A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 877-898

  Saidur, R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Economic analysis; Energy savings strategies; Industrial motor

Indexed keywords

CAPACITOR BANK; COMPUTER TOOLS; COST PARAMETERS; ELECTRICAL MOTORS; ENERGY ANALYSIS; ENERGY AUDIT; ENERGY SAVING; ENERGY SAVINGS STRATEGIES; ENERGY USE; ENERGY USERS; ENERGY WASTAGES; INDUSTRIAL ENERGY USE; INDUSTRIAL MOTOR; INDUSTRIAL SECTOR; JOURNAL ARTICLES; LITERATURE REVIEWS; PAYBACK PERIODS; POLICY MEASURES; POWER FACTORS; WEB MATERIALS;

CAPACITORS; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES; ELECTRIC MOTORS; ELECTRIC POWER FACTOR; ELECTRIC TOOLS; ENERGY MANAGEMENT; INVESTMENTS; VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES;

ENERGY CONSERVATION;

EID: 74449084901     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.018     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. APEC, Electric Motors-Alignment of Standards and Best Practice Programmes within APEC, Final Report; 2008.
2. de Almeida A.T., Fonseca P., and Bertoldi P. Energy-efficient motor systems in the industrial and in the services sectors in the European Union: characterisation, potentials, barriers and policies. Energy 28 (2003) 673-690
3. Nesbitt L. The impact of industry characteristics on the diffusion of adjustable speed motors across manufacturing industries, MA thesis University of Denver, USA; 2008.
4. Lu B. Energy usage evaluation and condition monitoring for electric machines using wireless sensor networks, PhD thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA; 2006.
5. Bouzidi F. Energy savings on single-phase induction motors under light load conditions, MS thesis, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA; 2007.
6. Mecrow B.C., and Jack A.G. Efficiency trends in electric machines and drives. Energy Policy 36 2008 (2008) 4336-4341
7. De Almeida A.T., Fonseca P., and Bertoldi P. Energy-efficient motor systems in the industrial and in the services sectors in the European Union: characterisation, potentials, barriers and policies. Energy 28 (2003) 673-690
8. Tolvanen J. Saving energy with variable speed drives. World Pumps (2008) 32-33
9. Tolvanen J. LCC approach for big motor-driven systems savings. World Pumps November (2008) 24-27
10. Al-Ghandoor A., Al-Hinti I., Jaber J.O., and Sawalha S.A. Electricity consumption and associated GHG emissions of the Jordanian industrial sector: Empirical analysis and future projection. Energy Policy 36 (2008) 258-267
11. Saidur R., Rahim N.A., Masjuki H.H., Mekhilef S., Ping H.W., and Jamaluddin M.F. End-use energy analysis in the Malaysian industrial sector. Energy 34 2 (2009) 153-158
12. Saidur R., Rahim N.A., Ping H.W., Jahirul M.I., Mekhilef S., and Masjuki H.H. Energy and emission analysis for industrial motors in Malaysia. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 3650-3658
13. Kaya D., Yagmur E.A., Yigit K.S., Kilic F.C., Eren A.S., and Celik C. Energy efficiency in pumps. Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 1662-1673
14. Al-Mansour F., Merse S., and Tomsic M. Comparison of energy efficiency strategies in the industrial sector of Slovenia. Energy 28 (2003) 421-440
15. Sterling CA. Prevalence of components necessary for electrical demand side management savings persistence in the Albertan Industrial market sector, MS thesis, University of Alberta, Canada; 1996.
16. Prakash V., Baskar S., Sivakumar S., and Sri Krishna K. A novel efficiency improvement measure in three-phase induction motors, its conservation potential and economic analysis. Energy for Sustainable Development XII 2 (2008) 78-87
17. Zhao Y. General situation of energy conservation standards for china's motor system. Energy efficiency in motor driven systems EEMODS 2007 held in Beijing, China, from June 10 to 13, 2007.
18. KERI, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Minimum Energy Performance Standards for Three Phase Induction Motors in Korea Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems EEMODS 2007 held in Beijing, China, from June 10 to 13, 2007.
19. Soares GA. Brazilian industrial energy efficiency program: focus on motor driven systems. Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems EEMODS 2007 held in Beijing, China, from June 10-13, 2007.
20. http://www.controleng.com/article/269285-Energy_Efficient_Motors_Deliver_Savings.php, 29/08/09.
