Animal models of idiosyncratic drug reactions

Chemico-Biological Interactions

Volumn 150, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 53-70

  Shenton, Jacintha M ^a   Chen, Jie ^a   Uetrecht, Jack P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Animal models; Autoimmunity; Hypersensitivity; Idiosyncratic drug reaction; Liver toxicity; Skin rash

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE; AMINOGUANIDINE; AMINOPHENAZONE; AMODIAQUINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE; CANAVANINE; CAPTOPRIL; CEFALOTIN; CLOZAPINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; FELBAMATE; HALOTHANE; HYDRALAZINE; HYDROXYLAMINE; KETOPROFEN; MISOPROSTOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEVIRAPINE; PARACETAMOL; PENICILLAMINE; PENICILLIN V; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; PROSTAGLANDIN DERIVATIVE; RANITIDINE; SULFONAMIDE; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG; XENOBIOTIC AGENT;

AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANAPHYLAXIS; APLASTIC ANEMIA; ARTHROPATHY; AUTOIMMUNITY; BLOOD DYSCRASIA; BONE MARROW DEPRESSION; BONE MARROW DISEASE; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; DEPRESSION; DERMATITIS; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG MECHANISM; EDEMA; FEVER; GUINEA PIG; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LEUKOCYTOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER NECROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LUPUS LIKE SYNDROME; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; POLYARTHRITIS; RASH; RAT STRAIN; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RODENT; SIDE EFFECT; TECHNOLOGY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VIRUS INFECTION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CAVIA; FELIS CATUS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 7444252706     PISSN: 00092797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. P. Demoly, and J. Bousquet Epidemiology of drug allergy Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1 2001 305 310
2. K.E. Lasser, P.D. Allen, S.J. Woolhandler, D.U. Himmelstein, S.M. Wolfe, and D.H. Bor Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications J.Am. Med. Assoc. 287 2002 2215 2220
3. B.K. Park, M.D. Tingle, P.S. Grabowski, J.W. Coleman, and N.R. Kitteringham Drug-protein conjugates - XI. Disposition and immunogenicity of dinitrofluorobenzene, a model compound for the investigation of drugs as haptens Biochem. Pharmacol. 36 1987 591 599
4. K. Landsteiner, and J. Jacobs Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds J. Exp. Med. 61 1935 643 656
5. C.W. Parker Allergic reactions in man Pharmacol. Rev. 34 1982 85 104
6. D.C. Evans, A.P. Watt, D.A. Nicoll-Griffith, and T.A. Baillie Drug-protein adducts: an industry perspective on minimizing the potential for drug bioactivation in drug discovery and development Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17 2004 3 16
7. J.P. Uetrecht New concepts in immunology relevant to idiosyncratic drug reactions: the "danger hypothesis" and innate immune system Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12 1999 387 395
8. P. Matzinger Tolerance, danger, and the extended family Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12 1994 991 1045
9. W.J. Pichler Pharmacological interaction of drugs with antigen-specific immune receptors: the p-i concept Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2 2002 301 305
10. W.H. Chung, S.I. Hung, H.S. Hong, M.S. Hsih, L.C. Yang, and H.C. Ho Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome Nature 428 2004 486
11. M. Levy Role of viral infections in the induction of adverse drug reactions Drug Saf. 16 1997 1 8
12. D.W. Scott, and W.H. Miller Idiosyncratic cutaneous adverse drug reactions in the cat: literature review and report of 14 cases Feline Pract. 26 1998 10 15
13. L.A. Trepanier, R. Danhof, J. Toll, and D. Watrous Clinical findings in 40 dogs with hypersensitivity associated with administration of potentiated sulfonamides J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17 2003 647 652
14. P.L. Cohen Systemic autoimmunity W.E. Paul Fundamental Immunology 1999 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 1069 1072
15. D.G. Scarpelli Animal models of disease: utililty and limitations P.M. Iannaccone D.G. Scarpelli Biological Aspects of Disease: Contributions from Animal Models 1997 Harwood Academic Publishers Amsterdam 1 13
