Non-radiative dissipation of absorbed excitation energy within photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants

Photosynthetica

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 323-337

  Stroch M ^a   Spunda V ^a   Kurasova I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSTRAVA   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

carotenoids; non photochemical fluorescence quenching; non radiative dissipation; photo protection; photoinhibition; photosynthesis; xanthophyll cycle

Indexed keywords

EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 7444237079     PISSN: 03003604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000046149.97220.18     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B., Logan, B.A., Barker, D.H., Osmond, C.B.: Rapid changes in xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation and photosystem II efficiency in two vines, Stephania japonica and Smilax australis, growing in the understory of an open Eucalyptus forest. - Plant Cell Environ. 22: 125-136, 1999.
2. Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B., Rosenstiel, T.N., Ebbert, V.: Dependence of photosynthesis and energy dissipation activity upon growth form and light environment during the winter. - Photosynth. Res. 67: 51-62, 2001.
3. Allen, J.F., Forsberg, J.: Molecular recognition in thylakoid structure and function. - Trends Plant Sci. 6: 317-326, 2001.
4. Andersson, B., Aro, E.-M.: Photodamage and D1 protein turnover in photosystem II. - In: Aro, E.-M., Andersson, B. (ed.): Regulation of Photosynthesis. Pp. 377-393. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht - Boston - London 2001.
5. Andersson, J., Walters, R.G., Horton, P., Jansson, S.: Antisense inhibition of the photosynthetic antenna proteins CP29 and CP26: Implications for the mechanism of protective energy dissipation. - Plant Cell 13: 1193-1204, 2001.
6. Andersson, J., Wentworth, M., Walters, R.G., Howard, C.A., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P., Jansson, S.: Absence of the Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II - effects on photosynthesis, grana stacking and fitness. - Plant J. 35: 350-361, 2003.
7. Aro, E.-M., Virgin, I., Andersson, B.: Photoinhibition of Photosystem II. Inactivation, protein damage and turnover. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1143: 113-134, 1993.
8. Asada, K.: The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: Scavenging of active oxygens and dissipation of excess photons. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 50: 601-639, 1999.
9. Asada, K.: The water-water cycle as alternative photon and electron sinks. - Phil. Trans. roy. Soc. London B 355: 1419-1431, 2000.
10. Aspinall-O'Dea, M., Wentworth, M., Pascal, A., Robert, B., Ruban, A., Horton, P.: In vitro reconstitution of the activated zeaxanthin state associated with energy dissipation in plants. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 16331-16335, 2002.
11. Baier, M., Dietz, K.-J.: Alkyl hydroperoxide reductases: the way out of the oxidative breakdown of lipids in chloroplasts. - Trends Plant Sci. 4: 166-168, 1999.
12. Bailey, S., Walters, R.G., Jansson, S., Horton, P.: Acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana to the light environment: the existence of separate low light and high light responses. - Planta 213: 794-801, 2001.
13. Barnes, J.D., Cardoso-Vilhena, J.: Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and the plant cuticle. - In: Kerstiens, G. (ed.): Plant Cuticles and Integrated Functional Approach. Pp. 157-174. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford 1996.
14. Baroli, I., Do, A.D., Yamane, T., Niyogi, K.K.: Zeaxanthin accumulation in the absence of a functional xanthophyll cycle protects Chlamydomonas reinhardtii from photooxidative stress. - Plant Cell 15: 992-1008, 2003.
15. Baroli, I., Niyogi, K.K.: Molecular genetics of xanthophyll-dependent photoprotection in green algae and plants. - Phil. Trans. roy. Soc. London B 355: 1385-1394, 2000.
16. Barth, C., Krause, G.H., Winter, K.: Responses of photosystem I compared with photosystem II to high-light stress in tropical shade and sun leaves. - Plant Cell Environ. 24: 163-176, 2001.
17. Bassi, R., Caffarri, S.: Lhc proteins and the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting function by xanthophylls. - Photosynth. Res. 64: 243-256, 2000.
18. Bassi, R., Pineau, B., Dainese, P., Marquardt, J.: Carotenoid-binding proteins of photosystem II. - Eur. J. Biochem. 212: 297-303, 1993.
