Science versus myth: Was there a connection between the Marmara Sea and Lake Sapanca?

Journal of Quaternary Science

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 103-114

  Gürbüz, Alper ^a   Leroy, Suzanne A G ^b  

^a ANKARA UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Geomorphology; Izmit gulf; Lake Sapanca; Marmara Sea; North Anatolian Fault; Palaeogeography; Sakarya River; Sedimentology; Turkey

Indexed keywords

BASIN FILL; COASTAL EVOLUTION; COASTAL MORPHOLOGY; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; GEOLOGICAL RECORD; GEOMORPHOLOGY; LITHOLOGY; NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; SEDIMENTOLOGY;

BLACK SEA; GULF OF IZMIT; SAKARYA RIVER; SAPANCA LAKE; SEA OF MARMARA; TURKEY;

EID: 74349127867     PISSN: 02678179     EISSN: 10991417     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1312     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Aksu AE, Hiscott RN, Yaar D. 1999. Oscillating Quaternary water levels of the Marmara Sea and vigorous outflow into the Aegean Sea from the Marmara Sea-Black Sea drainage corridor. Marine Geology 153: 275-302.
2. Aksu AE, Yaltirak C, Hiscott RN. 2002a. Quaternary paleoclimatic-paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and environs. Marine Geology 3154: 1-10.
3. Aksu AE, Hiscott RN, Rochon PJ, Kaminski A, Abrajano MA, Ya̧ar T. 2002b. Persistent Holocene outflow from the Black Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean contradicts Noah's Flood hypothesis. GSA Today 10: 3-7.
4. Aksu AE, Hiscott RN, Kaminski MA, Mudie PJ, Gillespie H, Abrajano T, Ya̧ar D. 2002c. Last glacial-Holocene paleoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: stable isotopic, foraminiferal and coccolith evidence. Marine Geology 190: 119-149.
5. Alpar B, Yaltirak C. 2002. Characteristic features of the North Anatolian Fault in the Eastern Marmara region and its tectonic evolution. Marine Geology 3168: 1-22.
6. Altinok Y, Ersoy Ş. 2000. Tsunamis observed on and near the Turkish coast. Natural Hazards 21: 185-205.
7. MuhendisliǧiSempozyumu.TMMOBIņaatMuhendisleriOdasi{dotless},5-7 Ekim 2000, Bildiriler Kitabi{dotless}, Çanakkale; 33-44.
8. Bortolucci E, Armigliato A. 2001. The tsunami of August 17, 1999 in Izmit Bay. Natural Hazards 24: 133-146.
9. Ambraseys NN. 1960. The seismic sea wave on July 9, 1956, in the Greek Archipelago. Journal of Geophysical Research 65: 1257-1265.
10. Ambraseys NN. 2002. The seismic sea-waves in the Marmara Sea region during the last 20 centuries. Journal of Seismology 6: 571-578.
11. Ambraseys NN, Finkel CF. 1991. Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara Sea region. Terra Nova 3: 527-539.
12. Andrussow N. 1890. Eskpeditsija Seljanika na Mramornoe More -Zapiski d. Kaiser. russ. geograph. Gesellschaft, Geographische Abhandlungen 33. Nr. 2: 153-171.
13. Ballard RD, Coleman DF, Rosenberg GD. 2000. Further evidence of abrupt Holocene drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology 170: 253-261.
14. Bargu S, Sakinç M. 1989. Geology and structural features of the area between Izmit Gulf and Iznik Lake. Istanbul Üniversitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi 6: 45-76 (in Turkish).
15. Barka AA. 1993. Kuzey Anadolu Fayi{dotless}'ni{dotless}n Sapanca-Izmit ve Geyve-Iznik Kollari{dotless} uzerinde Paleosismik Ara̧ti{dotless}rmalar, TÜBITAK Proje No:YBAG-4/7551, Istanbul.
16. Bottema S, Woldring H, Aytuǧ B. 1995. Late Quaternary vegetation history of northern Turkey. Palaeohistoria 35/36: 13-72.
17. Cagatay MN, Gorur N, Algan O, Eastoe C, Tchepalyga A, Ongan D, Kuhn T, Kucu I. 2000. Late Glacial-Holocene palaeoceanography of the Sea of Marmara: timing of connections with the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. Marine Geology 167: 191-206.
18. E, Sakinç M, Cormier M-H, Capotondi L, McHugh C, Emre Ö., Eri̧K. 2003. Sea level changes and depositional environments in the Izmit Gulf, eastern Marmara Sea, during the late glacial-Holocene period. Marine Geology 202: 159-173.
