Evaluating forest fragmentation and its tree community composition in the tropical rain forest of Southern Western Ghats (India) from 1973 to 2004

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Volumn 161, Issue 1-4, 2010, Pages 29-44

  Giriraj, A ^a   Murthy, M S R ^b   Beierkuhnlein, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

^b National Remote Sensing Centre   (India)

Author keywords

Fragmentation; Kalakkad Mundanthurai tiger reserve; Land cover change; Landscape pattern; Remote sensing; Tropical forests

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL GROUPS; ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES; DATA SETS; EVERGREEN FORESTS; FOREST FRAGMENTATIONS; FOREST FRAGMENTS; FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIORS; HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY; KALAKKAD MUNDANTHURAI TIGER RESERVE; LAND COVER; LAND-COVER CHANGE; LAND-USE CHANGE; LANDSCAPE METRICS; LANDSCAPE PATTERN; SPECIES COMPOSITION; TREE COMMUNITY; TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS; TROPICAL FOREST; TROPICAL RAIN FOREST; TROPICAL REGIONS; TROPICAL TREE;

ECOSYSTEMS; LAND USE; LANDFORMS; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; TROPICS;

REFORESTATION;

ABUNDANCE; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; DATA SET; FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; LAND COVER; LAND USE CHANGE; PHYTOSOCIOLOGY; PIXEL; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SPECIES RICHNESS;

ARTICLE; EVERGREEN RAIN FOREST; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; INDIA; LAND USE; LANDSCAPE; PHYTOSOCIOLOGY; PLANT COMMUNITY; PLANTATION; POPULATION ABUNDANCE; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SPECIES RICHNESS; TROPICAL RAIN FOREST;

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GEOGRAPHY; INDIA; TREES; TROPICAL CLIMATE;

ECOSYSTEMS; FORESTS; FRAGMENTATION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; LAND USE; REFORESTATION; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITES; TROPICS;