19. Bilger, W., Björkman, O.: Role of the xanthophyll cycle in photoprotection elucidated by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes, fluorescence and photosynthesis in leaves of Hedera canariensis. - Photosynth. Res. 25: 173-185, 1990.
20. Bilger, W., Björkman, O.: Relationships among violaxanthin deepoxidation, thylakoid membrane conformation, and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in leaves of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). - Planta 193: 238-246, 1994.
21. Björkman, O., Demmig-Adams, B.: Regulation of photosynthetic light energy capture, conversion, and dissipation in leaves of higher plants. - In: Schulze, E.-D., Caldwell, M.M. (ed.): Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis. Pp. 17-47. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1994.
22. 4 plants. - Physiol. Plant. 104: 727-734, 1998.
23. Bukhov, N.G., Carpentier, R.: Measurement of photochemical quenching of absorbed quanta in photosystem I of intact leaves using simultaneous measurements of absorbance changes at 830 nm and thermal dissipation. - Planta 216: 630-638, 2003.
24. Bukhov, N.G., Heber, U., Wiese, C., Shuvalov, V.A.: Energy dissipation in photosynthesis: Does the quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence originate from antenna complexes of photosystem II or from the reaction center? - Planta 212: 749-758, 2001.
25. Chang, S.-H., Bugos, R.C., Sun, W.-H., Yamamoto, H.Y.: Antisense suppression of violaxanthin de-epoxidase in tobacco does not affect plant performance in controlled growth conditions. - Photosynth. Res. 64: 95-103, 2000.
26. Choudhury, N.K., Behera, R.K.: Photoinhibition of photosynthesis: Role of carotenoids in photoprotection of chloroplast constituents. - Photosynthetica 39: 481-488, 2001.
27. Chow, W.S., Funk, C., Hope, A.B., Govindjee: Greening of intermittent-light-grown bean plants in continuous light: Thylakoid components in relation to photosynthetic performance and capacity for photoprotection. - Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 37: 395-404, 2000.
28. Chow, W.S., Lee, H.-Y., Park, Y.-I., Park, Y.-M., Hong, Y.-N., Anderson, J.M.: The role of inactive photosystem-II-mediated quenching in a last-ditch community defence against high light stress in vivo. - Phil. Trans. roy. Soc. London B 357: 1441-1450, 2002.
29. Croce, R., Weiss, S., Bassi, R.: Carotenoid-binding sites of the major light-harvesting complex II of higher plants. - J. biol. Chem. 274: 29613-29623, 1999.
30. Croce, R., Zucchelli, G., Garlaschi, F.M., Bassi, R., Jennings, R.C.: Excited state equilibration in the photosystem I-light-harvesting I complex: P700 is almost isoenergetic with its antenna. - Biochemistry 35: 8572-8579, 1996.
31. E-quenching. - FEBS Lett. 352: 265-270, 1994.
32. Davison, P.A., Hunter, C.N., Horton, P.: Overexpression of β-carotene hydroxylase enhances stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. - Nature 418: 203-206, 2002.
33. Demmig, B., Winter, K.: Characterisation of three components of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and their response to photoinhibition. - Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15: 163-177, 1988.
34. Demmig, B., Cleland, R.E., Björkman, O.: Photoinhibition, 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex of photosystem II in soybean leaves. - Planta 172: 378-385, 1987.
35. Demmig-Adams, B.: Survey of thermal energy dissipation and pigment composition in sun and shade leaves. - Plant Cell Physiol. 39: 474-482, 1998.
36. Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III: The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. - Trends Plant Sci. 1: 21-26, 1996a.
37. Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III: Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: uniform response to excess direct sunlight among higher plant species. - Planta 198: 460-470, 1996b.
38. Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III: Harvesting sunlight safely. - Nature 403: 371-374, 2000.
39. Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III, Barker, D.H., Logan, B.A., Bowling, D.R., Verhoeven, A.S.: Using chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the fraction of absorbed light allocated to thermal dissipation of excess excitation. - Physiol. Plant. 98: 253-264, 1996a.
40. Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III, Heber, U., Neimanis, S., Winter, K., Krüger, A., Czygan, F.-C., Bilger, W., Björkman, O.: Inhibition of zeaxanthin formation and of rapid changes in radiationless energy dissipation by dithiothreitol in spinach leaves and chloroplasts. - Plant Physiol. 92: 293-301, 1990.
