Patterns of psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability: A cluster analytic approach

Psychology, Health and Medicine

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 411-430

  Livneh, Hanoch ^a   Lott, Sheri M ^a   Antonak, Richard F ^b  

^a PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADJUSTMENT; ADULT; ANGER; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COPING BEHAVIOR; DENIAL; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EXPERIENCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING DISORDER; LIFE SATISFACTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RELIGION; SELF CONCEPT; SELF CONTROL; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; WELLBEING;

EID: 7444269624     PISSN: 13548506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1354850042000267030     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. ANDREWS, F. M. & ROBINSON, J. P. (1991). Measures of subjective well-being. In: J. P. ROBINSON, P. R. SHAVER & L. S. WRIGHTSMAN (Eds), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 61-114). New York, NY: Academic Press.
2. ANDREWS, F. M. & WITHEY, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans' perception of life quality. New York, NY: Plenum.
3. ANESHENSEL, C. S., FRERICHS, R. R. & HUBA, G. J. (1984). Depression and physical illness: A multiwave, nonrecursive causal model. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 25, 350-371.
4. BENASSI, V. A., SWEENEY, P. D. & DUFOUR, C. L. (1988). Is there a relation between locus of control orientation and depression? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 357-367.
5. BERGNER, M., BOBBITT, R. A., KRESSEL, S., POLLARD, W. E., GILSON, B. S. & MORRIS, J. R. (1976). The Sickness Impact Profile: Conceptual formulation and methodology for the development of a health status measure. International Journal of Health Services, 6, 393-415.
6. BILLINGS, A. G. & MOOS, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 4, 139-157.
7. BISHOP, M., BERVEN, N. L., HERMANN, B. P. & CHAN, F. (2002). Quality of life among adults with epilepsy: An exploratory model. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 45, 87-95.
8. BISHOP, M. & FEIST-PRICE, S. (2001). Quality of life in rehabilitation counseling: Making the philosophical practical. Rehabilitation Education, 15, 201-212.
9. BLASCOVITCH, J. & TOMAKA, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In: J. P. ROBINSON, P. R. SHAVER & L. S. WRIGHTMAN (Eds), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 115-160). New York, NY: Academic Press.
10. BULLMAN, R. J. & WORTMAN, C. B. (1977). Attributions of blame and coping in the 'real world': Severe accident victims react to their lot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 351-363.
11. BURISH, T. G. & BRADLEY, L. A. (Eds). (1983). Coping with chronic disease: Research and applications. New York, NY: Academic Press.
12. BURISH, T. G., CAREY, M., WALLSTON, K., STEIN, M., JAMISON, R. & LYLES, J. (1984). Health locus of control and chronic disease: An external orientation may be advantageous. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2, 326-332.
13. BYRNE, D. G. (1978). A note on cluster analysis and depression: Disparities in results produced by the application of different clustering methods. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 99-102.
14. CAMPBELL, A., CONVERSE, P. E. & RODGERS, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
15. CANTRIL, H. (1967). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
16. CARVER, C. S., HARRIS, S. D., LEHMAN, J. M., DUREL, L. A., ANTONI, M. H. & SPENCER, S. M. (2000). How important is the perception of personal control? Studies of early stage breast cancer patients. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 139-149.
17. CARVER, C. S., POZO, C., HARRIS, S. D., NORIEGA, V., SCHEIER, M. F., ROBINSON, D. S., KETCHAM, A. S., MOFFAT, F. L. & CLARK, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
18. CARVER, C. S., SCHEIER, M. F. & WEINTRAUB, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
19. CHAN, R. C., LEE, P. W. & LIEH-MAK, F. (2000). The pattern of coping in persons with spinal cord injuries. Disability and Rehabilitation, 22, 501-507.
20. CHANEY, J. M., MULLINS, L. L., URETSKY, D. L., DOPPLER, M. J., PALMER, W. K., WEES, S. J., KLEIN, H. S., DOUD, D. K. & REISS, M. J. (1996). Attributional style and depression in rheumatoid arthritis: The moderating role of perceived illness control. Rehabilitation Psychology, 41, 205-223.
21. DELOACH, C. & GREER, B. G. (1981). Adjustment to severe physical disability: A metamorphosis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
22. DEMPSTER, M., DONNELLY, M. & FITZSIMONS, D. (2002). Generic, disease-specific and individualized approaches to measuring health-related quality of life among people with heart disease- A comparative analysis. Psychology and Health, 17, 447-457.