INDIA; WESTERN GHATS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 74349125015     PISSN: 01676369     EISSN: 15732959     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0724-5     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. R. Ali A. Pai 2001 Human use areas in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Current Science 80 448 452
2. D. Armenteras F. Gast H. Villareal 2003 Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes, Colombia Biological Conservation 113 245 256 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00359-2 doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00359-2 (Pubitemid 36755575)
3. J. Benitez-Malvido 1998 Impact of forest fragmentation on seedling abundance in a tropical rain forest Conservation Biology 12 380 389 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96295.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96295.x (Pubitemid 28202796)
4. J. Benitez-Malvido M. Martinez-Ramos 2003 Impact of forest fragmentation on understory plant species richness in Amazonia Conservation Biology 17 389 400 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01120.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01120.x (Pubitemid 37084055)
5. R. O. Bierregaard T. E. Lovejoy V. Kapos A. A. Santos R. W. Hutchings 1992 The biological dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments Bioscience 42 859 866 10.2307/1312085 doi:10.2307/1312085
6. M. R. Burnett P. V. August J. H. Brown Jr K. T. Killingbeck 1998 The influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on biodiversity. I. Patch-scale perspective Conservation Biology 12 363 370 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96238.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96238.x
7. M. W. Cadotte R. Franck L. Reza J. Lovett-Doust 2002 Tree and shrub diversity and abundance in fragmented littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar Biodiversity and Conservation 11 1417 1436 10.1023/A:1016282023542 doi:10.1023/A:1016282023542 (Pubitemid 34869863)
8. Caldwell, R. B. (1989). A history of Tinnevelly (p. 310). Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120601610.
9. Caswell, H., & Cohen, J. E. (1993). Local and regional regulation of species-area relations: a patch-occupancy model. In R. E. Ricklefs & D. Schluter (Eds.), Species diversity in ecological communities (pp. 99-107). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
10. P. Chesson R. L. E. Gebauer S. Schwinning N. Huntly K. Wiegand S. K. E. Morgan, et al. 2004 Resource pulses, species interactions, and diversity maintenance in arid and semi-arid environments Oecologia 141 236 253 10.1007/s00442-004-1551-1 doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1551-1 (Pubitemid 39379405)
11. C. V. Chittibabu N. Parthasarathy 2000 Attenuated tree species diversity in human-impacted tropical evergreen forest sites in Kolli hills, Eastern Ghats, India Biodiversity & Conservation 9 1493 1519 10.1023/A:1008971015545
12. D. L. Civco J. D. Hurd E. H. Wilson C. L. Arnold S. Prisloe 2002 Quantifying and describing urbanizing landscapes in the Northeast United States Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68 1083 1090
13. N. J. Cordeiro H. F. Howe 2003 Forest fragmentation severs mutualism between seed dispersers and an endemic African tree Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 14052 14056 10.1073/pnas.2331023100 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpsFGit70%3D doi:10.1073/pnas. 2331023100 (Pubitemid 37499189)
14. L. De Cola 1989 Fractal analysis of a classified Landsat scene Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 55 601 610
15. D. M. Debinski R. D. Holt 2000 A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments Conservation Biology 14 342 355 10.1046/j.1523-1739. 2000.98081.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98081.x (Pubitemid 30221248)
16. R. Díaz-Delgado F. Lloret X. Pons 2004 Spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia, NE, Spain Landscape Ecology 19 731 745 10.1007/s10980-005-0183-1 doi:10.1007/s10980-005-0183-1
17. C. B. S. Dutt V. K. Srivastava B. K. Ranganath M. S. R. Murthy C. S. Jha S. A. Ravan, et al. 2002 Western Ghats biodiversity assessment at landscape level using remote sensing and GIS NNRMS Bulletin (B) 27 49 55
18. Forman, R. T. T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. New York: Wiley.
19. Frohn, R. C. (1998). Remote sensing of landscape ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
20. Fuller, J. L., Foster, D. R., McLachlan, J. S., & Drake N. (1998). Impact of human activity on regional forest composition and dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems, 1, 76-95.
21. C. Gascon G. B. Williamson G. A. B. da Fonseca 2000 Receding forest edges and vanishing reserves Science 288 1356 1358 10.1126/science.288.5470.1356 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjslGlsbc%3D doi:10.1126/science.288.5470.1356 (Pubitemid 30366310)
22. J. Ghazoul 1996 Are fragments worth conserving? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11 507 10.1016/S0169-5347(96)91658-4 doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(96)91658-4
23. L. Gigord F. Picot J. A. Shykoff 1999 Effects of habitat fragmentation on Dombeya acutangula (Sterculiaceae), a native tree on La Réunion (Indian Ocean) Biological Conservation 88 43 51 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00092-5 doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00092-5 (Pubitemid 29060085)
24. Giriraj, A. (2006). Spatial characterization and conservation prioritization in tropical evergreen forests of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu using geoinformatics p. 210. Ph.D. dissertation published, Bharathidasan University, India.
25. R. L. Graham C. T. Hunsankar R. V. O'Neill B. Jackson 1991 Ecological risk assessment at regional scale Ecological Applications 1 196 206 10.2307/1941812 doi:10.2307/1941812
26. E. J. Gustafson 1998 Quantifying spatial pattern: what is the state of the art? Ecosystems (New York, N.Y.) 1 143 156 doi:10.1007/s100219900011
27. E. J. Gustafson G. R. Parker 1992 Relationship between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern Landscape Ecology 7 101 110 10.1007/BF02418941 doi:10.1007/BF02418941
28. F. He K. J. Gaston E. F. Connor D. S. Srivastava 2005 The local-regional relationship: immigration, extinction and scale Ecology 86 360 365 10.1890/04-1449 doi:10.1890/04-1449
29. A. N. Henry M. Chandrabose M. S. Swaminathan N. C. Nair 1984 Agasthyamalai and its environs: A potential area for biosphere reserve Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 81 282 290
30. R. D. Holt J. H. Lawton 1994 The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25 495 520 10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002431 doi:10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002431