41. Demmig-Adams, B., Gilmore, A.M., Adams, W.W., III: In vivo functions of carotenoids in higher plants. - FASEB J. 10: 403-412, 1996b.
42. Demmig-Adams, B., Moeller, D.L., Logan, B.A., Adams, W.W., III: Positive correlation between levels of retained zeaxanthin+antheraxanthin and degree of photoinhibition in shade leaves of Schefflera arboricola (Hayata) Merrill. - Planta 205: 367-374, 1998.
43. Dominici, P., Caffarri, S., Amenante, F., Ceoldo, S., Crimi, M., Bassi, R.: Biochemical properties of the PsbS subunit of photosystem II either purified from chloroplast or recombinant. - J. biol. Chem. 277: 22750-22758, 2002.
44. Ebbert, V., Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III, Mueh, K.E., Staehelin, L.A.: Correlation between persistent forms of zeaxanthin-dependent energy dissipation and thylakoid protein phosphorylation. - Photosynth. Res. 67: 63-78, 2001.
45. Ebbert, V., Godde, D.: Regulation of thylakoid protein phosphorylation in intact chloroplasts by the activity of kinases and phosphatases. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1187: 335-346, 1994.
46. Elrad, D., Niyogi, K.K., Grossman, A.R.: A major light-harvesting polypeptide of photosystem II functions in thermal dissipation. - Plant Cell 14: 1801-1816, 2002.
47. Eskling, M., Arvidsson, P.-O., Åkerlund, H.-E.: The xanthophyll cycle, its regulation and components. - Physiol. Plant. 100: 806-816, 1997.
48. Färber, A., Young, A.J., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P., Jahns, P.: Dynamics of xanthophyll-cycle activity in different antenna subcomplexes in the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants. The relationship between zeaxanthin conversion and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching. - Plant Physiol. 115: 1609-1618, 1997.
49. Foyer, C.H., Harbinson, J.: Relationships between antioxidant metabolism and carotenoids in the regulation of photosynthesis. - In: Frank, H.A., Young, A.J., Britton, G., Cogdell, R.J. (ed.): The Photochemistry of Carotenoids. Pp. 305-325. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht 1999.
50. Frank, H.A., Bautista, J.A., Josue, J.S., Young, A.J.: Mechanism of non-photochemical quenching in green plants: energies of the lowest excited singlet states of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin. - Biochemistry 39: 2831-2837, 2000.
51. Frank, H.A., Cua, A., Chynwat, V., Young, A., Gosztola, D., Wasielewski, M.R.: Photophysics of the carotenoids associated with the xanthophyll cycle in photosynthesis. - Photosynth. Res. 41: 389-395, 1994.
52. García-Plazaola, J.I., Becerril, J.M.: Photoprotection mechanisms in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings from diverse climatic origins. - Trees 14: 339-343, 2000.
53. Gilmore, A.M.: Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplasts and leaves. - Physiol. Plant. 99: 197-209, 1997.
54. Gilmore, A.M., Ball, M.C.: Protection and storage of chlorophyll in overwintering evergreens. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 11098-11101, 2000.
55. Gilmore, A.M., Yamamoto, H.Y.: Dark induction of zeaxanthin-dependent nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching mediated by ATP. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1899-1903, 1992.
56. Gilmore, A.M., Yamamoto, H.Y.: Linear models relating xanthophylls and lumen acidity to non-photochemical fluorescence quenching. Evidence that antheraxanthin explains zeaxanthin-independent quenching. - Photosynth. Res. 35: 67-78, 1993.
57. Gilmore, A.M., Yamamoto, H. Y.: Time-resolution of the antheraxanthin- and ΔpH-dependent chlorophyll a fluorescence components associated with photosystem II energy dissipation in Mantoniella squamata. - Photochem. Photobiol. 74: 291-302, 2001.
58. Goss, R., Böhme, K., Wilhelm, C.: The xanthophyll cycle of Mantoniella squamata converts violaxanthin into antheraxanthin but not to zeaxanthin: consequences for the mechanism of enhanced non-photochemical energy dissipation. - Planta 205: 613-621, 1998.
59. Grace, S.C., Logan, B.A.: Acclimation of foliar antioxidant systems to growth irradiance in three broad-leaved evergreen species. - Plant Physiol. 112: 1631-1640, 1996.
