Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Mickwitzia sandstone, south-central Sweden

Fossils and Strata

Volumn , Issue 42, 1997, Pages 1-111

  Jensen, Sören ^a,b  

^a Dept Geosci Hist Geol P ^*  (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Lower Cambrian; Mickwitzia sandstone; Sweden; Trace fossils

Indexed keywords

EID: 7444263004     PISSN: 03009491     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (453)

1. Aceñolaza, F.G. & Manca, N. del V. 1982: Bifungites sp. (traza fosils) en capas del Ordovicico inferior de la region de Perchel, Quebrada de Humahuaca, provincia de Jujuy. Ameghiniana 19, 157-164.
2. Ahlberg, P. 1984: Lower Cambrian trilobites and biostratigraphy of Scandinavia. Lund Publications in Geology 22. 37 pp.
3. Ahlberg, P. 1989: Cambrian stratigraphy of the När 1 deep well, Gotland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 111, 137-148.
4. Ahlberg, P. & Bergström, J. 1993: The trilobite Calodiscus lobatus from the Lower Cambrian of Scania, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 115, 331-334.
5. Ahlberg, P., Bergström, J. & Johansson, J. 1986: Lower Cambrian olenellid trilobites from the Baltic Faunal Province. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 108, 39-57.
6. Aigner, T. 1985: Storm Depositional Systems. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences. Springer-Verlag. 174 pp.
7. Aigner, T. & Futterer, E. 1978. Kolk-Töpfe und -Rinnen (pot and gutter casts) im Muschelkalk - Anzeiger für Wattenmeer? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 156, 285-304.
8. Aigner, T. & Reineck, H.-E. 1982: Proximality trends in modern storm sands from the Helogoland Bight (North Sea) and their implications for basin analysis. Senckenbergiana Maritima 14, 183-215.
9. Alexandrescu, G. & Brustur, T. 1987: Structures sedimentaires biogènes (trace fossils) du flysch des Carpathes Orientales. Dǎri de seamǎ ale qedinţelor, Institutul Geologie şi Geofizicǎ 72-73:3, Paleontologie, 5-20.
10. Allen, J.R.L. 1982: Sedimentary Structures: Their Character and Physical Basis. Development in Sedimentology 30:I & II. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
11. Allen, J.R.L. 1985: Wrinkle marks: an intertidal sedimentary structure due to aseismic soft-sediment loading. Sedimentary Geology 41, 75-95.
12. Allen, J.R.L. 1987: Desiccation of mud in the temperate intertidal zone: studies from the Severn estuary and eastern England. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B315, 127-156.
13. Aller, R.C. 1982: The Effects of macrobenthos on chemical properties of marine sediment and overlying water. In McCall, P.L. & Tevesz, M.J.S. (eds.): Animal-Sediment Relations. The Biogenic Alteration odf Sediments, 53-102. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
14. Alpert, S. 1973: Bergaueria Prantl (Cambrian and Ordovician), a probable actinian trace fossil. Journal of Paleontology 47, 919-924
15. [Alpert, S. 1974a: Trace fossils of the Precambrian-Cambrian succession, White-Inyo Mountains, California. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, Cal. 162 pp.]
16. Alpert, S. 1974b: Systematic review of the genus Skolithos. Journal of Paleontology 48, 661-669.
17. Alpert, S. 1975: Planolites and Skolithos from the Upper Precambrian-Lower Cambrian White-Inyo Mountains, California. Journal of Paleontology 49, 508-521.
18. Alpert, S. 1976a: Trace fossils of the White-Inyo Mountains. In Moore, J.N. & Fritsche, A.E. (eds.): Depositional environments of Lower Paleozoic rocks in the White-Inyo Mountains, Inyo County, California, 43-48. Pacific Section, Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Pacific Coast Paleogeography Field Guide 1.
19. Alpert, S. 1976b: Trilobites and star-like trace fossils from the White-Inyo Mountains, California. Journal of Paleontology 50, 226-239.
20. Alpert, S. 1977: Trace fossils and the basal Cambrian boundary. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils 2, 1-8. Geological Journal Special Issue 9.
21. Anderton, R. 1976: Tidal shelf sedimentation: an example from the Scottish Dalradian. Sedimentology 23, 429-458.
22. Angelin, N.P. 1854: Palaeontologia Scandinavia. P.I. Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Fasc II. T.O. Weigel, Lipsiae.
23. Archer, A.W. & Maples, C.G. 1984: Trace-fossil distribution across a marine-to-nonmarine gradient in the Pennsylvanian of south-western Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 58, 448-466.
24. Astin, T.R. & Rogers, D.A. 1991: 'Subaqueous shrinkage cracks' in the Devonian of Scotland reinterpreted. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 61, 850-859.
25. Azpeita Moros, F. 1933: Datos para el estudio paleontólogico del Flysch de la Costa Cantábrica y de algunos otros puntos de España. Boletin del Instituto Geologico y Minero de España 53, 1-65.
26. Badve, R.M. & Ghare, M.A. 1978: Jurassic Ichnofauna of Kutch -1. Biovigyanam 4, 125-140.
27. Baldwin, C.T. 1977: Internal structures of trilobite trace fossils indicative of an open surface furrow origin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 21, 273-284.
28. Bandel, K. 1967: Trace fossils from two Upper Pennsylvanian sandstones in Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 18, 1-13.
29. Banks, N.L. 1970: Trace fossils from the late Precambrian and Lower Cambrian of Finnmark, Norway. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils, 19-34. Geological Journal Special Issue 3.
30. Barbour, I.H. 1892: Note on new gigantic fossils. Science 19, 99-100.
31. Barwis, J.H. 1985: Tubes of the modern polychate Diopatra cuprea as current velocity indicators and as analogs for Skolithos - Monocraterion. In Allen Curran, H. (ed.): Biogenic structures: their use in interpreting depositional environments, 225-235. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35.
32. Bassler, R.S. 1941: A supposed jelly fish from the pre-Cambrian of the Grand Canyon. Proceedings, United States National Museum 89:3104, 519-522.
33. Baumfalk, Y.A. 1979: Heterogenous grain size distribution in tidal flat sediment casued by bioturbation activity of Arenicola marina (Polychaeta). Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 13, 428-440.
34. Bednarczyk, W. & Przybyłowicz, T. 1980: On development of Middle Cambrian sediments in the Gdansk Bay area. Acta Geologica Polonica 30, 391-415.
35. Bengtson, P. 1980: Orthography of geological names derived from fossil taxa. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 102, 222.
36. Bengtson, P. 1988: Open nomenclature. Palaeontology 31, 223-227.
37. Bergström, J. 1968: Eolimulus, a Lower Cambrian Xiphosurid from Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 90, 489-503.
38. Bergström, J. 1970: Rusophycus as an indication of early Cambrian age. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils, 35-42. Geological Journal Special Issue 3.
39. Bergström, J. 1971: Paleomerus - merostome or merostomoid. Lethaia 4, 393-401.
40. Bergström, J. 1973a: Organization, life and systematics of trilobites. Fossils and Strata 2, 1-69.
41. Bergström, J. 1973b: Classification of olenellid trilobites and some Balto-Scandian species. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift 53, 283-314.
42. Bergström, J. 1976: Lower Palaeozoic trace fossils from eastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 1613-1633.
43. Bergström, J. 1981: Lower Cambrian shelly faunas and biostratigraphy in Scandinavia. In Taylor, M.E. (ed.): Short papers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System 1981, 22-25. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-743.
44. Bergström, J. 1989: The origin of animal phyla and the new phylum Procoelomata. Lethaia 22, 259-269.
45. Bergström, J. 1990: Precambrian trace fossils and the rise of bilaterian animals. Ichnos 1, 3-13.
46. Bergström, J. 1991: Metazoan evolution around the Precambrian-Cambrian transition. In Simonetta, A.M. & Conway Morris, S. (eds.): The Early Evolution of the Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa, 25-34. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
47. Bergström, J. & Gee, D.G. 1985: The Cambrian in Scandinavia. In Gee, D.G. & Sturt, B.A. (eds.): The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and related Areas, 247-271. Wiley, New York, N.Y.
48. Bergström, J. & Peel, J.S. 1988. Lower Cambrian trace fossils from northern Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Rapport 137, 43-53.
49. Billings, E. 1862: New species of fossils from different parts of the Lower, Middle and Upper Silurian rocks of Canada. Palaeozoic Fossils 1, 96-102. Geological Survey of Canada, Advance Sheets.
50. Billings, E. 1872: On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. The Canadian Naturalist, New Series, 6, 465-479.
51. Birkenmajer, K. & Bruton, D.L. 1971: Some trilobite resting and crawling traces. Lethaia 4, 303-319.
52. Biron, P.E. & Dutoit, J.-M. 1981: Figurations sédimentaires et traces d'activité au sol dans le Trias de la formation d'Argana et de l'Ourika (Maroc). Bulletin du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e série, 3, 1981, section C, no 4, 399-427.
53. Bjerstedt, T.W. & Erickson, J.M. 1989: Trace fossils and bioturbation in peritidal facies of the Potsdam-Theresa Formations (Cambrian-Ordovician), Northwest Adirondacks. Palaios 4, 203-224.
54. Bland, B.H. 1984: Arumberia Glaessner & Walter, a review of its potential for correlation in the region of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Geological Magazine 121, 625-633.
55. Bornemann, J.G. 1889: Über den Buntsandstein in Deutschland und seine Bedeutung für die Trias. Beiträge Geologie, Paläontologie 1, 1-61.
56. Bose, P.K. & Chaudhuri, A.K. 1990: Tide versus storm in Epeiric coastal deposition: two Proterozoic sequences, India. Geological Journal 25, 81-101.
57. Böttcher, R. 1982: Die Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale) (Apt?) der Nubischen Gruppe Südwest-Ägyptens. Eine Beschribung der Formation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Paläontologie. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A39. 145 pp.
58. Bottjer, D.J., Droser, M.L. & Jablonski, D. 1987: Bathymetric trends in the history of trace fossils. In Bottjer, D.J. (ed.): New Concepts in the Use of Biogenic Sedimentary Structures for Paleoenvironmental Interpretation, 57-65. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, Volume and Guidbook 52.
