The polyphyletic genus Sebaea (Gentianaceae): A step forward in understanding the morphological and karyological evolution of the Exaceae

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 734-748

  Kissling, Jonathan ^a   Yuan, Yong Ming ^a   Küpfer, Philippe ^a   Mansion, Guilhem ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEUCHÂTEL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Exaceae; Exochaenium; Karyology; Klackenbergia; Lagenias; Phylogeny; Sebaea

Indexed keywords

EXACEAE; GENTIANACEAE; ORNICHIA; SEBAEA;

CHLOROPLAST DNA; PLANT DNA;

ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; FLOWER; GENETICS; GENTIANACEAE; HISTOLOGY; KARYOTYPING; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT;

BAYES THEOREM; DNA, CHLOROPLAST; DNA, PLANT; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FLOWERS; GENTIANACEAE; KARYOTYPING; MODELS, GENETIC; PHYLOGENY; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA;

EID: 74949091627     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: 10959513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.025     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Adams, L.G., 1996. Gentianaceae. In: Wilson, A. (Ed.), Flora of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 72-103.
2. APG, 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141, 399-436.
3. Backlund, M., Oxelman, B., Bremer, B., 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on ndhF and rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. Am. J. Bot. 87, 1029-1043.
4. Bentham, G., 1876. Gentianeae. In: Bentham, G., Hooker, J. (Eds.), Genera Plantarum. L. Reeve & Co., Williams & Norgate, London, pp. 799-820.
5. Borgmann, E., 1964. Anteil der Polyploiden in der Flora des Bismarksgebirges von Ostneuguinea. Z. Bot. 52, 118-172.
6. Bouman, F., Cobb, L., Devente, N., Goethals, V., Maas, P.J.M., Smets, E., 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., Albert, V.A. (Eds.), Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 498-572.
7. Boutique, 1972. Gentianaceae. Flore d'Afrique Cenrale (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi), Bruxelles.
8. Bremer, B., Bremer, K., Heidari, N., Erixon, P., Olmstead, R.G., Anderberg, A.A., Källersjö, M., Barkhordarian, E., 2002. Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 24, 274-301.
9. Brown, R., 1810. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandieae. Taylor, London. pp. 451-452.
10. Chamisso, L.K.A., Schlechtendal, D.F.L., 1826. De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanoffiana observatis. Linnaea 1, 191-194.
11. Chassot, P., 2003. Molecular Phylogenetic, Karyological and Palynological Studies in subtribe Swertiinae (Gentianaceae). Laboratory of Evolutive Botany. University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel. p. 232.
12. Chaudhry, B., Vijayaraghavan, M.R., 1992. Structure and function of the anther gland in Prosopis juliflora (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) - a histochemical analysis. Phyton-Ann. Rei. Bot. A 32, 1-7.
13. Cummings, M.P., Handley, S.A., Myers, D.S., Reed, D.L., Rokas, A., Winka, K., 2003. Comparing bootstrap and posterior probability values in the four-taxon case. Syst. Biol. 52, 477-487.
14. Crozier, A., Jaganath, I.B., Clifford, M.N., 2006. Phenols, polyphenols and tannins: an overview. In: Crozier, A., Clifford, M.N., Ashihara, H. (Eds.), Plant Secondary Metabolites. Occurrence, Structure and the Role in the Human Diet. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 1-22.
15. Dyer, R.A., 1975. The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria.
16. Endress, P.K., 1994. Diversity and Evolutionnary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 44, 125-126, 150-153.
17. Endress, M.E., Sennblad, B., Nilsson, S., Civeyrel, L., Chase, M.W., Huysmans, S., Grafström, E., Bremer, B., 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of Apocynaceae s.str. and some related taxa in Gentianales - a multidisciplinary approach. Opera Bot. Belg. 7, 59-102.
18. Faegri, K., van der Pijl, L., 1966. The Principle of Pollination Ecology. Pergamon Press, Toronto.
19. Faivre, A.E., McDade, L.A., 2001. Population-level variation in the expression of heterostyly in three species of Rubiaceae: does reciprocal placement of anthers and stigmas characterize heterostyly? Am. J. Bot. 88, 841-853.
