Inhalational anesthesia: Basic pharmacology, end organ effects, and applications in the treatment of status asthmaticus

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 361-371

  Tobias, Joseph D ^a  

^a University of Missouri   (United States)

Author keywords

Bronchospasm; Inhalational anesthsia; Mechanical ventilation; Status asthmaticus

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMINOPHYLLINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DESFLURANE; DOPAMINE; ENFLURANE; ETHER; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBON; FLUROXENE (2,2,2 TRIFLUOROETHYL VINYL ETHER); HALOTHANE; HYDROCORTISONE; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; ISOFLURANE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NADOLOL; NITROUS OXIDE; OPIATE; SEVOFLURANE; TERBUTALINE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; ASTHMATIC STATE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRONCHODILATATION; BRONCHOSPASM; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DRUG COST; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG SYNTHESIS; DRUG UPTAKE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; EPILEPTIC DISCHARGE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART CONTRACTION; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE EXTRASYSTOLE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INHALATION ANESTHESIA; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; LIVER INJURY; LIVER TOXICITY; MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; METABOLIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; MINIMUM LUNG ALVEOLUS CONCENTRATION; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; SEIZURE; TACHYCARDIA; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VAPORIZER;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ANESTHESIA, INHALATION; ANESTHETICS, INHALATION; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; STATUS ASTHMATICUS;