59. Bown, T.M. & Kraus, M.J. 1983: Ichnofossils of the alluvial Willwood Formation (Lower Eocen), Bighorn Basin, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 43, 95-128.
60. Bradshaw, M.A. 1981: Paleoenvironmental interpretations and systematics of Devonian trace fossils from the Taylor Group (lower Beacon Supergroup), Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 24, 615-652.
61. Brangulis, A.P. 1985: Vend i Kembrij Latvii. [The Vendian and Cambrian of Latvia.] 134 pp. Zinate, Riga.
62. Brenchley, P.J. 1985: Storm influenced sandstone beds. Modern Geology 9, 369-396.
63. Brenchley, P.J., Romano, M. & Gutierrez-Marco J.C. 1986: Proximal and distal hummocky cross-stratified facies on a wide Ordovician shelf in Iberia. In Knight, R.J. & McLean, J.R. (eds.): Shelf Sands and Sandstones, 241-255. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 2.
64. Bridge, J.S. & Droser, M.L. 1985: Unusual marginal-marine lithofacies from the Upper Devonian Catskill clastic wedge. Geological Society of America Special Paper 201, 143-161.
65. Briggs, D.E.G., Plint, A.G. & Pickerill, R.G. 1984: Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of Eastern Canada. Palaeontology 27, 843-855.
66. Briggs, D.E.G. & Rushton, W.A. 1980: An arthropod trace fossil from the Upper Cambrian Festiniog Beds of North Wales and its bearing on trilobite locomotion. Geologica et Palaeontologica 14, 1-8.
67. Briggs, D.E.G., & Whittington, H.B. 1985: Modes of life of arthropods from the Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76, 149-160.
68. Britton, J.C. & Morton, B. 1989: Shore Ecology of the Gulf of Mexico. 387 pp. University of Texas Press, Austin.
69. Bromley, R.G. 1990: Trace Fossils: Biology and Taphonomy. 280 pp. Unwin & Hyman, London.
70. Bromley, R.G. & Asgaard, U. 1979: Triassic freshwater ichnocoenoses from Carlsberg Fjord. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 23, 39-80.
71. Bromley, R.G. & Frey, R.W. 1974: Redescription of the trace fossil Gyrolithes and taxonomical evaluation of Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Spongeliomorpha. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 23, 311-335.
72. Bromley, R.G. & Hanken, N.M. 1991: The growth vector in trace fossils:examples from the Lower Cambrian of Norway. Ichnos 1, 261-276.
73. Brongniart, M.A. 1828: Histoire des végétaux fossiles ou recherches botaniques et géologiques sur les végétaux renfermés dans les diverses couches du globe. 136 pp. Dufour & d'Ocagne, Paris. [Plates published 1837.]
74. Bruun-Petersen, J. 1973: 'Conical structures' in the Lower Cambrian Balka Sandstone, Bornholm (Denmark), and in the lower Devonian Coblenz Sandstone, Marburg (Western Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1973:9, 513-528.
75. Bryant, I.D. & Pickerill, R.K. 1990: Lower Cambrian trace fossils from the Buen Formation of central North Greenland: preliminary observations. In Peel, J.S. (ed.): Lower Cambrian Trace Fossils from Greenland, 44-62. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Rapport 147.
76. Buatois, L.A. & Mángano, M.G. 1993: The ichnotaxonomic status of Plangtichnus and Treptichnus. Ichnos 2, 217-224.
77. Byers, C.W. 1982: Geological significance of marine biogenic sedimentary structures. In McCall, P.L. & Tevesz, M.J.S. (eds.): Animal-Sediment Relations. The Biogenic Alteration of Sediments, 221-256. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
78. Campbell, K.S.W. 1975: The functional morphology of Cryptolithus. Fossils and Strata 4, 65-86.
79. Chamberlain, C.K. 1971: Morphology and ethology of trace fossils from the Ouchita Mountains, southeast Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology 45, 212-246.
80. Chiplonkar, G.W. & Badve, R.M. 1970: Trace fossils from the Bagh Beds. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 14, 1-10.
81. Clark, R.B. 1964: Dynamics in Metazoan Evolution. The Origin of the Coelom and Segments. 313 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
82. Clausen, C.K. & Vilhjálmsson, M. 1986: Substrate control of Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Bornholm, Denmark. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 56, 51-68.
83. Cloud, P.E. 1968: Pre-Metazoan evolution and the origins of the Metazoa. In Drake, E.T. (ed.): Evolution and Environment, 1-72. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
84. Cloud, P.E. 1973: Pseudofossils: a plea for caution. Geology 1, 123-127.
85. Cornish, F.G. 1986: The trace-fossil Diplocraterion; evidence of animal-sediment interactions in Cambrian tidal deposits. Palaios 1, 478-491.
86. Crimes, T.P. 1968: Cruziana: a stratigraphically useful trace fossil. Geological Magazine 105, 360-364.
87. Crimes, T.P. 1970: Trilobite tracks and other trace fossils from the Upper Cambrian of North Wales. Geological Journal 7, 47-68.
88. Crimes, T.P. 1975a: The stratigraphical significance of trace fossils. In Frey, R.W. (ed.): The study of Trace Fossils, 109-130. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
89. Crimes, T.P. 1975b: The production and preservation of trilobite resting and furrowing traces. Lethaia 8, 35-48.
90. Crimes, T.P. 1987: Trace fossils and correlation of late Precambrian and early Cambrian strata. Geological Magazine 124, 97-119.
91. Crimes, T.P. 1989: Trace fossils. In Cowie, J.W & Brasier, M.D. (eds.): The Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary, 166-185. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 12. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
92. Crimes, T.P. 1992: Changes in the trace fossil biota across the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 637-646.
93. Crimes, T.P. 1994: The period of early evolutionary failure and the dawn of evolutionary success: the record of biotic changes across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. In Donovan, S.K. (ed.): The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils, 105-133. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
94. Crimes, T.P. & Anderson, M.M. 1985: Trace fossils from late Precambrian - early Cambrian strata of southeastern Newfoundland (Canada): Temporal and Environmental implications. Journal of Paleontology 59, 310-343.
95. Crimes, T.P. & Crossley, J.D. 1991: A diverse ichnofauna from Silurian flysch of the Aberystwyth Grits Formation, Wales. Geological Journal 26, 27-64.
96. Crimes, T.P. & Fedonkin, M.A. 1994: Evolution and dispersal of deepsea traces. Palaios 9, 74-83.
97. Crimes, T.P. & Marcos, A. 1976: Trilobite traces and the age of the lowest part of the Ordovician reference section for NW Spain. Geological Magazine 113, 349-356.
98. Crimes, T.P., Legg, I., Marcos, A. & Arboleya, M. 1977: ?Late Precambrian-low Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Spain. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils 2, 91-138. Geological Journal Special Issue 9.
99. Dahmer, G. 1937: Lebenspuren aus dem Taunusquartzit und den Siegener Schichten (Unterdevon). Jahrbuch der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 57, 523-539.
100. D'Alessandro, A. & Bromley, R.G. 1987: Meniscate trace fossils and the Muensteria-Taenidium problem. Palaeontology 30, 743-763.
101. Dam, G. 1990a: Taxonomy of trace fossils from the shallow marine Lower Jurassic Neill Klinter Formation, East Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society, Denmark 38, 119-144.
102. Dam, G. 1990b: Palaeoenvironmental significance of trace fossils from the shallow marine Lower Jurassic Neill Klinter Formation, East Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 79, 221-248.
103. Dawson, J.W. 1873. Impressions and footprints of aquatic animals and imitative markings on Carboniferous rocks. American Journal of Science and Arts 105, 16-24
104. Dott, R.H. & Burgeois, J. 1982: Hummocky stratification: Significance of its variable bedding sequences. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 93, 663-680.
105. Dott, R.H. & Byers, C.W. 1981 (convenors): SEPM Reserach conference on modern shelf and ancient cratonic sedimentation - the orthoquartzite-carbonate suite revisited. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51, 329-347.
106. Dott, R.H., Byers, C.W., Fielder, G.W., Stenzel, S.R. & Winfree, K.E. 1986: Aeolian to marine transition in Cambro-Ordovician cratonic sheet sandstones of the northern Mississippi valley, U.S.A. Sedimentology 33, 345-367.
107. Droser, M.L. 1991: Ichnofabric of the Paleozoic Skolithos ichnofacies and the nature and distribution of Skolithos piperock. Palaios 6, 316-325.
108. Droser, M.L. & Bottjer, D.J. 1986: A semiquantitative field classification of ichnofabric. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 56, 558-559.
109. Droser, M.L. & Bottjer, D.J. 1989: Ichnofabric of sandstones deposited in high-energy nearshore environments: measurement and utilization. Palaios 4, 598-604.
110. Durand, J. 1984: Ichnocoenose du Grès Armoricain (Ordovicien Inférieur du massif Armoricain) dans leur contexte sédimentologique. Geobios, Mémoire Spécial 8, 189-197.
111. Durand, J. 1985a: Le Grès Armoricain. Sédimentologie - Trace fossiles. Milieux de dépôt. Memoires et Documents du Centre Armoricain d'Etude Structurale des Socles 3, 150 pp.
112. Durand, J. 1985b: Les traces fossiles indicateurs paléobiologiques de milieux: un example dans l'Ordovicien armoricain. Bulletin du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e Série, 7, 1985, Section C, No 3, 215-227.
113. Dżułyński, S. & Sanders, J.E. 1962: Current marks on firm mud bottoms. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 42, 57-96.
114. Dżułyński, S. & Żak, C. 1960: Srodowisko sedymentacyjne piaskowców kambryjskich z Wisniówki i ich stosunek do facji fliszowej. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego 30, 213-241.
115. Eagar, R.M.C., Baines, J.G., Hardy, P.G., Okolo, S.A. & Pollard, J.E. 1985: Trace fossil assemblages and their occurrence in Silesian (Mid-Carboniferous) deltaic sediments of the central Pennine basin, England. In Allen Curran, H. (ed.): Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments, 99-149. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35.
116. Ekdale, A.A. & Lews, D.W. 1991: The New Zealand Zoophycos revisited: morphology, ethology, and paleoecology. Ichnos 1, 183-194.
