7. Bush, D.M., Richmond, B.R., and Neal, W.J., 2001, Coastal zone hazard maps: Eastern Puerto Rico: Environmental Geosciences, v. 8, p. 38-60, doi: 10.1046/j.1526-0984.2001.008001038.x. (Pubitemid 33251678)
8. Calversbert, R.J., 1970, Climate of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands: Climatology of the United States, No.60-52: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, 29 p.
9. Delorey, C.M., Poppe, L.J., and Rodríguez, R.W., 1993, Maps Showing the Effects of Hurricane Hugo on the Escollo de Arenas Sand and Gravel Deposit, Vieques Island, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF 93-2235, 2 sheets.
10. Díaz-Hernandez, L.E., 1990, Temblores y Terremotos de Puerto Rico: Ponce, Puerto Rico, Luis E. Díaz, 49 p.
11. Ehlmann, A.J., 1968, Clay mineralogy of weathered products and river sediment, Puerto Rico: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 38, p. 885-894.
12. Grindlay, N.R., Hearne, M., and Mann, P., 2005, High risk of tsunami in the northern Caribbean: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 86, p. 121-132.
13. Hays, W., 1985, Fundamentals of Geology and Regional Geology for Solving Earthquake Engineering Problems in the Puerto Rico Area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-731, p. 22-52.
14. Ho, F.P., 1975, Storm Tide Frequency Analysis for the Coast of Puerto Rico: National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Technical Memorandum NWS HYDRO-23, 43 p.
15. Jackson, C.W., Adams, A., Bush, D.M., Wright, E.E., and Neal, W.J., 2001, Beach width and profile comparison between natural beaches and beaches fronting seawalls: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 33, no.2, p. 71.
16. Jackson, C.W., Bush, D.M., and Neal, W.J., 2006, Gabions, a poor design choice for shore hardening: The Puerto Rico experience, in Klein, A.H.F., et al., eds., Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium: Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, v. 39, p. 852-857.
17. Jackson, C.W., Jr., Bush, D.M., and Neal, W.J., 2009, The Coastal Compartment Management Plan: Using Puerto Rico as a Model: Southeastern Geology, v. 46, no.2, p. 69-84.
18. Kaye, C.A., 1959, Shoreline Features and Quaternary Shoreline Changes, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 317-B, 140 p.
19. Lander, J.F., and Lockridge, P.A., 1989, United States Tsunamis 1690-1988: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Publication 41-2, p. 1-16, 209-224.
20. Larsen, M.C., and Torres-Sánchez, A.J., 1992, Landslides triggered by Hurricane Hugo in eastern Puerto Rico, September, 1989: Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 28, p. 113-125.
21. Larsen, M.C., and Torres-Sánchez, A.J., 1998, The frequency and distribution of recent landslides in three montane tropical regions of Puerto Rico: Geomorphology, v. 24, p. 309-331, doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00023-3. (Pubitemid 28556172)
22. Lugo, A.E.F., Quiñones, M., and Weaver, P.L., 1980, La erosión y sedimentacion en Puerto Rico: Caribbean Journal of Science, v. 16, p. 143-165.
23. Mann, P., Calais, E., and Huérfano, V., 2004, Earthquake shakes "Big Bend" region of North America-Caribbean boundary zone: American Geophysical Union, Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 86, p. 77-88.
24. Martínez, R.F., 1984, Las playas y dunas de Puerto Rico, in Vivaldi, J.L., ed., Compendio Enciclopedico de los Recursos Naturales, Volume IV: San Juan, Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, 114 p.
25. McCann, W., 1984, On the earthquakes hazard of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, in Gori, P.L., and Hays, W.W., eds., A Workshop of "Geologic Hazards in Puerto Rico": U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-761, p. 41-60.
26. McCann, W., 1985, The earthquake hazards of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands , in Hays, W.W., and Gori, P.L., eds., Proceedings of Conference XXX; A Workshop on "Reducing Potential Losses from Earthquake Hazards in Puerto Rico": U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-731, p. 53-72.
27. Mercado, A., 1994, On the use of NOAA's storm surge model, SLOSH, in managing coastal hazards: The experience in Puerto Rico: Natural Hazards, v. 10, p. 235-246, doi: 10.1007/BF00596144.
28. Mercado, A., and McCann, W., 1998, Numerical simulation of the 1918 Puerto Rico tsunami: Natural Hazards, v. 18, p. 57-76, doi: 10.1023/A: 1008091910209. (Pubitemid 29184377)
29. Mercado, A., Grinlay, N.R., Lynett, P., and Liu, P.L.-F., 2002, Investigation of the potential tsunami hazard on the north coast of Puerto Rico due to submarine landslides along the Puerto Rico Trench: Mayagüez, Puerto Rico State Emergency Management Agency and Sea Grant College Program, 432 p.
30. Molinelli, J., 1984, Rapid mass movement as a geologic hazard in Puerto Rico, in Gori, P.L., and Hays, W.W., eds., A Workshop of "Geologic Hazards in Puerto Rico": U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-761, p. 80-85.
31. Molinelli, J., 1985, Earthquake vulnerability study for the metropolitan area of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in Hays, W.W., and Gori, P.L., eds., Proceedings of Conference XXX; A Workshop on "Reducing Potential Losses from Earthquake Hazards in Puerto Rico": U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-731, p. 211-278.