60. Graßes, T., Pesaresi, P., Schiavon, F., Varotto, C., Salamini, F., Jahns, P., Leister, D.: The role of ΔpH-dependent dissipation of excitation energy in protecting photosystem II against light-induced damage in Arabidopsis thaliana. - Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40: 41-49, 2002.
61. Haldrup, A., Jensen, P.E., Lunde, C., Scheller, H.V.: Balance of power: a view of the mechanism of photosynthetic state transitions. - Trends Plant Sci. 6: 301-305, 2001.
62. Hansen, U., Fiedler, B., Rank, B.: Variation of pigment composition and antioxidative systems along the canopy light gradient in a mixed beech/oak forest: a comparative study on deciduous tree species differing in shade tolerance. - Trees 16: 354-364, 2002.
63. Havaux, M., Bonfils, J.-P., Lütz, C., Niyogi, K.K.: Photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus and its dependence on the leaf developmental stage in the npq1 Arabidopsis mutant deficient in the xanthophyll cycle enzyme violaxanthin deepoxidase. - Plant Physiol. 124: 273-284, 2000.
64. Havaux, M., Niyogi, K.K.: The violaxanthin cycle protects plants from photooxidative damage by more than one mechanism. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 8762-8767, 1999.
65. Heber, U., Walker, D.: Concerning a dual function of coupled cyclic electron transport in leaves. - Plant Physiol. 100: 1621-1626, 1992.
66. Horton, P., Hague, A.: Studies on the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated barley protoplasts. IV. Resolution of non-photochemical quenching. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 932: 107-115, 1988.
67. Horton, P., Lee, P.J.: Phosphorylation of chloroplast membrane proteins partially protects against photoinhibition. - Planta 165: 37-42, 1985.
68. Horton, P., Ruban, A.V., Rees, D., Pascal, A.A., Noctor, G., Young, A.J.: Control of the light-harvesting function of chloroplast membranes by aggregation of the LHCII chlorophyll-protein complex. - FEBS Lett. 292: 1-4, 1991.
69. Horton, P., Ruban, A. V., Walters, R.G.: Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 47: 655-684, 1996.
70. Huner, N.P.A., Öquist, G., Hurry, V.M., Król, M., Falk, S., Griffith, M.: Photosynthesis, photoinhibition and low temperature acclimation in cold tolerant plants. - Photosynth. Res. 37: 19-39, 1993.
71. Ivanov, A.G., Sane, P.V., Hurry, V., Krol, M., Sveshnikov, D., Huner, N.P.A., Öquist, G.: Low-temperature modulation of the redox properties of the acceptor side of photosystem II: photoprotection through reaction centre quenching of excess energy. - Physiol. Plant. 119: 376-383, 2003.
72. Ivanov, A.G., Sane, P.V., Zeinalov, Y., Simidjiev, I., Huner, N.P.A., Öquist, G.: Seasonal responses of photosynthetic electron transport in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) studied by thermoluminescence. - Planta 215: 457-465, 2002.
73. Jahns, P., Miehe, B.: Kinetic correlation of recovery from photoinhibition and zeaxanthin epoxidation. - Planta 198: 202-210, 1996.
74. Jin, E.S., Polle, J.E.W., Melis, A.: Involvement of zeaxanthin and of the Cbr protein in the repair of photosystem II from photoinhibition in the green alga Dunaliella salina. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1506: 244-259, 2001.
75. Jin, E.S., Yokthongwattana, K., Polle, J.E.W., Melis, A.: Role of the reversible xanthophyll cycle in the photosystem II damage and repair cycle in Dunaliella salina. - Plant Physiol. 132: 352-364, 2003.
76. 1 excited-state energies of xanthophylls by low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy. - J. phys. Chem. A 106: 4815-4824, 2002.
77. 2. - In: Mohren, G.M.J., Kramer, K., Sabaté, S. (ed.): Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems. Pp. 59-66. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht - Boston - London 1997.
78. Kautsky, H., Hirsch, A.: Neue Versuche zur Kohlensäureassimilation. - Naturwissenschaften 19: 964, 1931.
79. Krause, G.H.: Photoinhibition of photosynthesis. An evaluation of damaging and protective mechanisms. - Physiol. Plant. 74: 566-574, 1988.