23. DEVINS, G. M. & BINIK, Y. M. (1996). Facilitating coping with chronic physical illness. In: M. ZEIDNER & N. S. ENDLER (Eds), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 640-696). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
24. DEVINS, G. M., EDWORTHY, S. M., GUTHERIE, N. G. & MARTIN, L. (1992). Illness intrusiveness in rheumatoid arthritis: Differential impact on depressive symptoms over the adult lifespan. Journal of Rheumatology, 19, 709-715.
25. DIENER, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
26. DIENER, E. & DIENER, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
27. DIJKERS, M. P. (1997). Quality of life after spinal cord injury: A meta analysis of the effects of disablement components. Spinal Cord, 35, 829-840.
28. DIJKERS, M. P. (1999). Correlates of life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80, 867-876.
29. DUNN, D. S. (1994). Positive meaning and illusions following disability: Reality negotiations, normative interpretation, and value change. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 0, 123-138.
30. DUNN, D. S. (1996). Well-being following amputation: Salutary effects of positive meaning, optimism, and control. Rehabilitation Psychology, 41, 285-302.
31. ELL, K., NISHIMOTO, R., MANTELL, J. & HAMOVITCH, M. (1992). Coping with cancer: A comparison of older and younger patients. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 19, 3-27.
32. ESHBAUGH, D. M., TOSI, D. J. & HOY, C. (1978). Some personality patterns and dimensions of male alcoholics: A multivariate description. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 409-417.
33. FABIAN, E. S. (1990). Quality of life: A review of theory and practice implications for individuals with long-term mental illness. Rehabilitation Psychology, 35, 161-170.
34. FABIAN, E. S. (1991). Using quality-of-life indicators in rehabilitation program evaluation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 34, 344-356.
35. FALEK, A. & BRITTON, S. (1974). Phases in coping: The hypothesis and its implications. Social Biology, 21, 1-7.
36. FERRANS, C. E. (1990). Development of a quality of life index for patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 17(3), S15-S21.
37. FOLKMAN, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207-1221.
38. FOLKMAN, S. & MOSKOWITZ, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 647-654.
39. FRIEDLAND, J. & McCOLL, M. (1992). Disability and depression: Some etiological considerations. Social Science and Medicine, 34, 395-403.
40. FRIEDMAN, R., GOODRICH, W. & FULLERTON, C. S. (1986). Locus of control and severity of psychiatric illness in the residential treatment of adolescents. Residential Group Care and Treatment, 3(2), 3-13.
41. FRISCH, M. B. (1999). Quality of life assessment/intervention and the Quality of Life Inventory. In: M. E. MARUISH (Ed), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 1277-1331). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. GEISSER, M. E., PERNA, R., KIRSCH, N. L. & BACHMAN, J. E. (1998). Classification of chronic pain patients with the Brief Symptom Inventory: Patient characteristics of cluster profiles. Rehabilitation Psychology, 43, 313-326.
43. HAIR, J. F., ANDERSON, R. E., TATHAM, R. L. & BLACK, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
44. HANSON, S., BUCKELEW, S. P., HEWETT, J. & O'NEAL, G. (1993). The relationship between coping and adjustment after spinal cord injury: A 5-year follow-up study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 38, 41-52.
45. HAYES, W. L. (1994). Statistics, 5th edn. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
46. HELGESON, V. S. (1992). Moderators of the relation between perceived control and adjustment to chronic illness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 656-666.
47. HELGESON, V. S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 412-428.
48. HERMANN, B. P. (1992). Quality of life in epilepsy. Journal of Epilepsy, 5, 153-165.
49. HERMANN, B. P. & WHITMAN, S. (1989). Psychosocial predictors of interictal depression. Journal of Epilepsy, 2, 231-237.
50. HOLAHAN, C. J., HOLAHAN, C. K., MOOS, R. H. & BRENNAN, P. L. (1995) Social support, coping, and depressive symptoms in a late-middle-aged sample of patients reporting cardiac illness. Health Psychology, 14, 152-163.
51. JACOBSON, A. M., HAUSER, S. T., LAVORI, P., WOLFSDORF, J. I., HERSKOWITZ, R. D., MILLEY, J. E., BLISS, R., GELFAND, E., WERTLIEB, D. & STEIN, J. (1990). Adherence among children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus over a four-year longitudinal follow-up: I. The influence of patient coping and adjustment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, 511-526.