19. Cetin O, Çetin T, Ukav I. 1995. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of fossil mollusc shells observed in Quaternary sequence in the Gulf of Izmit (Hersek Burnu-Kaba Burun). In Izmit Korfezi Kuvaterner Istifi (Quaternary Sequence in the Gulf of Izmit), Meric E (ed.). Kocaeli Valiliǧi Çevre Koruma Vakfi: Istanbul; 269-275 (in Turkish with English abstract).
20. Degens ET, Ross DA. 1972. Chronology of the Black Sea over the last 25,000 years. Chemical Geology 10: 1-16.
21. Demirbaǧ E, Goka̧an E, Oktay FY, Şim̧ek M, Yuce H. 1999. The last sea level changes in the Black Sea: evidence from the seismic data. Marine Geology 157: 249-265.
22. Demiri̧ B. 1998. Romani{dotless}n yurtsever tarihçisi Titus Livius. Arkeoloji ve Sanat yayi{dotless}nlari{dotless}: Istanbul.
23. Deuser WG. 1972. Late-Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Black Sea as indicated by stable isotope studies. Journal of Geophysical Research 77: 1071-1077.
24. Avar N, Gormu̧ M, Batuk F, Tok B, Cetin O. 2007. Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Izmit (NW Turkey): a sedimentary basin under control of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Geo-Marine Letters 27: 355-381.
25. Elmas A. 2003. Late Cenozoic tectonics and stratigraphy of the northwestern Anatolia: the effects of the North Anatolian Fault to the region. International Journal of Earth Sciences 92: 380-396.
26. Emre Ö., Erkal T, Tchepalyga A, Kazanci N, Keçer M, Ünay E. 1998. Neogene-Quaternary evolution of the eastern Marmara-Black Sea region, northwest Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute 120: 119-145.
27. Eri̧ KK, Ryan WBF, Çaǧatay MN, Sancar U, Lericolais G, Menot G, Bard E. 2007. The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgres-sion across the Sea of Marmara shelf, south of Istanbul. Marine Geology 243: 57-76.
28. Fairbanks RG. 1989. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342: 637-642.
29. Foss C. 1996. Survey of Medieval Castles of Anatolia II: Nicomedia. BIA: Ankara.
30. Guneysu C. 2001. Active tectonics of the Izmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from high-resolution seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Marine Geology 175: 273-296.
31. Sumengen M, Senturk K, Yaltirak C, Tchepalyga A. 1997. Origin of the Sea of Marmara from Neogene to Quaternary paleogeographic evolution of its frame. International Geology Review 39: 342-352.
32. Kecer M, Erkal T, Akkok R. 2001. Is the abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf at 7150yr BP a myth? Marine Geology 176: 65-73.
33. Guidoboni E, Comastri A, Traina G. 1994. Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area up to 10th Century. Instituto Nazionale di Geosica: Rome.
34. Gurbuz A. 2009a. Orientations of palaeotectonic features as a key to understanding the neotectonic block rotation of the Kocaeli penin-sula, NW Turkey. International Geology Review 51: 329-344.
35. Gurbuz A. 2009b. Nicomedia: where Poseidon rides his horses over and over. In SOMA 2007: Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Aygun ÇÖ (ed.). Archaeopress: Oxford; 145-150.
36. Gurbuz A, Gurer Ö.F. 2008a. Anthropogenic affects on lake sedimen-tation process: a case study from Lake Sapanca, NW Turkey. Environ-mental Geology 56: 299-307.
37. Gurbuz A, Gurer Ö.F. 2008b. Tectonic geomorphology of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the Lake Sapanca basin (Eastern Marmara region, Turkey). Geosciences Journal 12: 215-225.
38. Gurbuz A, Gurer Ö.F. 2008c. The setting of Lake Sapanca and hydrol-ogy, geology and seismicity of drainage basin. In Scientific View to Lake Sapanca, Okgerman H, Altuǧ G(eds).TurkishMarineResearch Foundation (TÜDAV) Press: Istanbul; 13-25 (in Turkish).
39. Gurbuz A, Gurer Ö.F. 2009. Middle Pleistocene extinction process of pull-apart basins along the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 173: 177-180.
40. Özburan M. 2003. Neotectonics of the southeast Marmara region, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21: 1041-1051.
41. Gurer Ö.F., Sanǧu E, Özburan M. 2006. Neotectonics of the SW Marmara Region, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Magazine 143: 229-241.