EID: 74549142335     PISSN: 08850666     EISSN: 15251489     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0885066609344836     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Vitcha JF. A history of Forane. Anesthesiology. 1971;35(1):4-7.
2. Robbins J. Preliminary studies of the activity of fluorinated hydrocarbons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1946;86(2):197-200.
3. Krantz JC Jr, Carr J, Lu G, Bell FK. Anesthesia. XL. The anesthetic action of trifluoroethyl vinyl ether. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1953;108(4):488-495.
4. Tucker WK, Munson ES, Holaday DA, Fiserova-Bergerova V, Turner BM. Hepatorenal toxicity following fluroxene anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1973;39(1):104-107.
5. Johnston RR, Cromwell TH, Eger EI 2nd, Cullen D, Stevens WC, Joas T. The toxicity of fluroxene in animals and man. Anesthesiology. 1973;38(4):313-319.
6. Harris JA, Cromwell TH. Jaundice following fluroxene anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1972;37(4):462-463.
7. Raventos J. Action of fluothane: new volatile anesthetic. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1956;11(4):394-410.
8. Le Dez KM, Lerman J. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in preterm neonates. Anesthesiology. 1987;67(3):301-307.
9. Gregory G, Eger EI 2nd, Munson ES. The relationship between age and halothane requirement in man. Anesthesiology. 1969;30(5):488-491.
10. Kong KL, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C. Isoflurane compared with midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit. BMJ. 1989;298(6683):1277-1280. (Pubitemid 19129162)
11. Millane TA, Bennett ED, Grounds RM. Isoflurane and propofol for long-term sedation in the intensive care unit. A crossover study. Anaesthesia. 1992;47(9):768-774.
12. Meiser A, Sirtl C, Bellgardt M, et al. Desflurane compared with propofol for postoperative sedation in the intensive care unit. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90(3):273-280.
13. Breheny FX, Kendall PA. Use of isoflurane for sedation in the intensive care. Crit Care Med. 1992;20(7):1062-1064.
14. Constant I, Seeman R, Murat I. Sevoflurane and epileptiform EEG changes. Pediatr Anesth. 2005;15(4):266-274.
15. Sponheim S, Skraastad Ø, Helseth E, Due-Tønnesen B, Aamodt G, Breivik H. Effects of 0.5 and 1.0 MAC isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47(8):932-938.
16. Adams RW, Cucchiara RF, Gronert GA, Messick JM, Michenfelder JD. Isoflurane and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgical patients. Anesthesiology. 1981;54(2):97-99.
17. Morray JP, Geiduschek JM, Ramamoorthy C, et al. Anesthesiarelated cardiac arrest in children: initial findings of the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(1):6-14.
18. Benumof JL, Augustine SD, Gibbons JA. Halothane and isoflurane only slightly impair arterial oxygenation during one lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracotomy. Anesthesiology. 1987;67(6):910-915.
19. Hirshman CA, Edelstein G, Peetz S, Wayne R, Downes H. Mechanism of action of inhalational anesthesia on airways. Anesthesiology. 1982;56(2):107-111.
20. Warner DO, Vettermann J, Brichant JF, Rehder K. Direct and neurally mediated effects of halothane on pulmonary resistance in vivo. Anesthesiology. 1990;72(6):1057-1063.
21. Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, et al. Isoflurane and halothane mediated dilation of the distal bronchi in the rat depends on the epithelium. Anesthesiology. 1997;86(5):1078-1087; discussion 23A-24A. (Pubitemid 27208905)
22. Park KW, Dai HB, Lowenstein E, Sellke FW. Epithelial dependence of the bronchodilatory effect of sevoflurane and desflurane in the rat distal bronchi. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(3):646-651.
23. Burburan SM, Xisto DG, Ferreira HC, et al. Lung mechanics and morphology during sevoflurane anesthesia in a model of chronic allergic asthma. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(3):631-637.
24. Katoh T, Ikeda K. A comparison of sevoflurane with halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on bronchoconstriction caused by histamine. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41(12):1214-1219.
25. von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Saudan S, Petak F, Hantos Z, Habre W. Desflurane but not sevoflurane impairs airway and respiratory tissue mechanics in children with susceptible airways. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(2):216-224.
26. Satoh H, Gillette JR, Takemura T, et al. Investigation of the immunological basis of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1986;197:657-773.
27. Kenna JG, Neuberger J, Williams R. Evidence for expression in human liver of halothane-induced neoantigens recognized by antibodies in sera from patients with halothane hepatitis. Hepatology. 1988;8(6):1635-1641.
28. Kenna JG, Jones RM. The organ toxicity of inhaled anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 1995;81(6 suppl):S51-S66.
29. Brown BR Jr, Gandolfi AJ. Adverse effects of volatile anesthetics. Br J Anaesth. 1987;59(1):14-23.
30. Wark HJ. Postoperative jaundice in children. The influence of halothane. Anaesthesia. 1983;38(3):237-242.
31. Mazze RI, Calverley RK, Smith NT. Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity: prolonged enflurane and halothane anesthesia in volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1977;46(4):265-271.
32. Spencer EM, Willatts SM, Prys-Roberts C. Plasma inorganic fluoride concentrations during and after prolonged (greater than 24 h) isoflurane sedation: effect on renal function. Anesth Analg. 1991;73(6):731-737.
33. Morio M, Fujii K, Satoh N, et al. Reaction of sevoflurane and its degradation products with soda lime. Toxicity of the byproducts. Anesthesiology. 1992;77(6):1155-1164.
34. 2 absorbents during low-flow anesthesia in surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 1992;77(6):1064-1069.
35. Mazze RI. The safety of sevoflurane in humans. Anesthesiology. 1992;77(6):1062-1063.
36. Reilly CS, Wood AJ, Koshakji RP, Wood M. The effect of halothane on drug disposition: contribution of changes in intrinsic drug metabolizing capacity and hepatic blood flow. Anesthesiology. 1985;63(1):70-76.