117. Eklund, J. 1961: Berggrunden. Kumlas urtid och framtid. In Samzelius, J. (ed.): Kumlabygden. Forntid- Nutid - Framtid, 11-198. Kumla.
118. Eklund, K. 1990: Lower Cambrian acritarch stratigraphy of the Bårstad 2 core, Östergötland, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 112, 19-44.
119. Elliot, R.E. 1985: An interpretation of the trace fossil Cochlichnus kochi (Ludwig) from the East Pennine Coalfield of Britain. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 45, 183-187.
120. Emmons, E. 1844: The Taconic System; Based on Observations in New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, and Rhode Island. 68 pp. Caroll & Cook, Albany, N.Y. [Not seen.]
121. Farmer, J., Vidal, G., Moczydłowska, M, Strauss, H., Ahlberg, P. & Siedlecka, A. 1992: Ediacaran fossils from the Innerelv Member (late Proterozoic) of the Tanafjorden area, northeastern Finnmark. Geological Magazine 129, 181-195.
122. Fedonkin, M. 1977: Precambrian-Cambrian ichnocoenoses of the east European platform. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils 2, 183-194. Geological Journal Special Issue 9.
123. Fedonkin, M.A. 1978: Novoe mestonakhozhdenie metazoa v vende Zimnego berega. [New occurence of Vendian non-skeletal metazoa from the Winter coast.] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 239, 1423-1426.
124. Fedonkin, M.A. 1979: Paleoikhnologiya dokembriya i rannego kembriya. [Paleoichnology of the Precambrian and early Cambrian.] In Sokolov, B.S. (ed.): Paleontologiya Dokembriya i Rannego Kembriya, 183-192. Nauka, Leningrad.
125. Fedonkin, M.A. 1980: Iskopaemye sledy dokembrijskikh Metazoa. [Trace fossils of Precambrian Metazoa]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya 1980:1, 39-46.
126. Fedonkin, M.A. 1981: Belomorskaja biota venda. [The Vendian White-Sea biota.] 100 pp. Trudy Akademii Nauk SSSR 342,
127. Fedonkin, M.A. 1983: Besskeletnaya fauna podol'skogo pridnestrov'ya. [Non-skeletal fauna of Podolia (Dniestr River Valley).] In Velikanov, V.A., Aseeva, M.A. & Fedonkin, M.A.: Vend Ukrainy, 128-139. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
128. Fedonkin, M.A. 1985: Paleoikhnologiya vendskikh Metazoa. [Paleoichnology of the Vendian Metazoa.] In Sokolov, B.S. & Ivanovskij, A.B. (eds.): Vendskaya Sistema 1. Paleontologiya, 112-117. Nauka, Moskva.
129. Fedonkin, M.A. & Runnegar, B.N. 1992: Proterozoic Metazoan Trace Fossils. In Schopf, J.W. & Klein, C. (eds.): The Proterozoic Biosphere: a Multidisciplinary Study, 389-395. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
130. Fenton, C.L. & Fenton, M.A. 1937: Trilobite 'nests' and feeding burrows. The American Midland Naturalist 18, 446-451.
131. Fillion, D. 1989: Les critères discriminants à l'interieur du triptyque Palaeophycus-Planolites-Macaronichnus. Essai du synthèse d'un usage critique. Comptes Rendus de Acadèmie des Sciences 309, Sèrie II, 169-172.
132. Fillion, D. & Pickerill, R.K. 1984: Systematic ichnology of the Middle Ordovician Trenton Group, St. Lawrence Lowland, eastern Canada. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology 20, 1-41.
133. Fillion, D. & Pickerill, R.K. 1990a: Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana 7. 119 pp.
134. Fillion, D. & Pickerill, R.K. 1990b: Comments on 'Substrate control of Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Bornholm, Denmark'. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80, 345-350.
135. Firtion, F. 1958: Sur la présence d'ichnites dans le Portlandien de l'Ile d'Oléron (Charente maritime). Annales Universitatis Saraviensis - Scientia 7, 107-112.
136. Fischer, P. & Paulus, B. 1969: Spurenfossilien aus den Oberen Nohn-Schichten der Blankenheimer Mulde (Eifelium, Eifel). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 50, 81-101.
137. Fischer, W.A. 1978: The habitat of the early vertebrates: trace and body fossil evidence from the Harding Formation (Middle Ordovician), Colorado. The Mountain Geologist 15, 1-26.
138. Fitch, A. 1850: A historical, topographical and agricultural survey of the County of Washington. Transactions New York Agricultural Society 9, 753-944.
139. Frey, R.W. & Chowns, T.M. 1972: Trace fossils from the Ringgold road cut (Ordovician and Silurian), Georgia. In Chowns, T.M. (ed.): Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia, 25-55. Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11.
140. Frey, R.W. & Howard, J.D. 1985: Trace fossils from the Panther Member, Star Point Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Coal Creek Canyon, Utah. Journal of Paleontology 59, 370-404.
141. Frey, R.W. & Seilacher, A. 1980: Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology. Lethaia 13, 183-207.
142. Frey, R.W. & Wheatcroft, R.A. 1989. Organism-substrate relations and their impact on sedimentary petrology. Journal of Geological Education 37, 261-279.
143. Fritel, P.H. 1925: Végétaux paléozoiques et organismes problématiques de l'Ouedai. Société Géologique de France, Bulletin, Série 4, 25, 33-48.
144. Fritz, W.H. 1980: International Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary Working Group's 1979 field study to Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-1A, 41-45.
145. Fritz, W.H. & Crimes, T.P. 1985: Lithology, trace fossils, and correlation of Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary beds, Cassiar Mountain, north-central British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 83-13. 24 pp.
146. Fürsich, F.T. 1974a: On Diplocraterion Torell 1870 and the significance of morphological features in vertical, spreiten-bearing, U-shaped trace fossils. Journal of Paleontology 48, 952-962.
147. Fürsich, F.T. 1974b: Ichnogenus Rhizocorallium. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 48, 16-28.
148. Fürsich, F.T. 1981: Invertebrate trace fossils from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Comunicações dos serviços geológicos de Portugal 67, 153-168.
149. Fürsich, F.T. & Bromley, R.G. 1985: Behavioural interpretation of a rosetted spreite trace fossil: Dactyloidites ottoi (Geinitz). Lethaia 18, 199-207.
150. Fürsich, F.T. & Mayr, H. 1981: Non-marine Rhizocorallium (trace fossil) from the Upper Freshwater Molasse (Upper Miocene) of southern Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1981:6, 321-333.
151. Gaillard, C. 1980: Megagyrolithes ardescensis n.gen., n.sp., trace fossile nouvelle du Valanginien d'Ardeche (France). Geobios 13, 465-469.
152. Garcia-Ramos, J.C.M. 1976: Morfologia de trazas fosiles en dos aflorimientos de «Arenisca de Naranco» (Devonico Medio) de Asturias (NW. de España). Trabajos de Geologica 8, 131-171.
153. Gehling, J.G. 1991: The case for Ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree. Geological Society of India Memoir 20, 181-224.
154. Gernant, R.E. 1972: The paleoenvironmental significance of Gyrolithes (Lebensspur). Journal of Paleontology 46, 735-741.
155. Geyer, G. & Uchman, A. 1995: Ichnofossil assemblages from the Nama Group (Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian) in Namibia and the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary problem revisited. In Geyer, G. & Landing, E. (eds.): Morocco '95. The Lower Cambrian standard of Western Gondwana, 175-202. Beringeria Special Issue 2.
156. Gibson, G. 1989: Trace fossils from the late Precambrian Carolina Slate Belt, south-central North Carolina. Journal of Paleontology 63, 1-10.
157. Glaessner, M.F. 1969: Trace fossils from the Precambrian and basal Cambrian. Lethaia 2, 369-393.
158. Glaessner, M.F. 1984: The Dawn of Animal Life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 244 pp.
159. Goldring, R. 1962: The trace fossils of the Baggy Beds (Upper Devonian) of North Devon. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 36, 232-251.
160. Goldring, R. 1971: Shallow-water sedimentation as illustrated in the Upper Devonian Baggy Beds. Memoirs of the Geological Society of London 5. 80 pp.
161. Goldring, R. 1985: The formation of the trace fossil Cruziana. Geological Magazine 122, 65-72
162. Goldring, R. & Seilacher, A. 1971: Limulid undertracks and their sedimentological implications. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 137, 422-442.
163. Goodwin, P.W. & Anderson, E.J. 1974: Associated physical and biogenic structures in environmental subdivision of a Cambrian tidal sand body. Journal of Geology 82, 779-794.
164. Gureev, Yu.A. 1983: O novoj forme iskopaemykh sledov iz nizhnebaltijskikh otlozhenij podol'skogo pridnestrov'ya. [On a new form of trace fossil from lower Baltic deposits in Podolia, Dniestr Valley.] Paleontologicheskij Sbornik, Lvov 1983:20, 70-73.
165. Gureev, Yu.A. 1984: Bioglifi fanerozojs'kogo vidu o vendi podoillja ta ikh stratigrafitjne znatjennja. [Bioglyphs of Phanerozoic appearance from the Vendian of Podolia and their stratigraphich significance.] Doklady Akademija Nauk USSR, Serija B 1984:4, 5-8.
166. Gureev, Yu.A. 1988: Besskeletnaya fauna venda. [Non-skeletal Vendian fauna.] In Ryabenko, V.A. (ed.): Biostratigrafiya i Paleogeograficheskie Rekonstruktsii Dokembriya Ukrainy [Biostratigraphy and Paleogeographic Reconstructions of the Precambrian of Ukraine], 65-81. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
167. Gureev, Yu.A., Velikanov, V.A. & Ivanchenko, V.Ya. 1985: Besskelatnaya fauna v otlozhenijakh baltijskoj i berezhkovskoj serij podolii. [Non-skeletal fauna from deposits of the Baltic and Berezhkovsky series of Podolia.] Doklady Akademija Nauk USSR, Serija B 1985:6, 10-13.
168. Hadding, A. 1927: The pre-Quaternary sedimentary rocks of Sweden II. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic conglomerates of Sweden. Meddelanden från Lund Geologisk-Mineralogiska Institution 32, 42-171.