16. U.A. Boelsterli Animal models of human disease in drug safety assessment J. Toxicol. Sci. 2003 28
17. P.J. Moult, and S. Sherlock Halothane-related hepatitis. A clinical study of twenty-six cases Q. J. Med. 44 1975 99 114
18. G.E. McLain, I.G. Sipes, and B.R. Brown Jr. An animal model of halothane hepatotoxicity: roles of enzyme induction and hypoxia Anesthesiology 51 1979 321 326
19. J. Uetrecht, A.J. Wood, J.M. Phythyon, and M. Wood Contrasting effects on halothane hepatotoxicity in the phenobarbital-hypoxia and triiodothyronine model: mechanistic implications Anesthesiology 59 1983 196 201
20. D. Vergani, G. Mieli-Vergani, A. Alberti, J. Neuberger, A.L. Eddleston, and M. Davis Antibodies to the surface of halothane-altered rabbit hepatocytes in patients with severe halothane-associated hepatitis N. Engl. J. Med. 303 1980 66 71
21. B. Walton, B.R. Simpson, L. Strunin, D. Doniach, J. Perrin, and A.J. Appleyard Unexplained hepatitis following halothane Br. Med. J. 1 1976 1171 1176
22. H.C. Hughes Jr., and C.M. Lang Hepatic necrosis produced by repeated administration of halothane to guinea pigs Anesthesiology 36 1972 466 471
23. C.A. Lunam, M.J. Cousins, and P.D. Hall Guinea-pig model of halothane-associated hepatotoxicity in the absence of enzyme induction and hypoxia J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 232 1985 802 809
24. R.C. Lind, A.J. Gandolfi, and P.M. Hall A model for fatal halothane hepatitis in the guinea pig Anesthesiology 81 1994 478 487
25. M. Chen, and J. Gandolfi Characterization of the humoral immune response and hepatotoxicity after multiple halothane exposures in guinea pigs Drug Metab. Rev. 29 1997 103 122
26. S.M. Furst, D. Luedke, H.H. Gaw, R. Reich, and A.J. Gandolfi Demonstration of a cellular immune response in halothane-exposed guinea pigs Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143 1997 245 255
27. D.L. Laskin, and J.D. Laskin Role of macrophages and inflammatory mediators in chemically-induced toxicity Toxicology 160 2001 111 118
28. D.L. Laskin, C.R. Gardner, V.F. Price, and D.J. Jollow Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen Hepatology 21 1995 1045 1050
29. S.L. Michael, N.R. Pumford, P.R. Mayeux, M.R. Niesman, and J.A. Hinson Pretreatment of mice with macrophage inactivators decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species Hepatology 30 1999 186 195
30. C. Ju, T.P. Reilly, M. Bourdi, M.F. Radonovich, J.N. Brady, and J.W. George Protective role of Kupffer cells in acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in mice Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15 2002 1504 1513
31. Y. Masubuchi, M. Bourdi, T.P. Reilly, M.L. Graf, J.W. George, and L.R. Pohl Role of interleukin-6 in hepatic heat shock protein expression and protection against acetaminophen-induced liver disease Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 2003 207 212
32. M. Bourdi, Y. Masubuchi, T.P. Reilly, H.R. Amouzadeh, J.L. Martin, and J.W. George Protection against acetaminophen-induced liver injury and lethality by interleukin 10: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase Hepatology 35 2002 289 298
33. C.R. Gardner, J.D. Laskin, D.M. Dambach, H. Chiu, S.K. Durham, and P. Zhou Exaggerated hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptor-1. Potential role of inflammatory mediators Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 192 2003 119 130
34. T.P. Reilly, J.N. Brady, M.R. Marchick, M. Bourdi, J.W. George, and M.F. Radonovich A protective role for cyclooxygenase-2 in drug-induced liver injury in mice Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14 2001 1620 1628
35. M. Bourdi, T.P. Reilly, A.G. Elkahloun, J.W. George, and L.R. Pohl Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in drug-induced liver injury: a role in susceptibility and stress responsiveness Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294 2002 225 230
36. C.R. Gardner, J.D. Laskin, D.M. Dambach, M. Sacco, S.K. Durham, and M.K. Bruno Reduced hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase: potential role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 184 2002 27 36
37. R.A. Roth, J.R. Harkema, J.P. Pestka, and P.E. Ganey Is exposure to bacterial endotoxin a determinant of susceptibility to intoxication from xenobiotic agents? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147 1997 300 311