80. Krieger, A., Moya, I., Weis, E.: Energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence: effect of pH on stationary fluorescence and picosecond-relaxation kinetics in thylakoid membranes and Photosystem II preparations. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1102: 167-176, 1992.
81. Külheim, C., Ågren, J., Jansson, S.: Rapid regulation of light harvesting and plant fitness in the field. - Science 297: 91-93, 2002.
82. Kurasová, I., Čajánek, M., Kalina, J., Urban, O., Špunda, V.: Characterization of acclimation of Hordeum vulgare to high irradiation based on different responses of photosynthetic activity and pigment composition. - Photosynth. Res. 72: 71-83, 2002.
83. 2 concentration during cultivation in controlled environment. - Photosynthetica 41: 513-523, 2003.
84. Lee, A.I., Thornber, J.P.: Analysis of the pigment stoichiometry of pigment-protein complexes from barley (Hordeum vulgare). The xanthophyll cycle intermediates occur mainly in the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II. - Plant Physiol. 107: 565-574, 1995.
85. Lee, H.-Y., Hong, Y.-N., Chow, W.S.: Photoinactivation of photosystem II complexes and photoprotection by non-functional neighbours in Capsicum annuum L. leaves. - Planta 212: 332-342, 2001.
86. Li, X.-P., Björkman, O., Shih, C., Grossman, A.R., Rosenquist, M., Jansson, S., Niyogi, K.K.: A pigment-binding protein essential for regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. - Nature 403: 391-395, 2000.
87. Li, X.-P., Gilmore, A.M., Niyogi, K.K.: Molecular and global time-resolved analysis of a psbS gene dosage effect on pH- and xanthophyll cycle-dependent nonphotochemical quenching in photosystem II. - J. biol. Chem. 277: 33590-33597, 2002a.
88. Li, X.-P., Müller-Moulé, P., Gilmore, A.M., Niyogi, K.K.: PsbS-dependent enhancement of feedback de-excitation protects photosystem II from photoinhibition. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 15222-15227, 2002b.
89. Li, X.-P., Phippard, A., Pasari, J., Niyogi, K.K.: Structure-function analysis of photosystem II subunit S (PsbS) in vivo. - Funct. Plant Biol. 29: 1131-1139, 2002c.
90. Logan, B.A., Barker, D.H., Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III: Acclimation of leaf carotenoid composition and ascorbate levels to gradients in the light environment within an Australian rainforest. - Plant Cell Environ. 19: 1083-1090, 1996.
91. Logan, B.A., Demmig-Adams, B., Adams, W.W., III, Grace, S.C.: Antioxidants and xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation in Cucurbita pepo L. and Vinca major L. acclimated to four growth PPFDs in the field. - J. exp. Bot. 49: 1869-1879, 1998a.
92. Logan, B.A., Grace, S.C., Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B.: Seasonal differences in xanthophyll cycle characteristics and antioxidants in Mahonia repens growing in different light environments. - Oecologia 116: 9-17, 1998b.
93. Lokstein, H., Tian, L., Polle, J.E.W., DellaPenna, D.: Xanthophyll biosynthetic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana: altered nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence is due to changes in Photosystem II antenna size and stability. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1553: 309-319, 2002.
94. Ma, Y.-Z., Holt, N.E., Li, X.-P., Niyogi, K.K., Fleming, G.R.: Evidence for direct carotenoid involvement in the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 4377-4382, 2003.
95. Maxwell, K., Johnson, G.N.: Chlorophyll fluorescence - a practical guide. - J. exp. Bot. 51: 659-668, 2000.
96. McCormac, D.J., Bruce, D., Greenberg, B.M.: State transitions, light-harvesting antenna phosphorylation and light-harvesting antenna migration in vivo in the higher plant Spriodela oligorrhiza. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1187: 301-312, 1994.
97. Melis, A.: Photostasis in plants. Mechanisms and regulation. - In: Williams, T.P., Thistle, A.B. (ed.): Photostasis and Related Phenomena. Pp. 207-221. Plenum Press, New York 1998.
98. Miyake, C., Okamura, M.: Cyclic electron flow within PSII protects PSII from its photoinhibition in thylakoid membranes from spinach chloroplasts. - Plant Cell Physiol. 44: 457-462, 2003.
99. Morosinotto, T., Caffarri, S., Dall'Osto, L., Bassi, R.: Mechanistic aspects of the xanthophyll dynamics in higher plant thylakoids. - Physiol. Plant. 119: 347-354, 2003.