52. JENKINS, R. A. & PARGAMENT, K. I. (1995) Religion and spirituality as resources for coping with cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 13, 51-74.
53. JOHNSON, J. L. & MORSE, J. M. (1990). Regaining control: The process of adjustment after myocardial infarction. Heart and Lung, 19, 126-135.
54. KATZ, S. & FLORIAN, V. (1986-87). A comprehensive theoretical model of psychological reaction to loss. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 16, 325-345.
55. KEMP, S., MORLEY, S. & ANDERSON, E. (1999). Coping with epilepsy: Do illness representations play a role? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 43-58.
56. KENNEDY, P., LOWE, R., GREY, N. & SHORT, E. (1995). Traumatic spinal cord injury and psychological impact: A cross-sectional analysis of coping strategies. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 627-639.
57. KRAUSE, J. S. (1992). Longitudinal changes in adjustment after spinal cord injury: A 15-year study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 564-568.
58. KRAUSE, J. S. & CREWE, N. M. (1991). Chronologic age, time since injury, and time of measurement: Effect on adjustment after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72, 91-100.
59. KRAUSE, J. S., STANWYCK, C. A. & MAIDES, J. (1998). Locus of control and life adjustment: Relationship among people with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 41, 162-172.
60. KRAVETZ, S., FAUST, M. & DAVID, M. (2000). Accepting the mental illness label, perceived control over the illness, and quality of life. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 23, 323-332.
61. KROHNE, H. W. (1993). Vigilance and cognitive avoidance as concepts in coping research. In H. W. KROHNE (Ed), Attention and avoidance: Strategies in coping with aversiveness (pp. 19-50). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.
62. Krueger, D. W. (1981-1982). Emotional rehabilitation of the physical rehabilitation patient. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 11, 183-191.
63. LANDIS, B. J. (1996). Uncertainty, spiritual well-being, and psychosocial adjustment to chronic illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 17, 217-231.
64. LEFCOURT, H. M. (1991). Locus of control. In: J. P. ROBINSON, P. R. SHAVER & L. S. WRIGHTSMAN (Eds), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 413-400). New York, NY: Academic Press.
65. LEHMAN, A., WARD, N. & LINN, L. (1982). Chronic mental patients: The quality of life issues. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1399, 1271-1276.
66. LEVINE, J., WARRENBURG, S., KERNS, R., SCHWARTZ, G., DELANEY, R., FONTANA, A., GRADMAN, A., SMITH, S., ALLEN, S. & CASCIONE, R. (1987). The role of denial in recovery from coronary heart disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 109-117.
67. LI, L. & MOORE, D. (1998). Acceptance of disability and its correlates. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1), 13-25.
68. LINKOWSKI, D. C. & DUNN, M. A. (1974). Self-concept and acceptance of disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 18, 28-32.
69. LIVNEH, H. & ANTONAK, R. F. (1990). Reactions to disability: An empirical investigation of their nature and structure. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 21(4), 13-21.
70. LIVNEH, H. & ANTONAK, R. F. (1997). Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.
71. LUCAS, R. E., DIENER, E. & SUH, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616-628.
72. LUSTIG D. C. & CROWDER, M. (2000). The quality of life of persons with severe and persistent mental illness: A typology based on cluster analysis. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 31(3), 22-29.
73. MACLEOD, L. & MACLEOD, G. (1998). Control cognitions and psychological disturbance in people with contrasting physical disabling conditions. Disability and Rehabilitation, 20, 448-456.
74. MARSHAK, L. E. & SELIGMAN, M. (1993). Counseling persons with physical disabilities: Theoretical and clinical perspectives. Austin, TX: ProEd.
75. MARTZ, E., LIVNEH, H. & TURPIN, J. (2000). Locus of control orientation and acceptance of disability. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 31(3), 14-21.
76. McDANIEL, J. W. (1976). Physical disability and human behaviour, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
77. McDANIEL, R. W. & BACH, C. A. (1994). Quality of life: A concept analysis. Rehabilitation Nursing Research, 3, 18-22.