38. J.P. Luyendyk, J.F. Maddox, G.N. Cosma, P.E. Ganey, G.L. Cockerell, and R.A. Roth Ranitidine treatment during a modest inflammatory response precipitates idiosyncrasy-like liver injury in rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 2003 9 16
39. H.J. Zimmerman Hepatotoxicity: The Adverse Effects of Drugs and Other Chemicals on the Liver 1999 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia
40. B. Seguin, and J. Uetrecht The danger hypothesis applied to idiosyncratic drug reactions Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 3 2003 235 242
41. B. Seguin, M. Teranishi, and J.P. Uetrecht Modulation of d-penicillamine-induced autoimmunity in the Brown Norway rat using pharmacological agents that interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism or synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase Toxicology 190 2003 267 278
42. L. Waldhauser, and J. Uetrecht Antibodies to myeloperoxidase in propylthiouracil-induced autoimmune disease in the cat Toxicology 114 1996 155 162
43. I.A. Jaffe Induction of auto-immune syndromes by penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 4 1981 193 207
44. P. Emery, and G.S. Panayi Autoimmune reactions to d-penicillamine M.E. Kammuller N. Bloksma W. Seinen Autoimmunity and Toxicology: Immune Disregulation Induced by Drugs and Chemicals 1989 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam 167 182
45. K. Lange Nephropathy induced by d-penicillamine Contrib. Nephrol. 1978 10
46. 2-induced autoimmunity J. Immunol. 144 1990 2985 2991
47. H. Tournade, J.C. Guery, R. Pasquier, D. Nochy, N. Hinglais, and B. Guilbert Experimental gold-induced autoimmunity Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 6 1991 621 630
48. C.J. Robinson, T. Balazs, and I.K. Egorov Mercuric chloride-, gold sodium thiomalate-, and d-penicillamine-induced antinuclear antibodies in mice Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 86 1986 159 169
49. J.H. McVicker, N.S. Lava, T.W. Mittag, and S.P. Ringel d-Penicillamine-induced neuromuscular disease in guinea pigs Exp. Neurol. 76 1982 46 57
50. A.J. Donker, R.C. Venuto, A.O. Vladutiu, J.R. Brentjens, and G.A. Andres Effects of prolonged administration of d-penicillamine or captopril in various strains of rats. Brown Norway rats treated with d-penicillamine develop autoantibodies, circulating immune complexes, and disseminated intravascular coagulation Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 30 1984 142 155
51. P.E. Bigazzi Autoimmunity induced by chemicals J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 26 1988 125 156
52. R.J. Enzenauer, S.G. West, and R.L. Rubin d-Penicillamine-induced lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum. 33 1990 1582 1585
53. E. Sayeh, and J.P. Uetrecht Factors that modify penicillamine-induced autoimmunity in Brown Norway rats: failure of the Th1/Th2 paradigm Toxicology 163 2001 195 211
54. M.J. Masson, and J.P. Uetrecht Tolerance induced by low dose d-penicillamine in the brown Norway rat model of drug-induced autoimmunity is immune-mediated Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17 2004 82 94
55. M.J. Masson, M. Teranishi, J.M. Shenton, and J.P. Uetrecht Investigation of macrophages and T cells in d-penicillamine-induced autoimmunity in the Brown Norway rat J. of Immuntox. 1 2004 79 93
56. R.A. Gibbs, G.M. Weinstock, M.L. Metzker, D.M. Muzny, E.J. Sodergren, and S. Scherer Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution Nature 428 2004 493 521
57. M.E. Peterson, A.I. Hurvitz, M.S. Leib, P.G. Cavanagh, and R.E. Dutton Propylthiouracil-associated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and antinuclear antibodies in cats with hyperthyroidism J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 184 1984 806 808
58. D.P. Aucoin, M.E. Peterson, A.I. Hurvitz, D.E. Drayer, R.G. Lahita, and F.W. Quimby Propylthiouracil-induced immune-mediated disease in the cat J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234 1985 13 18
59. L. Waldhauser, and J. Uetrecht Antibodies to myeloperoxidase in propylthiouracil-induced autoimmune disease in the cat Toxicology 114 1996 155 162
60. G. Schuller-Levis, P.D. Mehta, R. Rudelli, and J. Sturman Immunologic consequences of taurine deficiency in cats J. Leukoc. Biol. 47 1990 321 331
61. E.J. Price, and P.J. Venables Drug-induced lupus Drug Saf. 12 1995 283 290