100. Moya, I., Silvestri, M., Vallon, O., Cinque, G., Bassi, R.: Time-resolved fluorescence analysis of the photosystem II antenna proteins in detergent micelles and liposomes. - Biochemistry 40: 12552-12561, 2001.
101. Müller, P., Li, X.-P., Niyogi, K.K.: Non-photochemical quenching. A response to excess light energy. - Plant Physiol. 125: 1558-1566, 2001.
102. Munekage, Y., Hojo, M., Meurer, J., Endo, T., Tasaka, M., Shikanai, T.: PGR5 is involved in cyclic electron flow around photosystem I and is essential for photoprotection in Arabidopsis. - Cell 110: 361-371, 2002.
103. Munné-Bosch, S., Alegre, L.: The function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants. - Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 21: 31-57, 2002.
104. Niyogi, K.K.: Photoprotection revisited: Genetic and molecular approaches. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 50: 333-359, 1999.
105. Niyogi, K.K.: Safety valves for photosynthesis. - Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3: 455-460, 2000.
106. Niyogi, K.K., Björkman, O., Grossman, A.R.: Chlamydomonas xanthophyll cycle mutants identified by video imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. - Plant Cell 9: 1369-1380, 1997a.
107. Niyogi, K.K., Björkman, O., Grossman, A.R.: The roles of specific xanthophylls in photoprotection. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 14162-14167, 1997b.
108. Niyogi, K.K., Grossman, A.R., Björkman, O.: Arabidopsis mutants define a central role for the xanthophyll cycle in the regulation of photosynthetic energy conversion. - Plant Cell 10: 1121-1134, 1998.
109. Niyogi, K.K., Shih, C., Chow, W.S., Pogson, B.J., DellaPenna, D., Björkman, O.: Photoprotection in a zeaxanthin- and lutein-deficient double mutant of Arabidopsis. - Photosynth. Res. 67: 139-145, 2001.
110. Noctor, G., Foyer, C.H.: Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant mol. Biol. 49: 249-279, 1998.
111. Noguchi, T.: Dual role of triplet localization on the accessory chlorophyll in the photosystem II reaction center: photoprotection and photodamage of the D1 protein. - Plant Cell Physiol. 43: 1112-1116, 2002.
112. Nuijs, A.M., Shuvalov, V.A., van Gorkom, H.J., Plijter, J.J., Duysens, L.N.M.: Picosecond absorbance difference spectroscopy on the primary reactions and the antenna-excited states in Photosystem I particles. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 850: 310-318, 1986.
113. Öquist, G., Anderson, J.M., McCaffery, S., Chow, W.S.: Mechanistic differences in photoinhibition of sun and shade plants. - Planta 188: 422-431, 1992a.
114. Öquist, G., Chow, W.S., Anderson, J.M.: Photoinhibition of photosynthesis represents a mechanism for the long-term regulation of photosystem II. - Planta 186: 450-460, 1992b.
115. 2 as an alternative electron sink in photosynthesis? - Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5: 193-198, 2002.
116. Ottander, C., Campbell, D., Öquist, G.: Seasonal changes in photosystem II organisation and pigment composition in Pinus sylvestris. - Planta 197: 176-183, 1995.
117. Owens, T.G.: Processing of excitation energy by antenna pigments. - In: Baker, N.R. (ed.): Photosynthesis and the Environment. Pp. 1-23. Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht - Boston - London 1996.
118. Park, Y.-I., Chow, W.S., Anderson, J.M., Hurry, V.M.: Differential susceptibility of photosystem II to light stress in light-acclimated pea leaves depends on the capacity for photochemical and non-radiative dissipation of light. - Plant Sci. 115: 137-149, 1996.
119. Peltier, G., Cournac, L.: Chlororespiration. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53: 523-550, 2002.
120. Pesaresi, P., Sandona, D., Giuffra, E., Bassi, R.: A single point mutation (E166Q) prevents dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binding to the photosystem II subunit CP29. - FEBS Lett. 402: 151-156, 1997.
121. Peterman, E.J.G., Dukker, F.M., van Grondelle, R., van Amerongen, H.: Chlorophyll a and carotenoid triplet states in light-harvesting complex II of higher plants. - Biophys. J. 69: 2670-2678, 1995.