169. Hadding, A. 1929: The pre-Quaternary sedimentary rocks of Sweden. III. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstones of Sweden. Meddelanden från Lunds Geologisk-Mineralogiska Institution 41. 287 pp.
170. Hagenfeldt, S.E. 1989: Lower Cambrian acritarchs from the Baltic Depression and south-central Sweden, taxonomy and biostratigraphy. Stockholm Contributions in Geology 41, 1-176.
171. Hagenfeldt, S.E. 1994: The Cambrian File Haidar and Borgholm Formations in the Central Baltic and south central Sweden. Stockholm Contributions in Geology 43, 69-110.
172. Hakes, W.G. 1976: Trace fossils and depositional environment of four clastic units, Upper Pennsylvanian Megacyclothems, Northeast Kansas. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article 63. 46 pp.
173. Hall, J. 1852: Palaeontology of New York. Volume I. Containing Descriptions of the Organic Remains of the Lower Devonian System (Equivalent in Part to the Middle Silurian Rocks of Europe). 362 pp. Benthuysen, Albany, N.Y.
174. Hall, J. 1863: Observations upon some spiralgrowing fucoidal remains of the Paleozoic rocks of New York. New York State Cabinet, 16th Annual Report, 76-83.
175. Hall, J. 1886: Note on some obscure organisms in the roofing slate of Washington County, New York. New York State Museum Natural History 39th Annual Report, 160.
176. Hallam, A. 1975: Preservation of trace fossils. In Frey, R.W. (ed.): The Study of Trace Fossils, 55-63. Springer, Berlin.
177. Hallam, A. 1981: Facies Interpretation and the Stratigraphic Record. 291 pp. Freeman, Oxford.
178. Hallam, A. & Swett, K. 1966: Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Pipe Rock of the north-west Highlands. Scottish Journal of Geology 2, 101-106.
179. Hamberg, L. 1991: Tidal and seasonal cycles in a Lower Cambrian shallow marine sandstone (Hardeberga Fm.) Scania, Southern Sweden. In Smith D.G., Reinson, G.E., Zaitlin, B.A. & Rahmani, R.A. (eds.): Clastic Tidal Sedimentology, 255-274. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 16.
180. Han, Y. & Pickerill, R.K. 1994: Phycodes templus isp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of northwestern New Brunswick, eastern Canada. Atlantic Geology 30, 37-46.
181. Häntzschel, W. 1934: Schraubenformige und spiralige Grabgänge in turonen Sandsteinen des Zittauer Gebirges. Senckenbergiana 16, 313-324.
182. Häntzschel, W. 1935: Xenohelix saxonica n.sp. und ihre Deutung. Senckenbergiana 17, 105-108.
183. Häntzschel, W. 1960: Spreitenbauten (Zoophycos Massal.) im Septarienton Nordwest-Deutschlands. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 29, 95-100.
184. Häntzschel, W. 1964: Die Spuren-Fauna, bioturbate Texturen und Marken in unterkambrischen Sandstein-Geschieben Norddeutschlands und Schwedens. Der Aufschluss, Sonderhefte 14, 88-102.
185. Häntzschel, W. 1975: Trace fossils and problematica. In Teichert, C. (ed.): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W. Miscellanea, Supplement 1. 269 pp. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
186. Häntzschel, W. & Reineck, H.-E. 1968: Fazies-Untersuchungen im Hettangium von Helmstedt (Niedersachsen). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 37, 5-39.
187. Hardy, P.G. 1970: New Xiphosurid trails from the upper Carboniferous of Northern England. Palaeontology 13, 188-190.
188. Hecker, R.F. 1930: K nakhodke Rhizocorallium v volkhovskom devone. [On the discovery of Rhizocorallium from Devonian at the Volkov River.] Ezhegodnik Russkogo Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva 8, 150-156.
189. Hecker, R.F. 1980: Sledy bespozvonochnykh i stigmarii v morskikh otlozheniyakh nizhnego karbona moskovskoj sineklizy. [Invertebrate traces and stigmaria from Lower Carboniferous marine deposits of the Moscow basin.] Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 178. 76 pp.
190. Hecker, R.F. 1983: Tafonomicheskie i ekologicheskie osobennosti fauny i flory glavnogo devonskogo polya. [Tafonomical and ecological peculiarities of the fauna and flora of the main Devonian areas.] Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 190. 142 pp.
191. Hecker, R.F., Osipova, A.I. & Bel'skaya, T.N. 1962: Ferganskij Zaliv Paleogenovogo Morya Srednej Azii. Ego Istoriya, Osadki, Fauna, Flora, Usloviya ikh Obitaniya i Razvitie. Kniga 2 [The Fergana bay of the middle Asian Paleogene sea. Its history, fauna, flora, living conditions and development. Book 2]. 332 pp. Moscow.
192. Hedberg, H.D. (ed.) 1976: International Stratigraphic Guide. 200 pp. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
193. Hedström, H. 1923: Remarks on some fossils from the diamond boring at the Visby Cement Factory. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 314, 1-27.
194. Heer, O. 1877: Flora Fossilis Helvetiae. Die vorweltliche Flora der Schweiz. 182 pp. Würster, Zürich.
195. Heinberg, C. 1973: The internal structure of the trace fossils Gyrochorte and Curvolithus. Lethaia 6, 227-238.
196. Heinberg, C. & Birkelund, T. 1984: Trace-fossil assemblages and basin evolution of the Vardekloft Formation (Middle Jurassic, central East Greenland). Journal of Paleontology 58, 362-397.
197. Hertweck, G. 1968: Die Biofazies. In Reineck, H.-E, Dörjes, J., Gadow, S. & Hertweck, G. Sedimentologie, Faunenzonierung und Faziesabfolge vor der Ostküste der inneren Deutschen Bucht. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 49, 284-296.
198. Hertweck, G. 1972: Georgia Coastal Region, Sapelo Isalnd, U.S.A.: Sedimentology and biology. V. Distribution and environmental significance of lebenspuren and in-situ skeletal remains. Senckenbergiana Maritima 4, 125-167.
199. Hesselbo, S.P. 1988: Trace fossils of Cambrian aglaspidid arthropods. Lethaia 21, 139-146.
200. Hessland, I. 1955: Studies on the lithogenesis of the Cambrian and basal Ordovician of the Böda Hamn sequence of strata. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Uppsala 35, 35-109
201. Hitchcock, E. 1858: Ichnology of New England. A Report on the Sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, Especially its Footprints. White, Boston, Mass.
202. Hofmann, H.J. 1971: Precambrian fossils, pseudofossils, and problematica in Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 189. 146 pp.
203. Hofmann, H.J. 1979: Chazy (Middle Ordovician) trace fossils in the Ottawa - St. Lawrence lowlands. Geological Society of Canada Bulletin 321, 27-59.
204. Hofmann, H.J. 1990: Computer simulation of trace fossils with random patterns and the use of goniograms. Ichnos 1, 15-20.
205. Hofmann, H.J. & Patel, I.M. 1989: Trace fossils from the type 'Etcheminian Series' (Lower Cambrian Ratcliffe Brook Formation), Saint John area, New Brunswick, Canada. Geological Magazine 126, 139-157.
206. Högbom, A.G. 1925: A problematic fossil from the Lower Cambrian of Kinnekulle. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala 19, 215-222.
207. Högbom, A.G. & Ahlström, N.G. 1924: Über die subkambrische Landfläche am Fusse vom Kinnekulle. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala 19, 55-88.
208. Holm, G. 1901: Kinnekulles berggrund. In Holm, G. & Munthe, H.: Kinnekulle, dess Geologi och den Tekniska Användningen av dess Bergarter, 1-76. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 172.
209. Holmer, L.E. 1989: Middle Ordovician phosphatic inarticulate brachiopods from Västergötland and Dalarna, Sweden. Fossils and Strata 26. 172 pp.
210. Holst, N.O. 1893: Bidrag till kännedomen om lagerföljden inom den kambriska sandstenen. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 130. 17 pp.
211. Howard, R.W. & Frey, J.D. 1975: Estuaries of the Georgia Coast, U.S.A.: Sedimentology and Biology. II. Regional Animal-Sediment Characteristics of Georgia Estuaries. Senckenbergiana Maritima 7, 33-103.
212. Howard, J.D. & Frey, R.W. 1984: Characteristic trace fossils in nearshore to offshore sequences, Upper Cretaceous of east-central Utah. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 200-219.
213. Howell, B.F. 1946: Silurian Monocraterion clintonense burrows showing the aperture. Bulletin of the Wagner Free Institute of Science 21, 29-37.
214. Huene, F. von 1904: Geologische Notizen aus Oeland und Dalarne, sowie über eine Meduse aus dem Untersilur. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 1904, 450-461.
215. Jablonski, D., Sepkoski, J.J., Bottjer, D.J. & Sheehan, P.M. 1983: On-shore-offshore patterns in the evolution of Phanerozoic shelf communities. Science 222, 1123-1125.
216. Jenkins, R.J.F., Ford, C.H. & Gehling, J.G. 1983: The Ediacaran Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite: the context of the Ediacaran assemblage (Late Precambrian, Flinders Range). Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 29, 101-119.
217. Jenkins, R.J.F., Plummer, P.S. & Moriarty, K.C. 1981: Late Precambrian pseudofossils from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia. Transactions, Royal Society of South Australia 105, 67-83.
218. Jensen, S. 1990: Predation by early Cambrian trilobites on infaunal worms - evidence from the Swedish Mickwitzia Sandstone. Lethaia 23, 29-42.
219. Jensen, S. & Bergström, J. 1995: The trace fossil Fucoides circinatus Brongniart, 1828, from its type area, Västergötland, Sweden. GFF 117, 207-210.
220. Jensen, S. & Grant, S.W.F. 1992: Stratigraphy and paleobiology of Kullingia and trace fossils from the late Proterozoic to Cambrian of northern Sweden. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 1992, Abstracts with Programs, A114.
221. Kalm, P. 1746: Pehr Kalins Wästgöta och Bohuslänska Resa. New Edition, Wahlström and Widstrand, Stockholm (1977).
222. Kayser, F.H.E. 1872: Neue Fossilien aus dem rheinischen Devon. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 24, 691-700.
223. Keij, A.J. 1965: Miocene Trace Fossils from Borneo. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 39, 220-228.