62. M.E. Kammuller, N. Bloksma, and W. Seinen Autoimmunity and toxicology: immune disregulation induced by drugs and chemicals M.E. Kammuller N. Bloksma W. Seinen Autoimmunity and Toxicology: Immune Disregulation Induced by Drugs and Chemicals 1989 Elsevier Amsterdam 20 25
63. B.H. Hahn Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus D.J. Wallace E.L. Dubois Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus 1987 Lea and Febiger Philadelphia 156 157
64. A. Kretz-Rommel, S.R. Duncan, and R.L. Rubin Autoimmunity caused by disruption of central T cell tolerance. A murine model of drug-induced lupus J. Clin. Invest. 99 1997 1888 1896
65. J.P. Uetrecht, B.J. Sweetman, R.L. Woosley, and J.A. Oates Metabolism of procainamide to a hydroxylamine by rat and human hepatic microsomes Drug. Metab. Dispos. 12 1984 77 81
66. R.L. Rubin, R.W. Burlingame, J.E. Arnott, M.C. Totoritis, E.M. McNally, and A.D. Johnson IgG but not other classes of anti-[(H2A-H2B)-DNA] is an early sign of procainamide-induced lupus J. Immunol. 154 1995 2483 2493
67. B. Richardson DNA methylation and autoimmune disease Clin. Immunol. 109 2003 72 79
68. I. Keshet, J. Yisraeli, and H. Cedar Effect of regional DNA methylation on gene expression Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 1985 2560 2564
69. E. Cornacchia, J. Golbus, J. Maybaum, J. Strahler, S. Hanash, and B. Richardson Hydralazine and procainamide inhibit T cell DNA methylation and induce autoreactivity J. Immunol. 140 1988 2197 2200
70. + T cells with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice J. Clin. Invest. 92 1993 38 53
71. R. Yung, D. Powers, K. Johnson, E. Amento, D. Carr, and T. Laing Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. II. T cells overexpressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 become autoreactive and cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice J. Clin. Invest. 97 1996 2866 2871
72. A. Montanaro, and E.J. Bardana Jr. Dietary amino acid-induced systemic lupus erythematosus Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 17 1991 323 332
73. M.R. Malinow, E.J. Bardana Jr., B. Pirofsky, S. Craig, and P. McLaughlin Systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in monkeys fed alfalfa sprouts: role of a nonprotein amino acid Science 216 1982 415 417
74. +/+ mice Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134 1995 155 160
75. P.E. Bigazzi Autoimmunity caused by xenobiotics Toxicology 119 1997 1 21
76. J.C. Roujeau, and R.S. Stern Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs N. Engl. J. Med. 331 1994 1272 1285
77. G.W. Lai, Bioactivation of trimethoprim, fluperlapine and nevirapine: roles of iminoquinone-type michael acceptors in idiosyncratic drug reactions, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2000.
78. J.M. Shenton, M. Teranishi, M.S. Abu-Asab, J.A. Yager, and J.P. Uetrecht Characterization of a potential animal model of an idiosyncratic drug reaction: nevirapine-induced skin rash in the rat Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2003 16
79. R.B. Pollard, P. Robinson, and K. Dransfield Safety profile of nevirapine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection Clin. Ther. 1998 20
80. S.J. Bersoff-Matcha, W.C. Miller, J.A. Aberg, C. van Der Horst, H.J. Hamrick Jr., and W.G. Powderly Sex differences in nevirapine rash Clin. Infect. Dis. 32 2001 124 129
81. D. Havlir, S.H. Cheeseman, M. McLaughlin, R. Murphy, A. Erice, and S.A. Spector High-dose nevirapine: safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral effect in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection J. Infect. Dis. 171 1995 537 545
82. A.M. Hoffman, E.M. Butt, and N.G. Hickey Neutropenia following amidopyrine J. Am. Med. Assoc. 102 1934 1213 1214
83. E. Gez, and A. Sulkes Aminoglutethimide-induced leukopenia: a case report and review of the literature Oncology 41 1984 399 402
84. H. Ali, L. Khalaf, P.J. Nicholls, and A. Poole Comparison of in vitro and in vivo hemotoxic effects of aminoglutethimide and glutethimide Toxicol. In Vitro 4 1990 381 383
85. K. Atkin, F. Kendall, D. Gould, H. Freeman, J. Liberman, and D. O'Sullivan Neutropenia and agranulocytosis in patients receiving clozapine in the UK and Ireland Br. J. Psychiatry 169 1996 483 488
86. S.L. Iverson, In vitro and in vivo investigations into idiosyncratic drug reactions: the role of reactive metabolites produced by the target tissue in terbinafine-induced cholestatic hepatitis and antipsychotic-induced agranulocytosis, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2002.