122. Peterman, E.J.G., Gradinaru, C.C., Calkoen, F., Borst, J.C., van Grondelle, R., van Amerongen, H.: Xanthophylls in light-harvesting complex II of higher plants: Light harvesting and triplet quenching. - Biochemistry 36: 12208-12215, 1997.
123. Pfündel, E., Bilger, W.: Regulation and possible function of the violaxanthin cycle. - Photosynth. Res. 42: 89-109, 1994.
124. Pogson, B.J., Niyogi, K.K., Björkman, O., DellaPenna, D.: Altered xanthophyll compositions adversely affect chlorophyll accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis mutants. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13324-13329, 1998.
125. Pogson, B.J., Rissler, H.M.: Genetic manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and photoprotection. - Phil. Trans. roy. Soc. London B 355: 1395-1403, 2000.
126. 1 state in carotenoids. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 4914-4917, 1999.
127. 1 state in a recombinant light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. - Biochemistry 41: 439-450, 2002.
128. Pospíšil, P.: Mechanisms of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in higher plants. - Photosynthetica 34: 343-355, 1997.
129. Pursiheimo, S., Mulo, P., Rintamäki, E., Aro, E.-M.: Coregulation of light-harvesting complex II phosphorylation and lhcb mRNA accumulation in winter rye. - Plant J. 26: 317-327, 2001.
130. Quick, W.P., Stitt, M.: An examination of factors contributing to non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in barley leaves. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 977: 287-296, 1989.
131. Richter, M., Goss, R., Wagner, B., Holzwarth, A.R.: Characterization of the fast and slow reversible components of non-photochemical quenching in isolated pea thylakoids by picosecond time-resolved chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. - Biochemistry 38: 12718-12726, 1999.
132. Rintamäki, E., Salonen, M., Suoranta, U.-M., Carlberg, I., Andersson, B., Aro, E.-M.: Phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II and photosystem II core proteins shows different irradiance-dependent regulation in vivo. Application of phosphothreonine antibodies to analysis of thylakoid phosphoproteins. - J. biol. Chem. 272: 30476-30482, 1997.
133. Roháček, K.: Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: the definitions, photosynthetic meaning, and mutual relationships. - Photosynthetica 40: 13-29, 2002.
134. Roháček, K., Barták, M.: Technique of the modulated chlorophyll fluorescence: basic concepts, useful parameters, and some applications. - Photosynthetica 37: 339-363, 1999.
135. Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: An investigation of the sustained component of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts and leaves of spinach. - Plant Physiol. 108: 721-726, 1995.
136. Ruban, A.V., Pascal, A.A., Robert, B., Horton, P.: Activation of zeaxanthin is an obligatory event in the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. - J. biol. Chem. 277: 7785-7789, 2002.
137. Ruban, A.V., Young, A.J., Horton, P.: Induction of nonphotochemical energy dissipation and absorbance changes in leaves. Evidence for changes in the state of the light-harvesting system of photosystem II in vivo. - Plant Physiol. 102: 741-750, 1993.
138. Sane, P.V., Ivanov, A.G., Hurry, V., Huner, N.P.A., Öquist, G.: Changes in the redox potential of primary and secondary electron-accepting quinones in photosystem II confer increased resistance to photoinhibition in low-temperature-acclimated Arabidopsis. - Plant Physiol. 132: 2144-2151, 2003.
139. Savitch, L.V., Leonardos, E.D., Krol, M., Jansson, S., Grodzinski, B., Huner, N.P.A., Öquist, G.: Two different strategies for light utilization in photosynthesis in relation to growth and cold acclimation. - Plant Cell Environ. 25: 761-771, 2002.
140. Schreiber, U., Schliwa, U., Bilger, W.: Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer. - Photosynth. Res. 10: 51-62, 1986.
141. Siefermann-Harms, D.: The light-harvesting and protective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. - Physiol. Plant. 69: 561-568, 1987.
142. Sonoike, K.: Photoinhibition of photosystem I: its physiological significance in the chilling sensitivity of plants. - Plant Cell Physiol. 37: 239-247, 1996.
143. Špunda, V., Čajánek, M., Kalina, J., Lachetová, I., Šprtová, M., Marek, M.V.: Mechanistic differences in utilization of absorbed excitation energy within photosynthetic apparatus of Norway spruce induced by the vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation through the tree crown. - Plant Sci. 133: 155-165, 1998a.