78. MERLUZZI, T. V. & NAIRN, R. C. (1999). Adulthood and aging: Transitions in health and health cognition. In: T. L. WHITMAN, T. V. MERLUZZI & R. D. WHITE (Eds), Life-span perspectives on health and illness (pp. 189-206). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
79. MIKULINCER, M. & FLORIAN, V. (1996). Coping and adaptation to trauma and loss. In: M. ZEIDNER & N. S. ENDLER (Eds), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 554-572). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
80. MILLER, W. R. & THORESEN, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58, 24-35.
81. MISHEL, M. H. (1984). Perceived uncertainty and stress in illness. Research in Nursing and Health, 7, 163-171.
82. MOORE, A. D., STAMBROOK, M. & WILSON, K. G. (1991). Cognitive moderators in adjustment to chronic illness: Locus of control beliefs following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 1, 185-198.
83. MOOS, R. H. (Ed). (1984). Coping with physical illness. Vol. 2: New perspectives. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
84. MOOS, R. H. & SCHAEFER, J. A. (1984). The crisis of physical illness. In: R. H. Moos (Ed), Coping with physical illness. Vol. 2: New perspectives (pp. 3-31). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
85. MOREY, L. C. & BLASHFIELD, R. K. (1981). Empirical classification of alcoholism: A review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42, 925-937.
86. MOSER, D. K. & DRACUP, K. (1995). Psychosocial recovery from a cardiac event: The influence of perceived control. Heart and Lung, 14, 273-280.
87. MULLINS, L. L., COTE, M. P., FUEMMELER, B. F., JEAN, V. M., BEATTY, W. W. & PAUL, R. H. (2001). Illness intrusiveness, uncertainty, and distress in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 139-153.
88. NAGY, V. T. & WOLFE, G. R. (1983). Chronic illness and health locus of control beliefs. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 58-65.
89. NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS. (1999). Students with disabilities in postsecondary education: A profile of preparation, participation, and outcomes. Washington, DC: Author.
90. NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS. (2000). Characteristics of postsecondary students. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Educational Sciences.
91. NAUGLE, R. I. (1988). Denial in rehabilitation: Its genesis, consequences, and clinical management. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 31, 218-231.
92. NEWSOM, J. T., KNAPP, J. E. & SCHULZ, R. (1996). Longitudinal analysis of specific domains of internal control and depressive symptoms in patients with recurrent cancer. Health Psychology, 15, 323-331.
93. RILEY, B. B., PERNA, R., TATE, D. G., FORCHHEIMER, M., ANDERSON, C. & LUERA, G. (1998). Types of spiritual well-being among persons with chronic illness: Their relations to various forms of quality of life. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79, 258-264.
94. RODIN, G., CRAVEN, J. & LITTLEFIELD, C. (1991). Depression in the medically ill: An integrated approach. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
95. ROESSLER, R. T. (1990). A quality of life perspective on rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 34, 82-91.
96. ROSENBERG, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
97. ROTH-ROEMER, S., KURPIUS, S. R. & CARMIN, C. (1998). The emerging role of counseling psychology in health care. New York: W. W. Norton.
98. ROTTER, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1, Whole No. 609).
99. SCHEIER, M. F. & CARVER, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55, 169-210.
100. SCHULZ, R. & DECKER, S. (1985). Long-term adjustment to physical disability: The role of social support, perceived control, and self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1162-1172.
101. SHAPIRO, D. E., RODRIGUE, J. R., BOGGS, S. R. & ROBINSON, M. E. (1994). Cluster analysis of the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire: Evidence for coping with cancer styles. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 151-159.
102. SHONTZ, F. C. (1965). Reactions to crisis. Volta Review, 67, 364-370.
103. SHONTZ, F. C. (1975). The psychological aspects of physical illness and disability. New York, NY: Macmillan.
104. SILLER, J. (1976). Psychological aspects of physical disability. In: J. Meislin (Ed), Rehabilitation medicine and psychiatry (pp. 455-484). Springfield, IL: C C Thomas.
105. SMART, J. (2001). Disability, society, and the individual. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
106. SPITZER, W. O., DOBSON, A. J., HALL, J., CHESTERMAN, E., LEVI, J., SHEPHERD, R., BATTISTA, R. N. & CATCHLOVE, B. R. (1981). Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 34, 585-597.
107. STANARD, R. P., SANDHU, D. S. & PAINTER, L. C. (2000). Assessment of spirituality in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 204-210.