37. Fuchs AM. Interruption of asthmatic crisis by tribomethanol (Avertin). J Allergy. 1937;8(7):340-346.
38. Meyer NE, Schotz S. Relief of severe intractable bronchial asthma with cyclopropane anesthesia: report of case. J Allergy. 1939;10(4):239-240.
39. Robertson CE, Steedman D, Sinclair CJ, Brown D, Malcolm-Smith N. Use of ether in life-threatening acute severe asthma. Lancet. 1985;1(8422):187-188.
40. Colaco CM, Crago RR, Weisbert A. Halothane for status asthmaticus in the intensive care unit-a case report. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1978;25(4):329-330.
41. Genestal M, Jorda MF, Guittard P, Caval E, Cathala B, Lareng L. Treatment of a case of status asthmaticus with halothane [in French]. Nouv Presse Med. 1980;9(44):3360-3361.
42. Raine JM, Palazzo MG, Kerr JH, Sleight P. Near-fatal bronchospasm after oral nadolol in a young asthmatic and response to ventilation with halothane. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282(6263): 548-549.
43. Schwartz SH. Treatment of status asthmaticus with halothane. JAMA. 1984;251(20):2688-2689.
44. Rosseel P, Lauwers LF, Baute L. Halothane treatment in lifethreatening asthma. Intensive Care Med. 1985;11(5):241-246.
45. Saulnier FF, Durocher AV, Deturck RA, Lefèbvre MC, Wattel FE. Respiratory and hemodynamic effects of halothane in status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med. 1990;16(2):104-107.
46. Padkin AJ, Baigel G, Morgan GA. Halothane treatment of severe asthma to avoid mechanical ventilation. Anaesthesia. 1997;52(10):994-997.
47. Bierman MI, Brown M, Muren O, Keenan RL, Glauser FL. Prolonged isoflurane anesthesia in status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med. 1986;14(9):832-833.
48. Revell S, Greenhalgh D, Absalom SR, Soni N. Isoflurane in the treatment of asthma. Anaesthesia. 1988;43(6):477-479.
49. Parnass SM, Feld JM, Chamberlin WH, Segil LJ. Status asthmaticus treated with isoflurane and enflurane. Anesth Analg. 1987;66(2):193-195.
50. Echeverrria M, Gelb AW, Wexler HR, Ahmad D, Kenefick P. Enflurane and halothane in status asthmaticus. Chest. 1986; 89(1):152-154.
51. Mutlu GM, Factor P, Schwartz DE, Sznajder JI. Severe status asthmaticus: management with permissive hypercapnia and inhalation anesthesia. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(2):477-480.
52. O'Rourke PP, Crone RK. Halothane in status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med. 1982;10(5):341-343.
53. Johnston RG, Noseworthy TW, Friesen EG, Yule HA, Shustack A. Isoflurane therapy for status asthmaticus in children and adults. Chest. 1990;97(3):698-701.
54. Revell S, Greenhalgh D, Absalom SR, Soni N. Isoflurane in the treatment of asthma. Anaesthesia. 1988;43(6):477-479.
55. Restrepo RD, Pettignano R, DeMeuse P. Halothane, an infrequently used drug in the treatment of pediatric status asthmaticus: a case report. J Asthma. 2005;42(8):649-651.
56. Otto RW, Fireman P. Isoflurane anesthesia for the treatment of refractory status asthmaticus. Ann Allergy. 1991;66(4):305-309.
57. Tobias JD, Garrett JS. Therapeutic options for severe, refractory status asthmaticus: inhalational anaesthetic agents, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and helium/oxygen ventilation. Paediatr Anaesth. 1997;7(1):47-57.
58. Arnold JH, Truog RD, Rice SA. Prolonged administration of isoflurane to pediatric patients during mechanical ventilation. Anesth Analg. 1993;76(3):520-526.
59. Arnold JH, Truog RD, Molengraft JA. Tolerance to isoflurane during prolonged administration. Anesthesiology. 1993;78(5): 985-988.
60. Kelsall AW, Ross-Russell R, Herrick MJ. Reversible neurologic dysfunction following isoflurane sedation in pediatric intensive care. Crit Care Med. 1994;22(6):1032-1034.
61. Smith RA, Winter PM, Smith M, Eger EI 2nd. Tolerance to and dependence on inhalational anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1979; 50(6):505-509.
62. Huhges J, Leach HJ, Choonara I. Hallucinations on withdrawal of isoflurane used as sedation. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82(10):885-886.
63. Wheeler DS, Clapp CR, Ponaman ML, Bsn HM, Poss B. Isoflurane therapy for status asthmaticus in children: a case series and protocol. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2000;1(1):55-59.
64. Watanabe K, Mizutani T, Yamashita S, Tatekawa Y, Jinbo T, Tanaka M. Prolonged sevoflurane inhalation therapy for status asthmaticus in an infant. Pediatr Anesth. 2008;18(6):543-545.
65. Tobias JD. Therapeutic applications and uses of inhalational anesthesia in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008;9(2):169-179.
66. McIndoe AK, Steward P, Wilson IH. Drawover vaporizers for sedation in intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23(6): 704-707.
67. Tempia A, Olivei MC, Calza E, et al. The anesthetic conserving device compared with conventional circle system used under different flow conditions for inhaled anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;96(4):1056-1061.
68. Enluynd M, Lambert H, Wiklund L. The sevoflurane saving capacity of a new anaesthetic agent conserving device compared with a low flow circle system. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46(5):506-511.
69. Sackey PV, Martling CR, Granath F, Radell PJ. Prolonged isoflurane sedation of intensive care unit patients with the Anesthetic Conserving Device. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(11):2241-2246.
70. ®'. Pediatr Anesth. 2005;15(10):879-885.
71. ® reflection filter: bench and patient evaluation of safety and volatile anesthetic conservation. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(1):130-134.
72. Vaughan RS, Mapleson WW, Mushin WW. Prevention of pollution of operating theatres with halothane vapour by adsorption with activated charcoal. Br Med J. 1973;1(5855):727-729.
73. Coleman MA, Coles S, Lytle T, Bennetts FE. Prevention of atmospheric contamination during isoflurane sedation. Clin Intensive Care. 1994;5(5):217-220.
74. Sackey PV, Martling CR, Nise G, Radell PJ. Ambient isoflurane pollution and isoflurane consumption during intensive care unit sedation with the Anesthetic Conserving Device. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(3):585-590.