21. Khan A. Electric motor efficiency. International conference on industrial and commercial use of energy (ICUE, 09). June 10-11, South Africa (2009)
22. Akash B.A., and Mohsen M.S. Current situation of energy use in the Jordanian industry. Energy Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 1501-1510
23. Mohsen M.S., and Akash B.A. Energy analysis of the steel making industry. International Journal of Energy Research 22 (1998) 1049-1054
24. Ghaddar N., and Mezher T. Modeling of current and future energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions of the Lebanese industrial sector: assessment of mitigation options. Applied Energy 63 (1999) 53-74
25. IPCC. Impacts, adaptation and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analysis. Contribution of working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) (1996), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
26. Fromme J.W. Energy conservation in the Russian manufacturing industry. Energy Policy 24 (1996) 245-252
27. Ibrik I.H., and Mahmoud M.M. Energy efficiency improvement procedures and audit results of electrical, thermal and solar applications in Palestine. Energy Policy 33 (2005) 651-658
28. Priambodo A., and Kumar S. Energy use and carbon dioxide emission of Indonesian small and medium scale industries. Energy Conversion and Management 42 (2001) 1335-1348
29. Thollander P., Karlsson M., Soderstrom M., and Creutz D. Reducing industrial energy costs through energy-efficiency measures in a liberalized European electricity market: case study of a Swedish iron foundry. Applied Energy 81 (2005) 115-126
30. Chan D.Y.L., Yang K.H., Hsu C.H., Chien M.H., and Hong Gui B. Current situation of energy conservation in high energy-consuming industries in Taiwan. Energy Policy 35 (2007) 202-209
31. Ozturk H.K. Energy usage and cost in the textile industry: a case study for Turkey. Energy 30 (2005) 2424-2446
32. Christoffersen L.B., Larsen A., and Togeby M. Empirical analysis of energy management in Danish industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 14 5 (2006) 516-526
33. Subrahmanya M.H.B. Labour productivity, energy intensity and economic performance in small enterprises: a study of brick enterprises cluster in India. Energy Conversion and Management 47 6 (2006) 763-777
34. Onut S., and Soner S. Analysis of energy use and efficiency in Turkish manufacturing sector SMEs. Energy Conversion and Management 48 (2007) 384-394
35. Anon. Variable Speed Driven Pumps, Best Practice Guide, Automation instrumentation and control laboratory technology; 2004. www.gambica.org.uk, Downloaded on 31/12/08.
36. Akbaba M. Energy conservation by using energy efficient electric motors. Applied Energy 64 (1999) 149-158
37. Nadel S., Elliott R.N., Shepard M., Greenberg S., Katz G., and de Almeida A.T. Energy-efficient motor systems: a handbook on technology, program, and policy opportunities. second edition (2002), American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, Washington, D.C.
38. Bayindir R., Sagiroglu S., and Colak I. An intelligent power factor corrector for power system using artificial neural networks. Electric Power Systems Research (2009) 52-160
39. Colak I., Bayindir R., and Sefa I. Experimental study on reactive power compensation using a fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor. Energy Conversion and Management 45 15-16 (2004) 2371-2391
40. Nakahoma M. Power Factor Correction at the Residential Level - Pilot Project Report to the LDC Tomorrow; 2008. http://www.nakahoma.com/Res%20App%20Power%20Co.pdf, Downloaded on 18/01/09.
41. http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/energy/motor_text.html, Access date, 1/03/09.
42. http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-3/Chapter%203.2%20Electical%20Motors.pdf, Access date, 1/03/09.
43. McCoy G.A., Litman T., and Douglass J.G. Energy-efficient electric motor selection handbook (1993), Washington State Energy Office, Olympia, Washington
44. Jayamaha L. Energy efficient building systems (2008), McGraw Hill Publisher
45. Jordan H.E. Energy-efficient electric motors and their applications (1994), Springer
46. Todd L. Efficient electric motor systems handbook (1995), Fairmont Press
47. Capehart B., Turner W.C., and Kennedy W.J. Guide to energy management. 5th edition (2005), The Fairmont Press
48. Beggs C. Energy management and conservation (2002), Elsevier Ltd
49. ERC. How to save energy and money in electric systems (2004), Energy Research Centre (ERC), University of Cape Town, South Africa
50. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) India; 2009. http://www.bee-india.nic.in/, 31/08/09.
51. http://shumaonline.com/files/SIEMENS.pdf, 30/08/09.
52. Gao X. Energy consumption of HVAC variable speed pumping systems, PhD Thesis, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA; 2002.