20. Farris, J.S., Källersjö, M., Kluge, A.G., Bult, C., 1995. Testing significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10, 315-319.
21. Felsenstein, J., 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 17, 223-263.
22. Fenster, C.B., Armbruster, W.S., Wilson, P., Dudash, M.R., Thompson, J.D., 2004. Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 35, 275-403.
23. Gilg, E., 1895a. Gentianaceae. In: Engler, A., Prantls, K. (Eds.), Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 50-108.
24. Gilg, E., 1895b. Über die Blüthenverhältnisse der Gentianaceengattungen Hockinia Gardn. und Halenia Borckh. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 13, 114-126.
25. Gilg, E., 1898. Gentianaceae africanae. Beiträge zur Kentniss der Gentianaceae II.Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26, 86-110.
26. Goldblatt, P., Manning, J.C., 2000. The long-proboscid fly pollination system in southern Africa. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 87, 146-170.
27. Grisebach, A.H.R., 1839. Genera et species Gentianearum adjectis observationibus quibusdam phytogeographycis. Stuttgart and Tübingen. pp. 164-172.
28. Grisebach, A.H.R., 1845. Gentianaceae. In: de Candolle, A. (Ed.), Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Fortin, Masson, et Sociorum, pp. 39-141.
29. Grisebach, A.H.R., 1849. Gentianeae. In: Klotzsch, J.F. (Ed.), Beiträge zu einer Flora der Aequinoctial-Gegenden der neuen Welt. Linnaea 22, 32-46.
30. Hagen, K.B.von., Kadereit, J.W., 2002. Phylogeny and flower evolution of the Swertiinae (Gentianaceae-Gentianeae): homoplasy and the principle of variable proportions. Syst. Bot. 27, 548-572.
31. Hardy, C.R., Stevenson, D.Wm., Kiss, H.G., 2000. Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Dichorisandra thyrsiflora (Commelinaceae). Am. J. Bot. 87, 1228-1239.
32. Hedberg, O., 1955. Some taxonomic problems concerning the afro-alpine flora. Webbia 11, 471-487.
33. Hill, A.W., 1908. Notes on Sebaea and Exochaenium. Bull. Misc. Inform. 8, 317-341.
34. Hill, A.W., Prain, D., 1909. Gentianeae. In: Thistleton-Dyer, W.T. (Ed.), Flora Capensis. Lovell Reeve & Co., London, pp. 1056-1095.
35. Hill, A.W., 1913. The floral morphology of the genus Sebaea. Ann. Bot. 27, 479-489.
36. Hillis, D.M., Bull, J.L., 1993. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analyses. Syst. Biol. 42, 182-192.
37. Ho, T.N., Lui, S.W., 2001. A Worldwide Monograph of Gentiana. Science, Press, Beijing.
38. Ho, T.N., Pringle, J.S., 1995. Gentianaceae. In: Wu, Z.-Y., Raven, P.H. (Eds.), Flora of China. Science Press/Missouri Botanical Garden, Beijing/St Louis, MO, pp. 1-139.
39. Huelsenbeck, J.P., Ronquist, F., Nielsen, R., Bollback, J.P., 2001. Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. Science 294, 2310-2314.
40. Johnson, S.D., Steiner, K.E., 2000. Generalization versus specialization in plant pollination systems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 140-143.
41. Kadereit, J.W., Hagen, K.B.v., 2003. The evolution of flower morphology in Gentianaceae-Swertiinae and the roles of key innovations and niche width for the diversification of Gentianella and Halenia in South America. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164, 441-452.
42. Kissling, J., Zeltner, L., Küpfer, P., Mansion, G., 2008. Cytogeography of the Gentianaceae-Exaceae in Africa, with a special focus on Sebaea: the possible role of dysploidy and polyploidy in the evolution of the tribe. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 158, 556-566.
43. Kissling, J., Buerki, S., Mansion, G., 2009. Klackenbergia (Gentianaceae-Exaceae): a new endemic genus from Madagascar. Taxon 58, 907-912.
44. Kissling, J., Endress, P.K., Bernasconi G., in press. Ancestral and monophyletic presence of diplostigmaty in Sebaea (Gentianaceae) and its potential role as a morphological mixed mating strategy. New Phytol.
45. Klackenberg, J., 1983. A reevaluation of the genus Exacum (Gentianaceae) in Ceylon. Nord. J. Bot. 3, 355-370.
46. Klackenberg, J., 1985. The genus Exacum (Gentianaceae). Opera Bot. 84, 1-144.
47. Klackenberg, J., 1986. The new genus Ornichia (Gentianaceae) from Madagascar. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. B Adansonia 8, 195-206.
48. Klackenberg, J., 1987a. Revision of the genus Tachiadenus (Gentianaceae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. B Adansonia 9, 43-80.