32. Monroe, W., 1979, Map Showing Landslides and Areas of Susceptibility to Landsliding in Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map I-1148, scale 1:240,000.
33. Morelock, J., 1978, The Shoreline of Puerto Rico: San Juan, Puerto Rico, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, 45 p.
34. Morelock, J., 1984, Coastal erosion in Puerto Rico: Shore and Beach, v. 52, p. 18-27.
35. Morelock, J., and Barreto, M., 2003, An update on coastal erosion in Puerto Rico: Shore and Beach, v. 71, p. 7-11.
36. Morelock, J., and Taggart, B., 1988, USA-Puerto Rico, in Walker, H.J., ed., Artificial Structures and Shorelines: New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 649-658.
37. Morelock, J., Schwartz, M.L., Hernandez-Avila, M., and Hatfield, D.M., 1985, Net shore-drift on the north coast of Puerto Rico: Shore and Beach, v. 53, p. 16-21.
38. Oceanographic Program, 1974, Oceanographic baseline data (1971-72) for the formulation of marine waste disposal alternatives for Puerto Rico: San Juan, Puerto Rico, Area of Natural Resources (now Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, Department of Public Works, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico), Report prepared for the Environmental Quality Board: Final report, November 1974, Volume I: Main Report, Volume II, Appendices. Reprinted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with cooperation of the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board and Department of Natural Resources, 237 p.
39. Pilkey, O.H., and Wright, H.L., III, 1988, Seawalls versus beaches, in Kraus, N.C., and Pilkey, O.H., eds., The effects of seawalls on beaches: Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, v. 4, p. 41-64.
40. Rodríguez, H., Díaz, W., and Mercado, A., 2006, Population composition, geographic distribution, and natural hazards: Vulnerability in the coastal regions of Puerto Rico: Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico Sea Grant College Program Technical Report UPR/SG R-121-1-02, 27 p.
41. Rodríguez, R.W., Webb, R.M.T., and Bush, D.M., 1994, Another look at the impact of Hurricane Hugo on the shelf and coastal resources of Puerto Rico, USA: Journal of oastal Research, v. 10, p. 278-296.
42. Schwab, W.C., and Rodríguez, R.W., 1992, Progress of Studies on the Impact of Hurricane Hugo on the Coastal Resources of Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-717, 169 p.
43. Schwab, W.C., Danforth, W.W., Scanlon, K.M., and Masson, D.G., 1991, A giant submarine slope failure on the northern insular slope of Puerto Rico: Marine Geology, v. 96, p. 237-246, doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(91)90149-X.
44. Schwab, W.C., Rodríguez, R.W., Danforth, W.W., and Gowen, M.H., 1996a, Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, p. 147-159.
45. Schwab, W.C., Rodríguez, R.W., Danforth, W.W., Gowen, M.H., Thieler, E.R., and O'Brien, T.F., 1996b, High-Resolution Marine Geologic Maps Showing Sediment Distribution on the Insular Shelf off Luquillo, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2276.
46. Sola, E.M., 1995, Historia de los Huracanes en Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico, First Book Publishing, 76 p.
47. Ten Brink, U., Danforth, W., Polloni, C., Andrews, B., Llanes, P., Smith, S., Parker, E., and Uozmi, T., 2004, New sea floor map of the Puerto Rico Trench helps access earthquake and tsunami hazards: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 85, p. 349, 354.
48. Thieler, E.R., and Bush, D.M., 1991, Gilbert and Hugo: Hurricanes with powerful messages for coastal development: Journal of Geological Education, v. 39, p. 291-299.
49. Thieler, E.R., and Danforth, W.W., 1993, Historical Shoreline Changes in Puerto Rico, 1901-1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-574, 267 p.
50. Thieler, E.R., and Danforth, W.W., 1994a, Historical shoreline mapping (I): Improving techniques and reducing positioning errors: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 10, p. 549-563.
51. Thieler, E.R., and Danforth, W.W., 1994b, Historical shoreline mapping (II): Application of the digital shoreline mapping and analysis systems (DSMS/DSAS) to shoreline change mapping in Puerto Rico: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 10, p. 600-620.
52. Thieler, E.R. and Rodríguez, R.W., 2007, Trouble in paradise: Coastal erosion in Rincon, Puerto Rico, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, no.6, p. 96.
53. Thieler, E.R., Bush, D.M., and Pilkey, O.H., 1989, Shoreline response to Hurricane Gilbert: Lessons for coastal management, in Magoon, O.T., ed., Coastal Zone '89, Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management: New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 765-775.
54. Thieler, E.R., Rodríguez, R.W., and Carlo, M., 1995, Beach erosion and coastal development at Rincón, Puerto Rico: Shore and Beach, v. 63, p. 18-28.
55. USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), 1986, Use of Gabions in the Coastal Environment: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Technical Note CETN-III-31, 12/86, 5 p.
56. Wright, E.E., 1989, The Effect of Hard Stabilization on the Sediment Transport System along the Shoreline of Puerto Rico [M.S. thesis]: Durham, North Carolina, Duke University, 200 p.