42. Herece E, Akay E. 2003. Atlas of North Anatolian Fault (NAF), Special Publication Series 2, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration: Ankara.
43. Hiscott RN, Aksu AE, Ya̧ar D, Kaminski MA, Mudie PJ, Kostylev VE, MacDonald JC, Ileri FI, Lord AR. 2002. Deltas south of the Bosphorus Strait record persistent Black Sea outflow to the Marmara Sea since 10ka. Marine Geology 190: 95-118.
44. Hsu KJ. 1978. When the Black Sea was drained. Scientific American 238: 52-63.
45. Kaminski MA, Aksu A, Box M, Hiscott RN, Filipescu S, Al-Salameen M. 2002. Late Glacial to Holocene benthic foraminifera in the Marmara Sea: implication for Black Sea-Mediterranean Sea connections following the last deglaciation. Marine Geology 190: 165-202.
46. Kelling G, Brenner RK, Dogan AU. 2004a. Black Sea-Marmara Sea Quaternary connections: new data from the Bosphorus, Istanbul, Turkey. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 204: 277-295.
47. Koral H. 2007. Sea-level changes modified the Quaternary coastlines in the Marmara region, Northwestern Turkey: what about tectonic movements?. In The Black Sea Flood Question, Yanko-Hombach V et al. (eds). Springer: Berlin; 571-601.
48. Kuran U, Yalciner A.C. 1993. Crack propagations, earthquakes and tsunamis in the vicinity of Anatolia. In Fifteenth International Tsu-nami Symposium, 1991: Tsunamis in the World, Tinti S (ed.). Kluwer: Dordrecht; 159-175.
49. Rangin E, Imren C, Armijo R, Gorur N, Çagatay MN, Mercier de Lepinay B, Meyer B, Saatcilar R, Tok B. 2001. The active Main Marmara Fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 192: 595-616.
50. Le Pichon X, Chamot-Rooke N, Rangin C, Şengor AMC. 2003. The North Anatolian fault in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 2179.
51. Leroy SAG, Boyraz S, Gurbuz A. 2009. High-resolution palynological analysis in Lake Sapanca as a tool to detect recent earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault. Quaternary Science Reviews: doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.018
52. Lettis W, Bachhuber J, Barka A, Witter R, Brankman C. 2000. Surface fault rupture and segmentation during the Kocaeli earthquake. In The 1999 Izmit and Duzce Earthquakes: Preliminary Results, Barka A, Kozaci{dotless} Ö, Akyuz S, Altunel E (eds). Istanbul Technical University: Istanbul; 31-54.
53. Livius T. Ab Urbe Condita. Turkish translation and publication: Şenbark S. 1999. Roma Tarihi/Şehrin Kurulu̧undan Itibaren (Kita p V-VI-VII)/Ab Urbe Condita. Arkeoloji ve Sanat yayinlari: Istanbul.̧ E (ed.). 1995a. Izmit Korfezi Kuvaterner Istifi (Quaternary̧evre Koruma Vakfi{dotless}: Istanbul.
54. Meriç E. 1995b. Stratigraphy and depositional features of the Quatern-ary sequence in the Gulf of Izmit (Hersek Burnu-Kaba Burun). In Izmit Korfezi Kuvaterner Istifi (Quaternary Sequence in the Gulf of̧evre Koruma Vakfi{dotless}: Istanbul; 251-258 (in Turkish with English abstract).
55. Meriç E, Yanko V, Avar N. 1995. Foraminiferal fauna of the Quaternary sequence in the Gulf of Izmit (Hersek Burnu-Kaba Burun). In Izmit Korfezi Kuvaterner Istifi (Quaternary Sequence in the Gulf of Izmit),̌i Çevre KorumaVakfi{dotless}: Istanbul;105-151 (in Turkish with English abstract).
56. Moore FG. 1950. Three canal projects, Roman and Byzantine. American Journal of Archaeology 54: 97-111.
57. Mudie PJ, Marret F, Aksu AE, Hiscott RN, Gillespie H. 2007. Palynological evidence for climate change, anthropogenic activity and outflow of Black Sea water during the late Pleistocene and Holocene: Centennial- to decadal-scale records from the Black and Marmara Seas. Quaternary International 167-168: 73-90.
58. NOAA. 2008. Sea Level changes. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ctl/clisci100k.html [1 July 2009].
59. Okay AI, Ka̧li{dotless}lar-Özcan A, Imren C, Boztepe Guney A, Demirbaǧ E, Ku̧çu I. 2000. Active faults and evolving strike-slip basins in the Marmara Sea, northwest Turkey: a multichannel seismic reflection study. Tectonophysics 321: 189-218.
60. Özture A. 1969. Nicomedia: Izmit tarihi. Istanbul.
