Legionella species colonization in cooling towers: Risk factors and assessment of control measures

American Journal of Infection Control

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 50-55

  Mouchtouri, Varvara A ^a,b   Goutziana, Georgia ^a   Kremastinou, Jenny ^b   Hadjichristodoulou, Christos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^b NATIONAL SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Greece)

Author keywords

cooling tower; disinfection; factor; Legionella; risk assessment

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL COUNT; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CHLORINATION; COOLING TOWER; DISINFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; LEGIONELLA; MICROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUNLIGHT PROTECTION; WATER SAMPLING;

AIR CONDITIONING; DISINFECTION; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; LEGIONELLA; RISK MANAGEMENT; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 74449084295     PISSN: 01966553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.04.285     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. World Health Organization. Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis (2007), World Health Organization, Geneva
2. Shelton B.G., Flanders W.D., and Morris G.K. Legionnaires' disease outbreaks and cooling towers with amplified Legionella concentrations. Curr Microbiol 28 (1994) 359-363
3. Bentham R.H. Routine sampling and the control of Legionella spp in cooling tower water systems. Curr Microbiol 41 (2000) 271-275
4. Ishimatsu S., Miyamoto H., Hori H., Tanaka I., and Yoshida S. Sampling and detection of Legionella pneumophila aerosols generated from an industrial cooling tower. Ann Occup Hyg 45 (2001) 421-427
5. Lu H.F., Tsou M.F., Huang S.Y., Tsai W.C., Chung J.G., and Cheng K.S. Factors affecting the recovery of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from cooling tower water systems. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 34 (2001) 161-166
6. Engelhart S., Pleischl S., Luck C., Marklein G., Fischnaller E., Martin S., et al. Hospital-acquired legionellosis originating from a cooling tower during a period of thermal inversion. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211 (2008) 235-240
7. Gilmour M.W., Bernard K., Tracz D.M., Olson A.B., Corbett C.R., Burdz T., et al. Molecular typing of a Legionella pneumophila outbreak in Ontario, Canada. J Med Microbiol 56 (2007) 336-341
8. Kirrage D., Reynolds G., Smith G.E., and Olowokure B. Investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: Hereford, UK 2003. Respir Med 101 (2007) 1639-1644
9. Garcia-Fulgueiras A., Navarro C., Fenoll D., Garcia J., Gonzalez-Diego P., Jimenez-Bunuales T., et al. Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Murcia, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2003) 915-921
10. Greig J.E., Carnie J.A., Tallis G.F., Ryan N.J., Tan A.G., Gordon I.R., et al. An outbreak of Legionnaires' disease at the Melbourne Aquarium, April 2000: investigation and case-control studies. Med J Aust 180 (2004) 566-572
11. Rota M.C., Pontrelli G., Scaturro M., Bella A., Bellomo A.R., Trinito M.O., et al. Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Rome, Italy. Epidemiol Infect 133 (2005) 853-859
12. Phares C.R., Russell E., Thigpen M.C., Service W., Crist M.B., Salyers M., et al. Legionnaires' disease among residents of a long-term care facility: the sentinel event in a community outbreak. Am J Infect Control 35 (2007) 319-323
13. Nguyen T.M., Ilef D., Jarraud S., Rouil L., Campese C., Che D., et al. A community-wide outbreak of Legionnaires' disease linked to industrial cooling towers: how far can contaminated aerosols spread?. J Infect Dis 193 (2006) 102-111
14. Isakbaeva E., and Blystad H. New legislation in Norway targets prevention of Legionnaires' disease. Eur Surveill 10 (2005) E050714
15. European Working Group for Legionella Infections. European guidelines for control and prevention of travel-associated Legionnaires' disease (2005), European Working Group for Legionella Infections, London
16. Yu V.L. Cooling towers and legionellosis: a conundrum with proposed solutions. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211 (2008) 229-234
17. Hadjichristodoulou C., Goutziana G., Mouchtouri V., Kapoula C., Konstantinidis A., Velonakis E., et al. Evaluation of standardized scored inspections for Legionnaires' disease prevention, during the Athens 2004 Olympics. Epidemiol Infect 134 (2006) 1074-1081
18. Yamamoto H., Sugiura M., Kusunoki S., Ezaki T., Ikedo M., and Yabuuchi E. Factors stimulating propagation of legionellae in cooling tower water. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 (1992) 1394-1397
19. Ragull S., Garcia-Nunez M., Pedro-Botet M.L., Sopena N., Esteve M., Montenegro R., et al. Legionella pneumophila in cooling towers: fluctuations in counts, determination of genetic variability by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and persistence of PFGE patterns. Appl Environ Microbiol 73 (2007) 5382-5384
20. Bhopal R.S., and Barr G. Maintenance of cooling towers following two outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease in a city. Epidemiol Infect 104 (1990) 29-38
21. Negron-Alvira A., Perez-Suarez I., and Hazen T.C. Legionella spp in Puerto Rico cooling towers. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 (1988) 2331-2334
22. Wery N., Bru-Adan V., Minervini C., Delgenes J.P., Garrelly L., and Godon J.J. Dynamics of Legionella spp and bacterial populations during the proliferation of L pneumophila in a cooling tower facility. Appl Environ Microbiol 74 (2008) 3030-3037
23. Turetgen I., Sungur E.I., and Cotuk A. Enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in cooling tower water systems. Environ Monit Assess 100 (2005) 53-58
24. Yamamoto H., Ezaki T., Ikedo M., and Yabuuchi E. Effects of biocidal treatments to inhibit the growth of legionellae and other microorganisms in cooling towers. Microbiol Immunol 35 (1991) 795-802