144. 2 concentration induces changes in photosystem II mimicking an adaptation to increased irradiance. - J. Plant Physiol. 152: 413-419, 1998b.
145. Sun, W.-H., Verhoeven, A.S., Bugos, R.C., Yamamoto, H.Y.: Suppression of zeaxanthin formation does not reduce photosynthesis and growth of transgenic tobacco under field conditions. - Photosynth. Res. 67: 41-50, 2001.
146. Swiatek, M., Kuras, R., Sokolenko, A., Higgs, D., Olive, J., Cinque, G., Müller, B., Eichacker, L.A., Stern, D.B., Bassi, R., Herrmann, R.G., Wollman, F.-A.: The chloroplast gene ycf9 encodes a photosystem II (PSII) core subunit, PsbZ, that participates in PSII supramolecular architecture. - Plant Cell 13: 1347-1367, 2001.
147. Tardy, F., Havaux, M.: Thylakoid membrane fluidity and thermostability during the operation of the xanthophyll cycle in higher-plant chloroplasts. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 1330: 179-193, 1997.
148. Telfer, A.: What is β-carotene doing in the photosystem II reaction centre? - Phil. Trans. roy. Soc. London B 357: 1431-1440, 2002.
149. Thayer, S.S., Björkman, O.: Carotenoid distribution and de-epoxidation in thylakoid pigment-protein complexes from cotton leaves and bundle-sheath cells of maize. - Photosynth. Res. 33: 213-225, 1992.
150. Verhoeven, A.S., Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B.: Close relationship between the state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and photosystem II efficiency during recovery from winter stress. - Physiol. Plant. 96: 567-576, 1996.
151. Verhoeven, A.S., Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B.: Two forms of sustained xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation in overwintering Euonymus kiautschovicus. - Plant Cell Environ. 21: 893-903, 1998.
152. Verhoeven, A.S., Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B.: The xanthophyll cycle and acclimation of Pinus ponderosa and Malva neglecta to winter stress. - Oecologia 118: 277-287, 1999a.
153. Verhoeven, A.S., Adams, W.W., III, Demmig-Adams, B., Croce, R., Bassi, R.: Xanthophyll cycle pigment localization and dynamics during exposure to low temperatures and light stress in Vinca major. - Plant Physiol. 120: 727-737, 1999b.
154. Verhoeven, A.S., Bugos, R.C., Yamamoto, H.Y.: Transgenic tobacco with suppressed zeaxanthin formation is susceptible to stress-induced photoinhibition. - Photosynth. Res. 67: 27-39, 2001.
155. Wada, M., Kagawa, T., Sato, Y.: Chloroplast movement. - Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 455-468, 2003.
156. Walters, R.G., Horton, P.: Resolution of components of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in barley leaves. - Photosynth. Res. 27: 121-133, 1991.
157. Walters, R.G., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Higher plant light-harvesting complexes LHCIIa and LHCIIc are bound by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide during inhibition of energy dissipation. - Eur. J. Biochem. 226: 1063-1069, 1994.
158. Walters, R.G., Ruban, A.V., Horton, P.: Identification of proton-active residues in a higher plant light-harvesting complex. - Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14204-14209, 1996.
159. Weis, E., Berry, J.A.: Quantum efficiency of Photosystem II in relation to "energy"-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 894: 198-208, 1987.
160. Wingler, A., Lea, P.J., Quick, W.P., Leegood, R.C.: Photorespiration: metabolic pathways and their role in stress protection. - Phil. Trans. roy. Soc. London B 355: 1517-1529, 2000.
161. Wollman, F.-A.: State transitions reveal the dynamics and flexibility of the photosynthetic apparatus. - EMBO J. 20: 3623-3630, 2001.
162. Xu, C.C., Jeon, Y.A., Hwang, H.J., Lee, C.-H.: Suppression of zeaxanthin epoxidation by chloroplast phosphatase inhibitors in rice leaves. - Plant Sci. 146: 27-34, 1999.
163. Yamamoto, H.Y., Kamite, L.: The effects of dithiothreitol on violaxanthin de-epoxidation and absorbance changes in the 500-nm region. - Biochim. biophys. Acta 267: 538-543, 1972.