87. I. Gardner, N. Zahid, D. MacCrimmon, and J.P. Uetrecht A comparison of the oxidation of clozapine and olanzapine to reactive metabolites and the toxicity of these metabolites to human leukocytes Mol. Pharmacol. 53 1998 991 998
88. M. Lorenz, W.E. Evering, A. Provencher, J.T. Blue, H.B. Lewis, and J.R. Hazelette Atypical antipsychotic-induced neutropenia in dogs Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 155 1999 227 236
89. I. Gardner, J.S. Leeder, T. Chin, N. Zahid, and J.P. Uetrecht A comparison of the covalent binding of clozapine and olanzapine to human neutrophils in vitro and in vivo Mol. Pharmacol. 53 1998 999 1008
90. K.A. Neftel, W. Woodtly, M. Schmid, P.G. Frick, and J. Fehr Amodiaquine induced agranulocytosis and liver damage Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 292 1986 721 723
91. G. Christie, A.M. Breckenridge, and B.K. Park Drug-protein conjugates - XVIII. Detection of antibodies towards the antimalarial amodiaquine and its quinone imine metabolite in man and the rat Biochem. Pharmacol. 38 1989 1451 1458
92. J.B. Clarke, K. Neftel, N.R. Kitteringham, and B.K. Park Detection of antidrug IgG antibodies in patients with adverse drug reactions to amodiaquine Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 95 1991 369 375
93. J.L. Maggs, M.D. Tingle, N.R. Kitteringham, and B.K. Park Drug-protein conjugates - XIV. Mechanisms of formation of protein-arylating intermediates from amodiaquine, a myelotoxin and hepatotoxin in man Biochem. Pharmacol. 37 1988 303 311
94. J.B. Clarke, J.L. Maggs, N.R. Kitteringham, and B.K. Park Immunogenicity of amodiaquine in the rat Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 91 1990 335 342
95. C.M. Dieckhaus, C.D. Thompson, S.G. Roller, and T.L. Macdonald Mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug reactions: the case of felbamate Chem. Biol. Interact. 142 2002 99 117
96. C.M. Dieckhaus, T.A. Miller, R.D. Sofia, and T.L. Macdonald A mechanistic approach to understanding species differences in felbamate bioactivation: relevance to drug-induced idiosyncratic reactions Drug. Metab. Dispos. 28 2000 814 822
97. A.E. Cribb, B.L. Lee, L.A. Trepanier, and S.P. Spielberg Adverse reactions to sulphonamide and sulphonamide-trimethoprim antimicrobials: clinical syndromes and pathogenesis Adverse Drug React. Toxicol. Rev. 15 1996 9 50
98. H. Jick Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized patients Rev. Infect. Dis. 4 1982 426 428
99. J.A. Kovacs, J.W. Hiemenz, A.M. Macher, D. Stover, H.W. Murray, and J. Shelhamer Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies Ann. Intern. Med. 100 1984 663 671
100. L.L. Werner, and J.M. Bright Drug-inducedImmune hypersensitivity disorders in two dogs treated with trimethoprim sulfadiazine: case reports and drug challenge studies J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 19 1983 783 790
101. U. Giger, L.L. Werner, N.J. Millichamp, and N.T. Gorman Sulfadiazine-induced allergy in six Doberman pinschers J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 186 1985 479 484
102. A.E. Cribb Topics in drug therapy: idiosyncratic reactions to sulfonamides in dogs J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195 1989 1612 1614
103. J.S. Park, I.H. Choi, D.G. Lee, S.S. Han, T.Y. Ha, and J.H. Lee Anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody prevents antibiotics-induced active fatal anaphylaxis J. Immunol. 158 1997 5002 5006
104. L.N. Wei Transgenic animals as new approaches in pharmacological studies Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 37 1997 119 141
105. R. Moser, V. Quesniaux, and B. Ryffel Use of transgenic animals to investigate drug hypersensitivity Toxicology 158 2001 75 83
106. Y. Zan, J.D. Haag, K.S. Chen, L.A. Shepel, D. Wigington, and Y.R. Wang Production of knockout rats using ENU mutagenesis and a yeast-based screening assay Nat. Biotechnol. 21 2003 645 651
107. Q. Zhou, J.P. Renard, G. Le Friec, V. Brochard, N. Beaujean, and Y. Cherifi Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation Science 302 2003 1179