224. Kennedy, W.J. 1967: Burrows and surface traces from the Lower Chalk of Southern England. British Museum of Natural History (Geology) Bulletin 15, 127-167.
225. Kern, J.P. 1980: Origin of trace fossils in Polish Carpathian flysch. Lethaia 13, 347-362.
226. Kilpper, K. 1963: Xenohelix Mansfield 1927 aus der miozänen Niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 36, 55-58.
227. Kirjanov, V.V. 1968: Paleontologicheskie ostatki i stratigrafiya otlozhenij baltijskoj serii Volyn-Podoli. In Paleontologiya i stratigrafiya nizhnego paleozoya Volyno-Podoli, 5-25. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
228. Kitchell, J.A. 1979: Deep-sea foraging pathways: An analysis of randomness and resource exploitation. Paleobiology 5, 107-125.
229. Klein, G. de V. 1977: Clastic Tidal Facies. 149 pp. Continuing Education Publication Company, Champaign, Ill.
230. Kotake, N. 1989: Paleoecology of the Zoophycos producer. Lethaia 22, 327-341.
231. Kowalski, W.R. 1978: Critical analysis of Cambrian ichnogenus Plagiogmus Roedel, 1929. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego 48, 333-344.
232. Ksia̧żkiewicz, M. 1968: O nekotorych problematykach z fliszu karpat Polskich (Czesc III). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego 38, 3-17.
233. Ksia̧żkiewicz, M. 1977: Trace fossils in the flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Palaeontologia Polonica 36, 208 pp.
234. Landing, E, Narbonne, G.M., Benus, A.P & Anderson, A.M. 1988: Faunas and depositional environments of the Upper Precambrian through Lower Cambrian, southeastern Newfoundland. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G.M. & Myrow, P. (eds.): Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary - proceedings, 18-52. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.
235. Lebesconte, P. 1883: Les Cruziana et Rysophycus connu sous le nom géneral de bilobites. Sont-ils des végétaux ou des traces d'animaux. In Ouvres Posthumes de Marie Rouault,...publies par les soins de P. Lebesconte, 61-73. Oberthur, Rennes, Paris.
236. Leckie, D. 1988: Wave-formed coarse-grained ripples and their relationship to hummocky cross-stratification. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58, 607-622.
237. Legg, I.C. 1985: Trace fossils from a Middle Cambrian deltaic sequence, north Spain. In Allen Curran, H. (ed.): Biogenic structures: their use in interpreting depositional environments, 151-165. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 35.
238. Lendzion, K. 1972: Stratygrafia kambru dolnego na obszarze podlasia. Biuletyn Instytut Geologiczny 233, 69-157.
239. Lesquereux, L. 1876: Species of fossil marine plants from the Carboniferous measures. Annual Report Indiana Geological Survey 7, 134-135.
240. Levell, B.K. 1980: Evidence for currents associated with waves in Late Precambrian shelf deposits from Finnmark, North Norway. Sedimentology 27, 153-166.
241. Liñan, E. 1984: Los icnofosiles de la formacion Torrearboles (¿Precambrico?-Cambrico inferior) en los Alfrededores de fuente de Cantos, Badajoz. Caudernos do Laboratoria Xeologico de Laxe 8, 47-74.
242. Lindström, M. 1977: White sand crosses in turbated siltstone bed, basal Cambrian, Kinnekulle, Sweden. Geologica et Palaeontologica 11, 1-8.
243. Lindström, M. 1984: Do 'white sand crosses' from the Lower Cambrian of Kinnekulle have Glendonite affinity? Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 106, 32
244. Lindström, M. & Vortisch, W. 1978: Sphalerite from transgressive and regressive sediments of the Cambro-Silurian Supercycle, Baltic Shield. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 27, 47-53.
245. Linnaeus, C. 1747: Carl Linnaei Wästgöta-Resa. Stockholm (several editions).
246. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1866: Om de Siluriska Bildningarne i Mellersta Westergötland. 1. 24 pp. Nisbeth, Stockholm.
247. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1868: Bidrag till Westergötlands Geologi. Öfversikt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 1868:1, 53-62.
248. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1869a: Om några försteningar från Vestergötlands sandstenslager. Öfversikt av Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1869:3, 337-357. [Translated as 'On some fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstone at Lugnås in Sweden'. Norstedt, Stockholm, 1869, 16 pp. Also as 'On some fossils found at Lugnås in Sweden', Geological Magazine 6, 393-406.]
249. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1869a: Om några försteningar från Vestergötlands sandstenslager. Öfversikt av Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1869:3, 337-357. [Translated as 'On some fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstone at Lugnås in Sweden'. Norstedt, Stockholm, 1869, 16 pp. Also as 'On some fossils found at Lugnås in Sweden', Geological Magazine 6, 393-406.]
250. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1869a: Om några försteningar från Vestergötlands sandstenslager. Öfversikt av Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1869:3, 337-357. [Translated as 'On some fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstone at Lugnås in Sweden'. Norstedt, Stockholm, 1869, 16 pp. Also as 'On some fossils found at Lugnås in Sweden', Geological Magazine 6, 393-406.]
251. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1869b: Om Vestergötlands Cambriska och Siluriska aflagringar. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 8:2. 58 pp.
252. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1871: Geognostiska och paleontologiska iakttagelser öfver Eophytonsandstenen i Vestergötland. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 9:7, 19 pp.
253. Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1874: Jemförelse mellan den kambrisk-siluriska lagerföljden i Sverige, Böhmen och Ryska Östersjöprovinserna. Förhandlingar vid det 11te Skandinaviska Naturforskarmötet, p. 269. Kobenhavn.
254. Lisson, C.I. 1904: Los Tigillites del salto del Fraile y algunes Sonneratoa del Morro Solar. Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru 17. 64pp.
255. Ludwig, R. 1869: Fossile Pflanzenresten aus den paläolithischen Formationen der Umgebung von Dillenburg, Biedenkopf und Friedberg und aus dem Saalfieldischen. Palaeontographica 17, 105-128.
256. Lugn, A.L. 1941: The origin of Daemonelix. Journal of Geology 49, 673-696.
257. Lundgren, S.A.B. 1891: Studier öfver fossilförande lösa block. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 13, 111-121.
258. McCann, T. & Pickerill, R.K. 1988: Flysch trace fossils from the Cretaceous Kodiak Formation of Alaska. Journal of Paleontology 62, 330-348.
259. McCarthy, B. 1979: Trace fossils from a Permian shoreface-foreshore environment, eastern Australia. Journal of Paleontology 53, 345-366.
260. McMenamin, M.A.S. & Schulte-McMenamin, D.L. 1990: The Emergence of Animals: the Cambrian Breakthrough. Columbia University Press, New York. 217 pp.
261. MacNaughton, R.B. & Pickerill, R.K. 1995: Invertebrate ichnology of the nonmarine Lepreau Formation (Triassic) southern New Brunswick, eastern Canada. Journal of Paleontology 69, 160-171
262. Magwood, J.P.A. 1992: Ichnotaxonomy: a burrow by any other name...? In Maples, C.G. & West, R.R. Trace Fossils, 15-33. Short Courses in Paleontology 5.
263. Magwood, J.P.A. & Pemberton, S.G. 1988: Trace fossils of the Gog Group, a lower Cambrian tidal sand body. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G.M. & Myrow, P. (eds.): Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary - proceedings, p. 14. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.
264. Magwood, J.P.A. & Pemberton, S.G. 1990: Stratigraphic significance of Cruziana: New data concerning the Cambrian-Ordovician ichnostratigraphic paradigm. Geology 18, 729-732.
265. Manca, V. 1986: Caracteres icnologicos de la Formacion Campanario (Cambrico Superior) en Salta y Jujuy. Ameghiniana 23, 75-87.
266. Maples, C.G. & Archer, A.W. 1987: Redescription of early Pennsylvanian trace-fossil holotypes from the nonmarine Hindostan Whetstone beds of Indiana. Journal of Paleontology 61, 890-897.
267. Martinsson, A. 1965: Aspects of a middle Cambrian thanatotope on Öland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 87, 81-230.
268. Martinsson, A. 1970: Toponomy of trace fossils. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils, 323-330. Geological Journal Special Issue 3.
269. Martinsson, A. 1974: The Cambrian of Norden. In Holland, C.H. (ed.): Cambrian of the British Isles, Norden, and Spitsbergen, 186-282. Wiley, New York, N.Y.
270. Matthew, G.F. 1891: Illustrations of the fauna of the St. John Group, No. V. Royal Society of Canada Transactions, Section 4:8, 123-166.
271. Matthew, G.F. 1901: Monocraterion and Oldhamia. The Irish Naturalist 10, 135-136.
272. Mayer, G. 1954: Neue Beobachtungen an Lebenspuren aus dem unteren Hauptmuschelkalk (Trochitenkalk) von Wiesloch. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 99, 223-229.
273. Mayoral, E. 1986: Gyrolithes vidali nov. icnoesp. (Plioceno marino) en el sector suroccidental de la Cuneca del Guadalquivir (area de palos de la frontera, Huelva, España). Estudios geologicos 42, 211-233.
274. Miller, M.F. & Johnson, K.G. 1981: Spirophyton in alluvial-tidal facies of the Catskill deltaic complex: possible biological control of ichnofossil distribution. Journal of Paleontology 55, 1016-1027.
275. Miller, M.F. & Rehmer, J. 1982: Using biogenic structures to interpret sharp lithologic boundaries: an example from the Lower Devonian of New York. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 52, 887-895.
276. Miller, S.A. 1879: Description of twelve new fossil species and remarks upon others. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 2, 104-118.
277. Miller, S.A. 1889: North American Geology and Palaeontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. 718 pp. Press of Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati.
278. Miller, S.A. & Dyer, C.B. 1878: Contributions to palaeontology. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 1, 24-39.
279. Miller, S.A. & Dyer, C.B. 1878: Contributions to Palaeontology 2. 11 pp. Barclay, Cincinnatti, Ohio.
280. Moberg, J.C. 1911: Historical-stratigraphical review of the Silurian of Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 229. 210 pp.
281. Moczydłowska, M. 1989: Upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian acritarchs from Poland - micropalaeontology, biostratigraphy and thermal study. Lund Publications in Geology 75. 30 pp.