61. Paluska A, Poetsch S, Bargu S. 1989. Tectonics, paleoseismic activity and recent deformation mechanism in the Sapanca-Abant region (NW Turkey, North Anatolian Fault Zone). Turkish-German Earth-quake Research Project. Earth Research Institute, Ankara, and University of Kiel; 18-33.
62. Pfannenstiel M. 1944. Diluviale Geologie des Mittelmeergebietes, die Diluvialen Entwicklundgstadien und die Urgeschichte von Darda-nellen, Marmara Meer und Bosphorus. Geologische Rundschau 43: 334-434.
63. Ross DA, Degens ET. 1974. Recent sediments of the Black Sea. In The Black Sea: Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, Degens ET, Ross DA (eds). American Association of Petroleum Geologists: Tulsa, OK; 183-199.
64. Ross DA, Degens ET, MacIlvaine J. 1970. Black Sea: recent sedimentary history. Science 170: 163-165.
65. Ryan WBF. 1972. The stratigraphy of late Quaternary sediments in the eastern Mediterranean. In The Mediterranean Sea: A Natural Labora-tory, Stanley DJ (ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross: Stroudsbourg, PA; 149-169.
66. Ryan WBF, Pitman WC. 1998. Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries about the Event that Changed History. Simon & Schuster: New York.
67. Ryan WBF, Pitmann WC III, Major CO, Shimkus K, Moskalenko V, Jones GA, Dimitrov P, Gorur N, Sakinç M, Yuce H. 1997. An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology 138: 119-126.
68. Ryan WBF, Candace OM, Lericolais G, Goldstein SL. 2003. Cata-strophic flooding of the Black Sea. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 31: 525-554.
69. Schindler C, Pfister M (eds). 1997. Active Tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia. The MARMARA Poly-Project: A Multidisciplinary Approach by Space-Geodesy, Geology, Hydrogeology, Geothermics and Seismology. Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH: Zurich.
70. Scholten R. 1974. Role of the Bosphorus in Black Sea chemistry and sedimentation. In The Black Sea: Geology, Chemistry, and Biology, Degens ET, Ross DA (eds). American Association of Petroleum Geologists: Tulsa, OK; 115-126.
71. Schwab M, Werner P, Dulski P, McGee E, Nowaczyk N, Bertrand S, Leroy SAG. 2009. Palaeolimnology of Lake Sapanca: identification of historic earthquake signals at the Northern Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey). Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 991-1005.
72. Soysal H. 1985. Tsunami (deniz ta̧masi{dotless}) ve Turkiye ki{dotless}yi{dotless}lari{dotless}ni{dotless} etkileyen tsunamiler. Istanbul University Bulletin of Marine Science and Geography 2: 59-67.
73. Stanley DJ, Blanpied C. 1980. Late Quaternary water exchange between the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Nature 285: 537-541.
74. Stuiver M, Reimer PJ, Reimer RW. 2005. CALIB 5.0. WWW program and documentation. http://calib.qub.ac.uk/calib/calib.html [1 July 2009].
75. Tchepalyga A. 1995. Black Sea Plio-Pleistocene basins and their interactions with the Mediterranean. In Izmit Korfezi Kuvaterner Istifi (Quaternary Sequence in the Gulf of Izmit), Meriç E (ed.). Kocaeli ValiliǧiÇevreKorumaVakfi{dotless}:Istanbul;303-311.
76. Whitby M. 1985. Justinian's Bridge over the Sangarius and the Date of Procopius' de Aedificiis. Journal of Hellenic Studies 105: 129-148.
77. Yaltirak C. 2002. Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology 190: 493-529.
78. Yanko VV. 1990. Stratigraphy and paleogeography of marine Pleisto-cene and Holocene deposits of the southern seas of the USSR. Memorie della Societa. Geologica Italiana 44: 167-187.
79. Yanko-Hombach VV, Meriç E, Avar N, Kerey E, Gormu̧ M. 2004. Micropaleontological evidence of the Black Sea-Marmara Sea con-nection for the last 800 ka BP. In Fourth International Congress Martin R, Jacob J, Ishman S (eds). Isparta, Turkey, 13-18 September; 228-230.
80. Yanko-Hombach V, Gilbert AS, Panin N, Dolukhanov PM (eds). 2007. The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate and Human Settlement. Springer: Berlin.
81. Özer N. 2004. Major neotectonic features of eastern Marmara region, Turkey: development of the Adapazari{dotless}-Karasu corridor and its tectonic significance. Geological Journal 39: 179-198.