49. Klackenberg, J., 1987b. A new species of Sebaea (Gentianaceae) from Madagascar. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. B Adansonia 9, 133-136.
50. Klackenberg, J., 1990. Famille 168 - Gentianacées. In: Morat, P. (Ed.), Flore de Madagascar et des Comores, Paris, pp. 108-117.
51. Klackenberg, J., 2002. Tribe Exaceae. In: Struwe, L., Albert, V.A. (Eds.), Gentianaceae - Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 66-108.
52. Klackenberg, J., 2006. Cotylanthera transferred to Exacum (Gentianaceae). Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 126, 477-481.
53. Knochblauch, E., 1894. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Gentianaceae. Bot. Centralbl. 60, 321-401.
54. Küpfer, P., Yuan, Y.M., 1996. Karyological studies on Gentiana sect. Chondrophyllae (Gentianaceae) from China. Pl. Syst. Evol. 200, 167-176.
55. Leege, L.M., Wolfe, L.M., 2002. Do floral herbivores respond to variation in flower characteristics in Gelsemium sempervirens (Loganiaceae), a distylous vine? Am. J. Bot. 89, 1270-1274.
56. Lewis, P.O., 2001. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Syst. Biol. 50, 913-925.
57. Mabberley, D.J., 1997. The Plant-Book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
58. Maddison, D.R., Maddison, W.P., 2000. MacClade 4: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
59. Maddison, D.R., Maddison, W.P., 2005. MESQUITE: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis, Version 1.12. Available from: .
60. Manen, J.-F., Natali, A., Ehrendorfer, F., 1994. Phylogeny of Rubiaceae-Rubieae inferred from the sequence of a cpDNA intergene region. Pl. Syst. Evol. 190, 195-211.
61. Mansion, G., 2004. A new classification of the polyphyletic genus Centaurium Hill (Chironiinae, Gentianaceae): description of the New World endemic Zeltnera, and reinstatement of Gyrandra Griseb. and Schenkia Griseb. Taxon 53, 719-740.
62. Mansion, G., Struwe, L., 2004. Generic delimitation and phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Chironiinae (Chironieae: Gentianaceae), with special reference to Centaurium: evidence from nrDNA and cpDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32, 951-977.
63. Mansion, G., Zeltner, L., 2004. Chromosome evolution, phylogeny and biogeography of the New World genus Zeltnera (Gentianaceae). Am. J. Bot. 91, 2069-2086.
64. Mansion, G., Zeltner, L., Bretagnolle, F., 2005. Phylogenetic patterns and polyploid evolution within the Mediterranean genus Centaurium (Gentianaceae-Chironieae). Taxon 54, 931-950.
65. Marais, W., 1961. Belmontia and Exochaenium synonyms with Sebaea. Bothalia 7, 464.
66. Marais, W., Verdoorn, I.C., 1963. Gentianaceae. In: Dyer, R.A., Codd, L.E., Rycroft, H.B. (Eds.), Flora of Southern Africa, vol. 26. Department of Agricultural Technical services, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria, pp. 171-243.
67. Marloth, R., 1909. A diplostigmatic plant, Sebaea exacoides (L.) Schinz (Belmontia cordata L.). Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 1, 311-314.
68. Meyer, E.H.F., 1838. Commentariorum de plantis Africae Australis. Leopold Voss, Leipzig. pp. 182-186.
69. Naiki, A., Nagamasu, H., 2004. Correlation between distyly and ploidy level in Damnacanthus (Rubiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 91, 664-671.
70. Nemomissa, S., 2002. Gentianaceae. In: Beentje, H.J., Smith, S.A.L. (Eds.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, pp. 1-68.
71. Nylander, J.A.A., 2004. MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
72. Ornelas, J.F., Jimenez, L., Gonzalez, C., Hernandez, A., 2004. Reproductive ecology of distylous Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae) in a tropical montane cloud forest. I. Hummingbirds' effectiveness as pollen vectors. Am. J. Bot. 91, 1052-1060.
73. Pailler, T., Thompson, J.D., 1997. Distyly and variation in heteromorphic incompatibility in Gaertnera vaginata (Rubiaceae) endemic to La Reunion Island. Am. J. Bot. 84, 315-327.
74. Paiva, J., Nogueira, I., 1990a. Gentianaceae. In: Launert, E., Pope, G.V. (Eds.), Flora Zambesiaca. Whitstable Litho Printers Ltd., Kent, pp. 3-50.
75. Paiva, J., Nogueira, I., 1990b. Studies in African Gentianaceae. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 47, 87-103.