282. Moczydłowska, M. 1991: Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in southeastern Poland. Fossils and Strata 29, 127 pp.
283. Moczydłowska, M. & Vidal, G. 1986: Lower Cambrian acritarch zonation in southern Scandinavia and southeastern Poland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 108, 201-223.
284. Moczydłowska, M. & Vidal, G. 1988: How old is the Tommotian? Geology 16, 166-168.
285. [Möller, M. 1987: Die Geologie der Altpaläozoischen Sedimentite des Westlischen Kinnekulle. Unpublished Thesis. Fachbereich Geowissenschaften. Philipps-Universität Marburg/Lahn. 155 pp.]
286. Moussa, M.T. 1970: Nematode fossil trails from the Green River Formation (Eocene) in the Uinta Basin. Journal of Paleontology 44, 304-307.
287. Myers, A.C. 1977: Sediment processing in a marine subtidal sandy bottom community: II. Biological consequences. Journal of Marine Research 35, 633-647.
288. Myrow, P.M. 1992: Pot and gutter casts from the Chapel Island Formation, southeast Newfoundland. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 62, 992-1007.
289. Narbonne, G.M. 1984: Trace fossils in Upper Silurian tidal flat to basin slope carbonates of Arctic Canada. Journal of Paleontology 58, 398-415.
290. Narbonne, G.M. & Aitken, J.D. 1990: Ediacaran fossils from the Sekwi Brook area, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwestern Canada. Palaeontology 33, 945-980.
291. Narbonne G.M. & Myrow, P.M. 1988: Trace fossil biostratigraphy in the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval. In Landing, E., Narbonne, G.M. & Myrow, P. (eds.): Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, Proceedings, 72-76. New York State Museum Bulletin 463.
292. Narbonne, G.M., Myrow, P.M., Landing, E. & Anderson, M.M. 1987: A candidate stratotype for the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, Fortune Head, Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 1277-1293.
293. Nathorst, A.G. 1874: Om några förmodade växtfossil. Öfversikt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 1873:9, 25-52.
294. Nathorst, A.G. 1881a: Om aftryck af Medusor i Sveriges kambriska lager. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 19:1. 34 pp.
295. Nathorst, A.G. 1881b: Om spår av några evertebrerade djur m.m. och deras paleontologiska betydelse. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 18:7. 59 pp.
296. Nathorst, A.G. 1885: Om kambriska pyramidalstenar. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 1885:10, 5-17.
297. Nathorst, A.G. 1886a: Nouvelles observations sur des traces d'Animaux et autres phenomenes d'origine purement mecanique decrits commes 'Algues Fossiles'.Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 21:14. 58 pp.
298. Nathorst, A.G. 1886b: Om de sandslipade stenarnes förekomst i de kambriska lagren vid Lugnås. Öfversigt av Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 1886:6, 185-192.
299. Nathorst, A.G. 1910: Ein besonders instruktives Exemplar unter den Medusenabdrucken aus dem kambrischen Sandstein bei Lugnås. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 228, 1-9.
300. Nowlan, G.S., Narbonne, G.M. & Fritz, W.W. 1985: Small shelly fossils and trace fossils near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Lethaia 18, 233-256.
301. Öpik, A.A. 1925: Beitrag zur Stratigraphie und Fauna des estnischen Unter-Kambriums (Eophyton-Sandstein). Publications of the Geological Institution of the University of Tartu 3. 20 pp.
302. Öpik, A.A. 1933: Über Scolithus aus Estland. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis), Ser A, 24:3. 12 pp.
303. Öpik, A.A. 1956: Cambrian (Lower Cambrian) of Estonia. In Rodgers, J. (ed.): XX Congreso Geologico Internacional. El Sistema Cambrico su Paleografia y el problema de su base, Part I, 97-126.
304. Orłowski, S. 1974: Lower Cambrian biostratigraphy in the Holy Cross Mts., based on the trilobite family Olenellidae. Acta Geologica Polonica 24, 1-16.
305. Orłowski, S. 1989: Trace fossils in the Lower Cambrian sequence in the Świȩtokrzyskie Mountains, central Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 34, 211-231.
306. Orłowski, S. 1992: Trilobite trace fossils and their stratigraphical significance in the Cambrian sequence of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Geological Journal 27, 15-35.
307. Orłowski, S. & Radwański, A. 1986: Middle Devonian sea-anemone burrows, Alpertia santacrucensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. n., from the Holy Cross Mountains. Acta Geologica Polonica 36, 233-249.
308. Orłowski, S., Radwański, A. & Roniewicz, P. 1970: The trilobite ichnocoenoses in the Cambrian sequence of the Holy Cross Mountains. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils. Geological Journal Special Issue 3, 345-360.
309. Orłowski, S., Radwański, A. & Roniewicz, P. 1971: Ichnospecific variability of the Upper Cambrian Rusophycus from the Holy Cross Mts. Acta Geologica Polonica 21, 341-348.
310. Osgood, R.G. 1970: Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area. Palaeontographica Americana 6:41, 281-444.
311. Osgood, R.G. & Drennen, W.T. 1975: Trilobite trace fossils from the Clinton Group (Silurian) of east-central New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 67:287, 300-348.
312. Pacześna, J. 1985: Skamieniałości śladowne górnego wendu i dolnego kambru południowej Lubelszczyzny. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 29, 255-270.
313. Pacześna, J. 1986: Upper Vendian and Lower Cambrian ichnocoenoses of Lublin Region. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego 355, 31-47.
314. Pacześna, J. 1989: Polski i globalny zapis biodarzenia na granicy Prekambr-Kambr. Przeglad Geologiczny 29, 542-546.
315. Palij, V.M. 1976: Ostatki besskeletnoj fauny i sledy zhiznedeyatel'nosti iz otlozhenij verkhnego dokembriya i nizhnego kembriya Podolii. [Remains of soft-bodied fauna and trace fossils from the upper Precambrian and lower Cambrian of Podolia.] In: Paleontologiya i Stratigrafiya Verkhnego Dokembriya i Nizhnego Paleozoya Jugo-Zapadna Vostochno-Evropejskoj Platformy, 63-77. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
316. Palij, V.M., Posti, E. & Fedonkin, M.A. 1983: Soft-bodied Metazoa and animal trace fossils in the Vendian and early Cambrian. In Urbanek, A. & Rozanov, A. Yu. (eds.): Upper Precambrian and Cambrian Palaeontology of the East-European Platform, 56-94. Wydawnictea Geologiczne, Warszawa.
317. Pek, I. & Gába, Z. 1983: Syringomorpha nilssoni (Torell) z ledovcových uloženin severní Moravy (ČSSR). Acta Universitas Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Rerum Naturalium 77, Geographica-Geologica 22, 21-28.
318. Pemberton, S.G. & Frey, W.F. 1982: Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma. Journal of Paleontology 56, 843-881.
319. Pemberton, S.G. & Magwood, J.P.A. 1990: A unique occurrence of Bergaueria in the Lower Cambrian Gog Group near Lake Loise, Alberta. Journal of Paleontology 64, 436-440.
320. Pemberton, S.G., Frey, R.W. & Bromley, R.G. 1988: The ichnotaxonomy of Conostichus and other plug-shaped ichnofossils. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, 866-892.
321. Péneau, J: 1946: Étude sur l'Ordovicien inférieur (Arénigien = Grès armoricain) et sa Faune (spécialment en Anjou). Bulletin de la Société d'Études Scientifiques d'Angers, Nouvelles Série LXXIVe à LXXVIes Années 1944-1946, 37-106.
322. Pickerill, R.K. 1977: Trace fossils from the Upper Ordovician (Caradoc) of the Berwyn Hills, Central Wales. Geological Journal 12, 1-16.
323. Pickerill, R.K. 1980: Phanerozoic flysch trace fossil diversity - observations based on an Ordovician flysch ichnofauna from the Aroostook-Matapedia Carbonate Belt of northern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 1259-1270.
324. Pickerill, R.K. 1989: Bergaueria perata Prantl, 1945 from the Silurian of Cape George, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology 25, 191-197.
325. Pickerill, R.K. 1994: Nomenclature and taxonomy of invertebrate trace fossils. In Donovan, S.K. (ed.): The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils, 3-42. Wiley, Chichester.
326. Pickerill, R.K. & Narbonne, G.M. 1995: Composite and compound ichnotaxa: a case example from the Ordovician of Quèbec, eastern Canada. Ichnos 4, 53-69.
327. Pickerill, R.K. & Peel, J.S. 1990: Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Bastion Formation of North-East Greenland. In Peel, J.S. (ed.): Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Rapport 147, 5-43.
328. Pickerill, R.K., Fyffe, L.R. & Forbes, W.H. 1987: Late Ordovician-Early Silurian trace fossils from the Matapedia Group, Tobique River, western New Brunswick, Canada. Maritime Sediments and Atlanic Geology 23, 77-88.
329. Pickerill, R.K., Fyffe, L.R. & Forbes, W.H. 1988: Late Ordovician-Early Silurian trace fossils from the Matapedia Group, Tobique River, western New Brunswick, Canada. II. Additional discoveries with descriptions and comments. Maritime Sediments and Atlanic Geology 24, 139-148.
330. Piénkowski, G. & Westwalewicz-Mogilska, E. 1986: Trace fossils from the Podhale Flysch Basin, Poland - an example of ecologically based lithocorrelation. Lethaia 19, 53-65.
331. Piper, J.D. 1985: Continental movements and breakup in Late Precambrian-Cambrian times: prelude to Caledonian orogenesis. In Gee, D.G. & Sturt, B.A. (eds.): The Caledonide Orogen - Scandinavia and Related Areas, 19-34. Wiley, New York, N.Y.
332. Plička, M. 1968: Zoophycos, and a proposed classification of sabellid worms. Journal of Paleontology 42, 836-849.
333. Plummer, P.S. & Gostin, V.A. 1981: Shrinkage cracks: desiccation or synaeresis? Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51, 1147-1156.
334. Pollard, J.E. 1981: A comparison between the Triassic trace fossils of Cheshire and south Germany. Palaeontology 24, 555-588.
335. Pollard, J.E. 1985: Isopodichnus, related arthropod trace fossils and notostracans from Triassic fluvial sediments. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 76, 273-285.