108. STANTON, A. L. & SNIDER, P. R. (1993). Coping with a breast cancer diagnosis: A prospective study. Health Psychology, 12, 126-123.
109. STOECKEL, J. J. (1992). Factors affecting the psychological adjustment of injured workers: A cluster analytic and discriminant function study. Dissertation Abstracts International, pp. 2555-B.
110. SUMMERFELDT, L. J. & ENDLER, N. S. (1996). Coping with emotion and psychopathology. In: M. ZEIDNER & N. S. ENDLER (Eds), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 602-639). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
111. TAYLOR, S. E. (1999). Health psychology, 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
112. TAYLOR, S. E. & BROWN, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin 103, 193-210.
113. TAYLOR, S. E., HELGESON, V. S., REED, G. M. & SKOKAN, L. A. (1991). Self-generated feelings of control and adjustment to physical illness. Journal of Social Issues, 47, 91-109.
114. TERRY, D. J. (1992). Stress, coping and coping resources as correlates of adaptation in myocardial infarction patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 215-225.
115. THOMPSON, S. C. & KYLE, D. J. (2000). The role of perceived control in coping with the losses associated with chronic illness. In: J. H. HARVEY & E. D. MILLER (Eds), Loss and trauma: General and close relationship perspectives (pp. 131-145). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge.
116. TOBIN, D. L., HOLROYD, K. A., REYNOLDS, R. V. & WIGAL, J. K. (1989). The hierarchical factor structure of the Coping Strategies Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 343-361.
117. TURK, D. C., OKIFUHI, A. & SCHARFF, L. (1995). Chronic pain and depression: Role of perceived impact and perceived control in different age cohorts. Pain, 61, 93-101.
118. TURNER, R. J. & NOH, S. (1988). Physical disability and depression: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 29, 23-37.
119. UMLAUF, R. L. & FRANK, R. G. (1983). A cluster-analytic description of patient subgroups in the rehabilitation setting. Rehabilitation Psychology, 28, 157-167.
120. VEACH, T. L. & CHAPPEL, J. N. (1992). Measuring spiritual health: A preliminary study. Substance Abuse, 13, 139-147.
121. VIEMERO, V. & KRAUSE, C. (1998). Quality of life in individuals with physical disabilities. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, 67, 317-322.
122. VILHJALMSSON, R. (1998). Direct and indirect effects of chronic physical conditions on depression: A preliminary investigation. Social Science and Medicine, 47, 603-611.
123. WALLSTON, K. A., WALLSTON, B. S. & DEVELLIS, R. F. (1978). Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales. Health Education Monographs, 6, 161-170.
124. WELLER, D. J. & MILLER, P. M. (1977). Emotional reactions of patient, family, and staff in acute-care period of spinal cord injury: Part I. Social Work in Health Care, 2, 369-377.
125. WESTBROOK, M. T. & VINEY, L. L. (1982). Psychological reactions to the onset of chronic illness. Social Science and Medicine, 16, 899-905.
126. WHITE, R., TATA, P. & BURNS, T. (1996). Mood, learned resourcefulness and perceptions of control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 40, 205-212.
127. WILLIAMS, D. A., URBAN, B., KEEFE, F. J., SHUTTY, M. S. & FRANCE, R. (1995). Cluster analysis of pain patients' response to the SCL-90-R. Pain, 61, 81-91.
128. WINEMAN, N. M., DURAND, E. J. & STEINER, R. P. (1994). A comparative analysis of coping behaviours in persons with multiple sclerosis or a spinal cord injury. Research in Nursing and Health, 17, 185-194.
129. WOODRICH, F. & PATTERSON, J. B. (1983). Variables related to acceptance of disability in persons with spinal cord injuries. Journal of Rehabilitation, 49(3), 26-30.
130. WRIGHT, B. A. (1983). Physical disability - A psychosocial approach, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
131. ZEIDNER, M. & SAKLOFSKE, D. (1996). Adaptive and maladaptive coping. In: M. ZEIDNER & N. S. ENDLER (Eds), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 505-531). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
132. ZIFF, M. A., CONRAD, P. & LACHMAN, M. E. (1995). The relative effects of perceived personal control and responsibility on health and health related behaviours in young and middle-aged adults. Health Education Quarterly, 22, 127-142.
133. ZUROFF, D. C. (1980). Learned helplessness in humans: An analysis of learning processes and the roles of the individual and situational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 130-146.