76. Posada, D., Buckley, T.R., 2004. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of the AIC and bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Syst. Biol. 53, 793-808.
77. Posada, D., Crandall, K.A., 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817-818.
78. Rafinesque, C.S., 1837. Flora Telluriana, Probasco, Philadelphia.
79. Raynal, A., 1967. Sur un Sebaea africain saprophyte (Gentianaceae). Adansonia Sér. 2 (7), 207-219.
80. Renner, S.S., 1990. Reproduction and evolution in some genera of neotropical Melastomataceae. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 55, 143-152.
81. Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P., 2003. MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19,1572-1574.
82. Sankara Rao, K., Chinnappa, C.C., 1983. Studies in Gentianaceae. Microsporangium and pollen. Can. J. Bot. 61, 324-336.
83. Schinz, H., 1891. Zur Kentniss afrikanischer Gentianaceen. Vierteljahrssch. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 36, 306-339.
84. Schinz, H., 1903. Versuch einer monographfischen Übersicht der Gattung Sebaea R. Br. 1. Die Sektion Eusebaea Griseb. Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Naturhist. Mus. Lübeck 17, 3-55.
85. Schinz, H., 1906. Beiträge zur Kentniss der afrikanischen Flora. Gentianaceae. Bull. Herb. Boissier, Ser. 2 6 (714-746), 801-823.
86. Struwe, L., Albert, V.A., Bremer, B., 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. Cladistics 10,175-205.
87. Struwe, L., Kadereit, J.W., Klackenberg, J., Nilsson, S., Thiv, M., Von Hagen, K.B., Albert, V.A., 2002. Systematics, chracter evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., Albert, V.A. (Eds.), Gentianaceae - Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 21-301.
88. Subramanyam, K., 1948. An embryological study of Melastoma malabathricum L.. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 29,11-19.
89. Suksathan, P., Sasirat, S., 2000. Sebaea (Gentianaceae), a new generic record for Thailand. Thai For. Bull. (Botany) 28,19-23.
90. Suzuki, Y., Glazko, G.V., Nei, M., 2002. Overcredibility of molecular phylogenies obtained by Bayesian phylogenetics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99,16138-16143.
91. Swofford, D.L, 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), Sunderland, MA.
92. Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G., Bouvet, J., 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 1105-1109.
93. Taylor, P., 1963. 140. Gentianaceae. In: Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. (Eds.), Flora of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, pp. 297-302.
94. Thiv, M., Struwe, L., Kadereit, J.W., 1999. The phylogenetic relationships and evolution on the Canarian laurel forest endemic Ixanthus viscosus (Aiton) Griseb. (Gentianaceae): evidence from matK and ITS sequences, and floral morphology and anatomy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 218, 299-317.
95. Thiv, M., Struwe, L., Albert, V.A., Kadereit, J.W., 2002. Tribe Saccifolieae. In: Struwe, L., Albert, V.A. (Eds.), Gentianaceae - Systematics and Natural History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 55-66.
96. Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G., Gibson, T.J., 1994. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 4673-4680.
97. Welwitsch, F., 1869. Sertum angolense. Trans. Linn. Soc. 27, 47-49.
98. Venkatesh, C.S., 1957. The form, structure and special ways of dehiscence in anthers of Cassia subgenus Senna. Phytomorphology 7, 253-273.
99. Wielgorskaya, T., 1995. Dictionary of Generic Names of Seed Plants. Columbia University Press, New York.
100. Yuan, Y.M., Küpfer, P., Zeltner, L., 1998. Chromosomal evolution of Gentiana and Jaeschkea (Gentianaceae), with further documentation of chromosome data for 35 species from Western China. Pl. Syst. Evol. 210, 231-247.
101. Yuan, Y.M., Wohlhauser, S., Moller, M., Chassot, P., Mansion, G., Grant, J., Küpfer, P., Klackenberg, J., 2003. Monophyly and relationships of the tribe Exaceae (Gentianaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 28, 500-517.
102. Yuan, Y.M., Wohlhauser, S., Moller, M., Klackenberg, J., Callmander, M., Küpfer, P., 2005. Phylogeny and biogeography of Exacum (Gentianaceae): a disjunctive distribution in the Indian Ocean basin resulted from long distance dispersal and extensive radiation. Syst. Biol. 54, 21-34.