336. Poulsen, C. 1967: Fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Bornholm. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Matematisk-Fysiske Meddelelser 36:2, 1-18.
337. Powell, E.N. 1977: The relationship of the trace fossil Gyrolithes (Xenohelix) to the family Capitellidae (Polychaeta). Journal of Paleontology 51, 552-556.
338. Prantl, F. 1946: Dvě záhadné zkameněliny (stopy) z vrstev chrustenickych - dδ3. Rozpravy České Akademie Věd a Umění, Třída II, 55:3, 1-18.
339. Raaf, J.F.M. de, Boersma, J.R. & van Gelder, A. 1977. Wave-generated structures and sequences from a shallow marine succession, Lower Carboniferous, County Cork, Ireland. Sedimentology 24, 451-483.
340. Radwański, A. & Roniewicz, P. 1960: Ripple marks and other sedimentary structures of the Upper Cambrian at Wielka Wisniówka. Acta Geologica Polonica 10, 371-399.
341. Reif, W.-E. 1982: Muschelkalk/Keuper Bone-Beds (Middle Triassic, SW-Germany) - Storm condensation in a regressive cycle. In Einsele, G. & Seilacher, A. (eds.): Cyclic and Event Stratification, 299-325. Springer, Berlin.
342. Reineck, H.-E. 1958: Wühlbau-Gefüge in Abhängigkeit von Sediment-Umlagerungen. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 39, 1-23.
343. Reineck, H.E. 1969: Die Entstehung von Runzelmarken. Natur und Museum 99, 386-388
344. Reineck, H.E., Gutmann, W.F. & Hertweck, G. 1967: Das Schlickgebiet südlich Helgoland als Beispiel rezenter Schelfablagerung. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 48, 219-275.
345. Reineck, H.E. & Singh, I.B. 1980: Depositional Sedimentary Environments with Reference to Terrigenous Clastics. 2 ed. 549 pp. Springer, Berlin.
346. Ricci Lucchi, F. 1970: Sedimentografia. Atlante Fotografico Delle Strutture Primarie dei Sedimenti. 288 pp. Zanichelli, Bologna.
347. Richardson, J.D. 1975: Trace fossils from the Wolfe City Formation (Upper Cretaceous) Northern Texas. The Texas Journal of Science 26, 339-352.
348. Richter, D. 1971: Ballen und Kissen (ball-and-pillow structure), eine weitverbreitete, bisher wenig bekannte Sedimentstruktur. Forschungsberichte des landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 2184. 47 pp.
349. Richter, R. 1927: Syringomorpha nilssoni (Torell) in nord-deutschen Geschieben des schwedischen Cambriums. Senckenbergiana 9, 260-268.
350. Richter, R. 1937: Marken und Spuren aus allen Zeiten. I-II. I. Wühl-Gefüge durch kot-gefüllte Tunnel (Planolites montanus n.sp.) aus dem Ober-Karbon der Ruhr. Senckenbergiana 19, 151-159.
351. Rijken, M. 1979: Food and food uptake in Arenicola marina. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 13, 406-421.
352. Rindsberg, A.K. & Gastaldo, R.A. 1990: New insights on ichnogenus Rosselia (Cretaceous and Holocene, Alabama). Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 61, 154.
353. Romano, M. & Melendez, B. 1985: An arthropod (merostome) ichnocoenosis from the Carboniferous of northwest Spain. In Dutro, J.T. & Pfefferkorn, H.W. (eds.): Neuvième Congrès International de Stratigraphie et de Géologie du Carbonifère. Washington and Champaign-Urbana. Compte rendu 5, 317-325. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, Ill.
354. Romano, M. & Whyte, M.A. 1987: A limulid trace fossil from the Scarborough Formation (Jurassic) of Yorkshire; its occurrence, taxonomy and interpretation. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 46, 85-95.
355. Romano, M. & Whyte, M.A. 1990: Selenichnites, a new name for the ichnogenus Selenichnus Romano & Whyte, 1987. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 48, 221.
356. Roniewicz, P. & Pienkowski, G. 1977: Trace fossils of the Podhale Flysch Basin. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal Special Issue 2, 273-288.
357. Rouault, M. 1851: Note préliminaire sur une nouvelle formation découverte dans la terrain silurien inférieur de la Bretagne. Bulletin Société Géologique de France, Sér. 2, 7, 724-744.
358. Runnegar, B. 1992: Evolution of the earliest animals. In Schopf, J.W. (ed.): Major Events in the History of Life, 65-93. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, Mass.
359. Salter, J.W. 1853: On the lowest fossiliferous beds of north Wales. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report for 1852, 56-68.
360. Saporta, L.C.J.G. de 1884: Les organismes problematiques des anciennes mers. 102 pp. Masson, Paris.
361. Shaffer, F.X. 1928: Hormosiroidea florentina n.g., n.sp., ein Fucus aus der Kreide der Umgebung von Florenz. Paläontologisches Zeitschrift 10, 212-215.
362. Schindewolf, O.H. 1921: Studien aus dem Marburger Buntsandstein 1, 2. Senckenbergiana 3, 33-49.
363. Schindewolf, O.H. 1928: Studien aus dem Marburger Buntsandstein. IV. Isopodichnus problematicus (SCHDWF.) im Unteren und Mittleren Buntsandstein. Senckenbergiana 10, 27-37.
364. Schmalfuss, H. 1981: Structure, patterns and function of cuticular terrases in trilobites. Lethaia 14, 331-341.
365. Schmidt, F. 1888: Über eine neuentdeckte untercambrische Fauna in Estland. Mémoires de l'Academie Impériale des Sciences de St-Petersbourg 7, 36:2, 1-27.
366. Scholz, H. 1977: Bemerkungen zum Mickwitziasandstein. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlischen Arbeitskreises Kempten 21, 61-75.
367. Seilacher, A. 1953: Studien zur Palichnologie II. Die fossilen Ruhespuren (Cubichnia). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 98, 87-124.
368. Seilacher, A. 1955a: Spuren und Lebensweise der Trilobiten. In Schindewolf, O.H. & Seilacher, A. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Kambriums in der Salt Range (Pakistan). Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 1955, 342-372.
369. Seilacher, A. 1955b: Spuren und Fazies im Unterkambrium. In Schindewolf, O.H. & Seilacher, A. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Kambriums in der Salt Range (Pakistan), Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 1955, 373-399.
370. Seilacher, A. 1956: Der Beginn des Kambriums als biologische Wende. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 103, 155-180.
371. Seilacher, A. 1959a: Zur ökologischen Charakteristik von Flysch und Molasse. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 51, 1062-1078.
372. Seilacher, A. 1959b: Vom Leben der Trilobiten. Die Naturwissenschaften 46, 389-393.
373. Seilacher, A. 1960: Lebenspuren als Leitfossilien. Geologische Rundschau 49, 41-50.
374. Seilacher, A. 1962: Form und Funktion des Trilobiten-Daktylus. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. Festband Hermann Schmidt, 218-227.
375. Seilacher, A. 1963: Lebenspuren und Salinitätsfazies. Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalens 10, 81-94.
376. Seilacher, A. 1964: Biogenic sedimentary structures. In Imbrie, J. & Newell, N. (eds.): Approaches to Paleoecology, 296-316. Wiley, New York, N.Y.
377. Seilacher, A. 1967: Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology 5, 413-428.
378. Seilacher, A. 1970: Cruziana stratigraphy of nonfossiliferous Paleozoic sandstones. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils, 447-476. Geological Journal Special Issue 3.
379. Seilacher, A. 1977: Pattern analysis of Paleodictyon and related trace fossils. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace fossils 2, 289-334. Geological Journal Special Issue 9.
380. Seilacher, A. 1982: Distinctive features of sandy tempestites. In Einsele, G. & Seilacher, A. (eds.): Cyclic and Event Stratification, 333-349. Springer, Berlin.
381. Seilacher, A. 1983a: Paleozoic sandstones in southern Jordan: Trace fossils, depositional environments and biogeography. In Abed, A.M. & Khaled, H.M. (eds.): Geology of Jordan. Proceedings of the First Jordanian Geological Conference, 209-222. Jordanian Geologists Association, Amman.
382. Seilacher, A. 1983b: Upper Paleozoic trace fossils from the Gilf Kebir-Abu Ras area in southwestern Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1, 21-34.
383. Seilacher, A. 1984: Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian Metazoa: Preservational or Real Extinctions? In Holland, H.D. & Trendall, A.F. (eds.): Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution, 159-168. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
384. Seilacher, A. 1985: Trilobite palaeobiology and substrate relationship. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76, 231-237.
385. Seilacher, A. 1986: Evolution of behavior as expressed in marine trace fossils. In Nitecki, M.H. & Kitchell, J.A. (eds.): Evolution of Animal Behavior. Paleontological and Field Approaches, 63-87. Oxford University Press, New York.
386. Seilacher, A. 1990: Paleozoic trace fossils. In Said, R. (ed.): The Geology of Egypt, 649-670. Balkema. Rotterdam.
387. Seilacher, A. 1992a: Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 607-613.
388. Seilacher, A. 1992b: An updated Cruziana stratigraphy of Gondwanan Paleozoic sandstones. In Salem, M.J. & Busrewil, M.T. (eds.): The Geology of Libya, 1565-1581. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
389. Seilacher, A. 1994a. Early multicellular life: Late Proterozoic fossils and the Cambrian explosion. In Bengtson, S. (ed.): Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium No. 84, 389-400. Columbia University Press, New York, N.Y.
390. Seilacher, A. 1994b: How valid is Cruziana stratigraphy? Geologisches Rundschau 83, 752-758.
391. Seilacher, A. & Crimes, T.P. 1969: 'European' species of trilobite burrows in eastern Newfoundland. In Kay, M. (ed.): North Atlantic - Geology and Continental Drift, 145-148. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 12.
392. Seilacher, A. & Hemleben, C. 1966: Beiträge zur Sedimentation und Fossilführung des Hunsrückschiefers 14. Spurenfauna und Bildungstiefe der Hunsrückschiefer (Unterdevon). Notizblatt des Hessichen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden 94, 40-53.