53. Penrose HW. MotorDoc™ E-Book, 2nd Book of the MotorDoc™ Series; 2001.
54. Chaudhari S. Load Based Energy Savings in Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, PhD thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA; 2004.
55. http://www.pacontrol.com/Motor1.html, Access date 1/3/09.
56. Van Wyk A, Khan MA, Barendse PS. Testing and efficiency of standard and energy efficient motors, ICUE, June, South Africa; 2009.
57. Siddhartha Bhatt M. Energy audit case studies I-steam systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 20 (2000) 285-296
58. Rajan G.G. Optimizing energy efficiencies in industry (2003), McGraw-Hill
59. Bennett M., and Newborough M. Auditing energy use in cities. Energy Policy 29 (2001) 125-134
60. Sethi G. Energy auditing in Indian Industry, Energy audit conference, 11-13 September 2006, Lahti, Finland; 2006, www.audit06.fi.
61. David Yih-Liang Chan. The Energy Audit System and Energy Conservation for the Manufacturing Industries in Taiwan, 11-13 September 2006, Lahti, Finland; 2006, www.audit06.fi.
62. Väisänen H. Energy Audit Programme in Finland, 11-13 September 2006, Lahti, Finland, www.audit06.fi.
63. Natural Resource Canada (NRC), Energy Efficiency Planning and Management Guide Energy Efficiency Planning and Management Guide, The Office of Energy Efficiency of Natural Resources Canada; 2002.
64. Thumann A., and Younger W.J. Handbook of energy audits. sixth edition (2003), Taylor & Francis, London
65. Wulfinghoff D.R. Energy efficiency manual (2000), Energy Institute Press, Maryland
66. Markis T., and Paravantis J.A. Energy conservation in small enterprises. Energy and Buildings 39 (2007) 404-415
67. Taylor AEB, Callaghan PWO, Probert SD. Energy audit of an English farm Applied Energy, vol. 44 (4), 1993, pp. 315-335.
68. Ho JC, Chou SK, Chandratilleke, TT. Energy audit of a steel mill energy, vol. 16 (7), July 1991, pp. 1021-1029.
69. Audit Guide, http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/Industry/docs/AuditGuide.pdf, Access date 11/08/09.
70. www.obt.com; 2009, 18/03/09.
71. http://www.gard.com/auditType.htm, 19/03/09.
72. http://www.iiemindia.org/energy.htm, 19/03/09.
73. Tang J.C.S., Chirarattananon S., and Petchsantad K. Motor program for the DSM Plan for Thailand. Applied Energy 52 (1995) 65-71
74. da Costa Bortoni E. Are my motors oversized?. Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 2282-2287
75. http://www.powerefficiencycorp.com/pdf/MoCo_Feature_0207.pdf, 30/08/09.
76. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/emotors.pdf, 30/08/09.
77. The Energy Observer, Electric Motors, Energy Office, Michigan Department of Labor & Economic Growth, Quarterly Issue - September 2007.
78. http://www.energy.wsu.edu/software/, 28/08/09.
79. McKane A., Mollet J., Aylwin R., Bertoldi P., Cockburn J., and Cockrill C. IMSSA: Creating an international standard for motor software, energy efficiency in motor drives. EEMODS, 05, 4th International Conference. Heidelberg, Germany, 5-8 September (2005)
80. http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/industrial/equipment/software/FactSheet.pdf, 28/08/09.
81. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/eurodeem/index.htm, 28/08/09.
82. Electricity Commission of New Zealand, Plugging the leak, EEMODS, Beijing, China; 2007.
83. Lee W.L., and Yik F.W.H. Regulatory and voluntary approaches for enhancing building energy efficiency. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 477-499
84. Cheng B. Energy performance testing in Consumer Council Hong Kong, China, Presentation to the APEC Workshop on Setting-up & Running an Energy Performance Testing Laboratory, Manila, 6-8 July 1999.
85. Meier A.K., and Hill J.E. Energy test procedures for appliances. Energy and Building 26 1 (1997) 23-33
86. Cohen R. Canadian System for Making a Difference on Energy Efficiency, CSA International, Presentation to the APEC Workshop on Setting-up & Running an Energy Performance Testing Laboratory Manila, 6-8 July 1999.
87. Clasponline; 2009. clasponline.org, 31/08/09.
88. Linden A.-L., and Carlsson-Kanyama A. Voluntary agreements measure for energy-efficiency in industry? Lessons from a Swedish programme. Energy Policy 30 (2002) 897-905
89. Australian MEMPS, National Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Program Report No: 2002/15, The December 2002 plan of the National Appliance and Equipment Energy Efficiency Program to improve product energy efficiency an initiative; 2002.
