Retraction to From Seeing to Being: Subliminal Social Comparisons Affect Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluations [Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, (2004) 468-481] doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.468;From seeing to being: Subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 87, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 468-481

  Stapel, Diederik A ^a   Blanton, Hart ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7444226860     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0031410     Document Type: Erratum

References (66)

1. Anderson, N. H. (1981). Methods of information integration. New York: Academic Press.
2. Baldwin, M. W., Carrell, S. E., & Lopez, D. F. (1990). Priming relationship schemas: My advisor and the Pope are watching me from the back of my mind. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 435-454.
3. Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be measured. In H. L. Roediger, J. S. Nairne, I. Neath, & A. Surprenant (Eds.), The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4. Bargh, J. A. (1989). Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influences in social perception and cognition. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 3-51). New York: Guilford Press.
5. Bargh, J. A. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 10, pp. 1-61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Biernat, M., Manis, M., & Nelson, T. E. (1991). Stereotypes and standards of judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 485-499.
7. Blanton, H. (2001). Evaluating the self in the context of another: Assimilation and contrast effects in social comparison. In G. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium and the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 75-88). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Blanton, H., & Jaccard, J. (2004). Arbitrary metrics in psychology. Manuscript under review.
9. Blanton, H., & Jaccard, J. (in press). Tests of multiplicative models in psychology: A case study using the unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review.
10. Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Gonzales, P. (2004). Decoding the Implicit Association Test: Perspectives on criterion prediction. Manuscript under review.
11. Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., Jr., & Pennebaker, J. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631-643.
12. Brown, J. D. (1998). The self. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
13. Cantor, N., & Blanton, H. (1996). Strategically connecting life tasks: An effortful slice of personality. In J. Bargh & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), Thought, motivation and action (pp. 338-360). New York: Guilford Press.
14. Cantor, N., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1987). Personality and social intelligence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
15. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Davis, D., & Brock, T. C. (1978). Use of first person pronouns as a function of increased objective self-awareness and performance feedback. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 381-388.
17. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice. Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
18. Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., Postmes, T., Stapel, D. A., Koomen, W., Van Knippenberg, A., & Scheepers, D. (1998). Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 862-871.
19. Dunning, D., & Hayes, A. F. (1996). Evidence for egocentric comparison in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 213-229.
20. Fazio, R. H. (2001). On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 115-141.
21. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and uses. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
22. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
23. Fiedler, K., & Bluemke, M. (2004). Faking the IAT. Unpublished manuscript.
24. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
25. Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: The development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.
26. Gilbert, D. T., Giesler, R. B., & Morris, D. A. (1995). When comparisons arise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 227-236.
27. Goethals, G., & Darley, J. (1977). Social comparison theory: An attributional approach. In J. Suls & R. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 259-278). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
28. Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
29. Greenwald, G. T., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1984). The self. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 129-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Gruder, C. L. (1971). Determinants of social comparison choices. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 473-489.
31. Gump, B., & Kulik, J. A. (1997). Stress, affiliation, and emotional contagion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 305-319.
32. Herr, P. M. (1986). Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1106-1115.
33. Hetts, J., & Pelham, B. W. (2001). A case for the non-conscious self-concept. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 105-124). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Hoorens, V. (1990). Nuttins affectieve zelfpartikels hypothese: Een kritische analyse van het naamletter effect [Nuttin's affective self particles hypothesis: A critical assessment of the name letter effect]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leuven, Belgium.
35. Johnson, C., & Stapel, D. A. (2003). The double-edged sword of upward comparison: The dissociation of self-evaluation and behavior. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University.
36. Klein, S. B., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1986). Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 26-38.
37. Koole, S. L. (2000). Positivity in self-evaluation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
38. Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (2001). What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 669-685.
39. Logan, G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492-527.
40. Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. (1997). Hedonic consequences of social comparison: A contrast of happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1141-1157.
41. Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
42. Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.
43. Mussweiler, T., & Bodenhausen, G. (2002). I know you are, but what am I? Self-evaluative consequences of judging in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 19-32.
44. Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2000). The "relative self": Informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 344-351.
45. Parducci, A., & Wedell, D. (1990). The context of evaluative judgments: Psychophysics and beyond. In H. H. Geissler (Ed.), Psychological explorations of mental structures (pp. 94-103). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber.
46. Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151-162.
47. Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (Eds.). (1999). Measures of political attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
48. Robinson, M. D. (1996). Running from William James' bear: A review of preattentive mechanisms and their contribution to emotional experience. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 667-696.
49. Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1600-1672.
51. Stapel, D. A. (2003). Making sense of hot cognition: Why and when description influences our feelings and judgments. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Wheeler, & W. Van Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 227-250). New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. Stapel, D. A., & Koomen, W. (2000). Distinctness of others and malleability of selves: Their impact on social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1068-1087.
53. Stapel, D. A., & Koomen, W. (2001). I, we, and the effects of others on me: How self-construal moderates social comparison effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 766-781.
54. Stapel, D. A., Koomen, W., & Ruys, K. (2002). The effects of diffuse and distinct affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 60-74.
55. Stapel, D. A., Koomen, W., & van der Pligt, J. (1997). Categories of category accessibility: The impact of trait versus exemplar priming on person judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 44-76.
56. Stapel, D. A., & Suls, J. (in press). Method matters: Effects of deliberate versus spontaneous social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
57. Stapel, D. A., & Tesser, A. (2001). Self-activation increases social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 742-750.
58. Storms, M. D. (1973). Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing actors' and observers' points of view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 165-175.
59. Tesser, A., Millar, M., & Moore, J. (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 49-61.
60. Tiedens, L. Z., & Fragale, A. R. (2003). Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 344-355.
61. Uleman, J. S., Newman, L. S., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996). People as flexible interpreters: Evidence and issues from spontaneous trait inference. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 211-279). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
62. Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally.
63. Wheeler, L., Shaver, K. G., Jones, R. A., Goethals, G. R., Cooper, J., Robinson, J. E., et al. (1969). Factors determining choice of a comparison other. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 219-232.
64. Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.
65. Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparison of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 231-248.
66. Zweigenhaft, R. L., & Marlowe, D. (1973). Signature size: Studies in f expressive movement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 469-473.