393. Seilacher, A. & Meischner, D. 1965: Fazies-Analyse im Paläozoikum des Oslo-Gebietes. Geologische Rundschau 54, 596-619.
394. Sepkoski, J.J. 1987: Environmental trends in extinction during the Paleozoic. Science 235, 64-66.
395. Signor, P.W. 1994: Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary trace fossils: Biostratigraphic significance of Harlaniella in the Lower Cambrian Wood Canyon Formation, Death Valley, California. New York State Museum Bulletin 481, 317-322.
396. Simpson, S. 1970: Notes on Zoophycos and Spirophyton. In Crimes, T.P. & Harper, J.C. (eds.): Trace Fossils, 505-514. Geological Journal Special Issue 3.
397. Singh, I.B. & Rai, V. 1983: Fauna and biogenic structures in Krol-Tal succession (Vendian-early Cambrian), lesser Himalaya: their biostratigraphic and palaeoecological significance. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 28, 67-90.
398. Singh, I.B. & Wunderlich, F. 1978: On the terms wrinkle marks (Runzelmarken), millimetre ripples, and mini ripples. Senckenbergiana Maritima 10, 75-83.
399. Smith, R.M.H. 1987: Helical burrow casts of therapsid origin from the Beaufort Group (Permian) of South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatobgy, Palaeoecology 60, 155-170.
400. Stanley, D.C.A. & Pickerill, R.K. 1993: Fustiglyphus annulatus from the Ordovician of Ontario, Canada, with a systematic review of the ichnogenera Fustiglyphys Vialov 1971 and Rhabdoglyphus Vassoievich 1951. Ichnos 3, 57-67.
401. Steimle, F.W. & Sindemann, C.J. 1978. Review of oxygen depletion and associated mass mortalities in the Middle Atlantic Bight in 1976. Marine Fisheries Review 40, 17-26.
402. Stormer, L. 1956: A Lower Cambrian merostome from Sweden. Arkiv för Zoologi 9, 507-517.
403. Taylor, B.J. 1967: Trace fossils from the Fossil Bluff Series of Alexander Island. British Antarctic Survey, Bulletin 13, 1-30.
404. Tedesco, L.E. & Wanless, H.R. 1991: Generation of sedimentary fabrics and facies by repetitive excavation and storm infilling of burrow networks, Holocene of South Florida and Caicos Platform, B.W.I. Palaios 6, 326-343.
405. Thayer, C.W. 1983: Sediment-mediated biological disturbance and the evolution of marine benthos. In Tevesz, M.J.S. & McCall, P.L. (eds.): Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities, 479-625. Plenum, New York, N.Y.
406. Thorslund, P. 1958: Djupborrningen på Gotska Sandön. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 80, 190-197.
407. Thorslund, P. 1960: The Cambro-Silurian of Sweden. In Magnusson, N.H., Thorslund, P., Brotzen, F., Asklund, B. & Kulling, O.: Description to accompany the map of the pre-Quaternary rocks of Sweden, 96-110. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Ba 16.
408. Thorslund, P. & Axberg, S. 1979: Geology of the southern Bothnian Sea. Part I. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala, N.S. 8, 35-62.
409. Thorslund, P. & Westergård, A.H. 1938: Deep boring through the Cambro-Silurian at File Haidar, Gotland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 415, 1-56.
410. Toots, H. 1963: Helical burrows as fossil movement patterns. Contributions to Geology 2, 129-134.
411. Torell, O. 1868: Bidrag till Sparagmitens geognosi och paleontologi. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift 4, Afd 2:3, 1-40.
412. Torell, O. 1870: Petrificata Suecana Formationis Cambricae. Lund's Universitets Årsskrift 6, Afd 2:8, 1-14.
413. Tromelin, G. de & Lebesconte, P. 1876: Essai d'un catalogue raisonné des fossiles siluriens des départements de Main-et-Loire, de la Loire-Inférieure et du Morbihan. Association Francaise pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Compte Rendus 4, 601-661.
414. Uchman, A. 1995: Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: The Marnoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria 15, 115 pp.
415. Uchman, A. & Krenmayer, H.G. 1995: Trace fossils from the Lower Miocene (Ottnangian) molasse deposits of Upper Austria. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 69, 503-524.
416. Vanuxem, L. 1842: Natural History of New-York. Geology of New-York Part III. Comprising the Survey of the Third Geological District. 306 pp. White & Visscher, Albany.
417. Vassoevich, N.B. 1932: O nekotorykh priznakakh pozvolyayushchikh otlochetoprokinutoe polozhenie flishevykh obrazovaniy ot normalynogo. Trudy Geologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR 2, 47-63.
418. Vialov, O.S. 1969: Vintoobraznyj khod chlenistonogogo iz Kryma. [Spiral arthropod traces from Crimea.] Paleontologicheskij Sbornik, Lvov 6:1, 105-109.
419. Vialov, O.S. 1971. Redkie problematiki iz mesozoya Pamira i Kavkaza, Paleontologicheskij Sbornik, Lvov, 7:2, 85-93.
420. Vidal, G. 1981a: Lower Cambrian acritarch stratigraphy in Scandinavia. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 103, 183-192.
421. Vidal, G. 1981b: Micropaleontology and biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian sequence in Scandinavia. In Taylor, M.E. (ed.): Short papers for the Second International Symposium on the Cambrian System 1981, 232-235. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-743.
422. Vogt, T. 1924: Forholdet mellem sparagmitsystemet og del marine underkambrium vid Mjøsen. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift 7, 281-384.
423. Volk, M. 1968: Trichophycus thuringicum, eine Lebenspuren aus den Phycoden-Schichten (Ordovizium) Thüringens. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 49, 581-585.
424. Waern, B. 1952: Palaeontology and stratigraphy of the Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician of the Bödahamn core. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Upsala 34, 223-250.
425. Walcott, C.D. 1890: The fauna of the Lower Cambrian or Olenellus Zone. United States Geological Survey Annual Report 10:1, 509-774.
426. Walcott, C.D. 1896: Fossil jelly fishes from the Middle Cambrian terrane. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42, 611-614.
427. Walcott, C.D. 1898: Fossil Medusae. United States Geological Survey, Monographs 30. 201 pp.
428. Walcott, C.D. 1914: Cambrian geology and paleontology 3, No. 2. PreCambrian Algonkian algal flora. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 64:2, 77-156.
429. Walcott, C.D. 1918: Cambrian geology and paleontology 4, No. 4. Appendages of trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 67:4, 115-216.
430. Wallin, J.A. 1868: Bidrag till kännedommen om Vestgötabergens byggnad, 1. 27 pp. Lundbergs, Lund.
431. Walter, H. 1984: Zur Ichnologie der Arthropoda. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 391, 58-94.
432. Walter, M.R., Elphistone, R. & Heys, G.R. 1989: Proterozoic and Early Cambrian trace fossils from the Amadeus and Georgina Basins, central Australia. Alcheringa 13, 209-256.
433. Wanless, H.R. & Tedesco, L.R. & Tyrrell, K.M. 1988: Production of subtidal tubular and surficial tabular tempestites by Hurricane Kate, Caicos Platform, British West Indies. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58, 739-750.
434. Webby, B.D. 1970: Late Precambrian trace fossils from New South Wales. Lethaia 3, 79-109
435. Webby, B.D. 1983: Lower Ordovician arthropod trace fossils from western New South Wales. Proceedings Linnean Society of New South Wales 107, 59-74.
436. Weiss, W. 1941: Die Enstehung der 'Zöpfe' im schwarzen und braunen Jura. Natur und Volk 71, 179-184.
437. Westergård, A.H. 1929: A deep boring through Middle and Lower Cambrian strata at Borgholm, Isle of Öland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C355. 19 pp.
438. Westergård, A.H. 1931a: Diplocraterion, Monocraterion and Scolithus. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning C 372, 25 pp.
439. Westergård, A.H. 1931b: Den kambro-silurska lagerserien. In Lundquist, G., Högbom, A. & Westergård, A.H. Beskrivning till kartbladet Lugnås, 29-67. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Aa 172.
440. Westergård, A.H. 1943: Den kambro-siluriska lagerserien. In Johansson, S., Sundius, N. & Westergård, A.H.: Beskrivning till kartbladet Lidköping, 22-89. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning Aa 182.
441. Wetzel, A. & Werner, F. 1981: Morphology and ecological significance of Zoophycos in deep-sea sediments off NW Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 32, 185-212.
442. Whittington, H.B. 1975: Trilobites with appendages from the Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Fossils and Strata 4, 97-136.
443. Whittington, H.B. 1980: Exoskeleton, moult stage, appendage morphology and habits of Middle Cambrian trilobite Olenoides serratus. Palaeontology 23, 171-204.
444. Whittington, H.B. & Almond, J.E. 1987: Appendages and habits of the Upper Ordovician trilobite Triarthrus eatoni. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B317, 1-46.
445. Willmer, P. 1990: Invertebrate Relationships. Patterns in Animal Evolution. 400 pp. Cambridge University Press.
446. Wilson, A.E. 1948: Miscellaneous classes of fossils, Ottawa Formation, Ottawa - St. Lawrence Valley, Canada. Department of Mines and Resources, Geological Survey Bulletin 11. 116 pp.
447. Wiman, C. 1943: Sandabgüsse von Quallen. Natur und Volk 73, 118-121.
448. Yang Shipu, 1984: Silurian trace fossils from the Yangzi gorges and their significance to depositional environments. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 23, 705-715
449. Yang Shipu 1990: Stratigraphic range and geographic distribution of Cruziana in China and its paleoenvironmental significance. Earth Science 15, 263-273.
450. Yang Shipu, Song Zhimin & Liang Dingyi 1986: Trace fossils from Jurassic and Cretaceous flysches in Shiquanhe-Duoma region, western Tibet. Proceedings of the Symposium on Mesozoic and Cenozoic geology, China, 219-228.
451. Young, F.G. 1972: Early Cambrian and older trace fossils from the Southern Cordillera of Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9, 1-17.
452. Young, G.M. 1967: Possible organic structures in early Proterozoic (Huronian) rocks of Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4, 565-568
453. Young, G.M. 1969: Inorganic origin of corrugated vermiform structures in the Huronian Gordon Lake Formation near Flack Lake, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6, 795-799.