90. Howarth R.B., Haddad B.M., and Paton B. The economics of energy efficiency: insights from voluntary participation programs. Energy Policy 28 (2000) 477 486
91. Krarup S. Can voluntary approaches ever be efficient?. Journal of Cleaner Production 9 2001 (2001) 135-144
92. Oikonomou V., Patel M.K., vanderGaast W., and Rietbergen M. Voluntary agreements with white certificates for energy efficiency improvement as a hybrid policy instrument. Energy Policy 37 2009 (2009) 1970-1982
93. Brown RA. Energy Label and MEPS. Electricity Supply Association of Australia, Sydney, 3 August 1993.
94. Deter E.R., and Scmid E. Home energy manual (1999), Building and Appliance Energy Efficiency Office, California Energy Commission, USA
95. Turiel I. Present status of residential appliance energy efficiency standards an International review. Energy and Building 26 1 (1997) 5-15
96. Marousek J, Schwarzkopf B. Labels and standards for appliances. SEVEn7, Czech Republic, 1992/14/a; 1992.
97. Ruddell S. Energy legislation and the European pump industry: energy efficient opportunities for manufacturers. World Pumps May (2008) 58-61
98. Garcia A.G.P., Szklo A.S., Schaeffer R., and McNeil M.A. Energy-efficiency standards for electric motors in Brazilian industry. Energy Policy 35 (2007) 3424-3439
99. Radgen P, Blaustein E. Compressed Air Systems in the European Union, Energy, Emissions, Savings Potential and Policy Actions, Germany; 2001.
100. Christina G, Worrell E. Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Vehicle Assembly Industry, 2008, LBNL-50939-Revision.
101. MEMPS. Minimum Energy Performance Standards for Electric Motors, Impact Assessment, Final Report - March 2004.
102. Zabardast A, Mokhtari H. Effect of high-efficient electric motors on efficiency improvement and electric energy saving. DRPT 2008, 6-9 April, Nanjing, China; 2008.
103. Elliot NR. Impact of proposed increase to motor efficiency performance standard, ACEEE; 2007.
104. Leonard Abbott III, Power quality and cost analysis of industrial electrical distribution systems with adjustable speed drives, MS Thesis, California State University, USA; 2006.
105. Qureshi T.Q., and Tassou S.A. variable-speed capacity control in refrigeration systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 16 2 (1996) 103-113
106. Anon. Ways to Save on Motor Energy Costs; 2008. https://www.aps.com/main/services/business/WaysToSave/BusWaystoSave_16, Downloaded on 28/11/2008.
107. Teitel M., Zhao A.L.Y., Barak M., Eli B.-lev., and Shmuel D. Energy saving in agricultural buildings through fan motor control by variable frequency drives. Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 953-960
108. Lönnberg M. Variable speed drives for energy savings in hospitals. World Pumps November (2007)
109. Price A., and Ross M.H. Reducing industrial electricity costs - an automotive case study. The Electricity Journal July (1989) 40-51
110. Yu F.W., and Chan K.T. Environmental performance and economic analysis of all-variable speed chiller systems with load-based speed control. Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 1721-1729
111. Keulenaer HD, Belmans R, Belmans E, Chapman D, De Almeida A, Wachter BD, Radgen P. Energy Efficient Motor Driven Systems, European Copper Institute B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, April 2004.
112. http://www.powerqualityanddrives.com/payback_analysis_vfd/, 30/08/09.
113. http://www.energy.ca.gov/process/pubs/vfds.pdf, 30/08/09.
114. Kwiatkowski E. The economics of improving power factor, Staco Energy products Co; 2009. Available from: stacoenergy.com/.../The Economics of Improving Power Factor for PR.pdf, Access date 23/1/2009.
115. Gilbert AM, John GD. Energy management for motor driven systems. Washington State University; 2000.
116. Sagiroglu S., Colak I., and Bayindir R. Power factor correction technique based on artificial neural networks. Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 3204-3215
117. Pacific power, Power Factor Correction Using Capacitors, Version 7, Pacific Power, USA; 2009.
118. Yang M. Demand side management in Nepal. Energy 31 (2006) 2677-2698
119. Gilbert AM, John GD. Energy management for motor-driven systems Washington state university cooperative extension energy program Olympia, Washington State University; 2002.