31. Huston, M. A. (1994). Biological diversity: The coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
32. S. Iida T. Nakashizuka 1995 Forest fragmentation and its effect on species diversity in sub-urban coppice forests in Japan Forest Ecology and Management 73 197 210 10.1016/0378-1127(94)03484-E doi:10.1016/0378-1127(94) 03484-E
33. U. E. Ite W. M. Adams 1998 Forest conversion, conservation and forestry in Cross River State, Nigeria Applied Geography (Sevenoaks, England) 18 301 314 10.1016/S0143-6228(98)00023-X doi:10.1016/S0143-6228(98)00023-X (Pubitemid 29081802)
34. C. S. Jha L. Goparaju A. Tripathi B. Gharai A. S. Raghubanshi J. S. Singh 2005 Forest fragmentation and its impact on species diversity: An analysis using remote sensing and GIS Biodiversity and Conservation 14 1681 1698 10.1007/s10531-004-0695-y doi:10.1007/s10531-004-0695-y (Pubitemid 40886301)
35. J. Joshi P. Stoll H. P. Rusterholz B. Schmid C. Dolt B. Baur 2006 Small-scale experimental habitat fragmentation reduces colonization rates in species-rich grasslands Oecologia 148 144 152 10.1007/s00442-005-0341-8 doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0341-8
36. Kolasa, J., & Pickett, S. T. A. (1991). Ecological heterogeneity. Ecological studies 86. New York: Springer.
37. J. R. Krummel R. H. Gardner G. Sugihara R. V. O'Neil P. R. Coleman 1987 Landscape patterns in disturbed environment Oikos 48 321 324 10.2307/3565520 doi:10.2307/3565520
38. N. S. N. Lam D. A. Ouattrochi 1992 On issues of scale analysis and fractal analysis in mapping sciences The Professional Geographer 44 88 98 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1992.00088.x doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1992.00088.x
39. W. F. Laurance 1994 Rainforest fragmentation and the structure of small mammal communities in tropical Queensland Biological Conservation 69 23 32 10.1016/0006-3207(94)90325-5 doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90325-5 (Pubitemid 2084913)
40. W. F. Laurance R. C. C. Luizão 2007 Driving a wedge into the Amazon Nature 448 409 410 10.1038/448409a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotFajt7Y%3D doi:10.1038/448409a (Pubitemid 47123501)
41. W. F. Laurance L. V. Ferreira J. M. Rankin-de Merona S. G. Laurance 1998 Rain forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tree communities Ecology 79 2032 2040
42. W. F. Laurance S. G. Laurance P. Delamonica 1998 Tropical forest fragmentation and greenhouse gas emissions Forest Ecology and Management 110 173 180 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00291-6 doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00291-6 (Pubitemid 28494627)
43. W. F. Laurance T. E. Lovejoy H. L. Vasconcelos E. M. Burna R. K. Didham P. C. Stouffer, et al. 2002 Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: A 22-year investigation Conservation Ecology 16 605 618
44. W. F. Laurance H. E. M. Nascimento S. G. Laurance A. Andrade J. E. L. S. Ribeiro J. P. Giraldo, et al. 2006 Rapid decay of tree-community composition in Amazonian forest fragments Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 19010 19014 10.1073/pnas.0609048103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlektLfN doi:10.1073/pnas.0609048103 (Pubitemid 350002819)
45. E. G. J. Leigh J. Wright E. A. Herre F. E. Putz 1993 The decline of tree diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: A test of a null hypothesis and some implications Evolutionary Ecology 7 76 102 10.1007/BF01237735 doi:10.1007/BF01237735
46. R. Lewin 1984 Parks: How big is big enough? Science 225 611 612 10.1126/science.225.4662.611 doi:10.1126/science.225.4662.611
47. H. Li J. F. Reynolds 1993 A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes Landscape Ecology 8 155 162 10.1007/BF00125347 doi:10.1007/BF00125347
48. Lillesand, T. M., & Kiefer, R. W. (2000). Remote sensing and image interpretation (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
49. Lovejoy, T. E., Bierregaard, R. O., Rylands, A. B., Malcolm, J. R., Quintela, C. E., Harper, L. H., et al. (1986). Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. In M. E. Soulé (Ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
50. Mace, G., Balmford, A., & Ginsberg, J. R. (1998). Conservation in a changing world. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
51. R. L. Mackey D. J. Currie 2000 A re-examination of the expected effects of disturbance on diversity Oikos 88 483 493 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880303.x doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880303.x
52. R. L. Mackey D. J. Currie 2001 The diversity-disturbance relationship: Is it generally strong and peaked? Ecology 82 3479 3492
53. N. Mouquet M. Loreau 2003 Community patterns in source-sink metacommunities American Naturalist 162 544 557 10.1086/378857 doi:10.1086/378857 (Pubitemid 37491940)
54. N. Mouquet P. Munguia J. M. Kneitel T. E. Miller 2003 Community assembly time and the relationship between local and regional richness Oikos 103 618 626 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12772.x doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12772.x (Pubitemid 37435873)
55. S. Muthuramkumar N. Ayyappan N. Parthasarathy D. Mudappa T. R. S. Raman M. A. Selwyn, et al. 2006 Plant community structure in tropical rain forest fragments of the Western Ghats, India Biotropica 38 143 160 10.1111/j.1744-7429. 2006.00118.x doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x
56. Myers, N. (1986). Tropical deforestation and a mega-extinction spasm. In: M. E. Soulé (Ed.), Conservation biology: The science of scarcity and diversity (pp. 394-409). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
57. H. Nagendra 2001 Incorporating landscape transformation into local conservation prioritization: A case study in the Western Ghats, India Biodiversity and Conservation 10 353 365 10.1023/A:1016619325970 doi:10.1023/A:1016619325970 (Pubitemid 32382921)
58. W. D. Newmark 1991 Tropical forest fragmentation and the local extinction of understory birds in the Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania Conservation Biology 5 67 78 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00389.x doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991. tb00389.x
59. W. F. Nichols K. T. Killingbeck P. V. August 1998 The influence of geomorphological heterogeneity on biodiversity. II. A landscape perspective Conservation Biology 12 371 379 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96237.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96237.x
60. G. Niemi J. Hanowski P. Helle R. Howe M. Mönkkönen L. Venier, et al. 1998 Ecological sustainability of birds in boreal forests Conservation Ecology 2 17 Retrieved from http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art17/
61. Noss, R. S. (1996). Conservation of biodiversity at the landscape scale. In R. C. Szaro & D. W. Johnston (Eds.), Biodiversity in managed landscapes: Theory and practice (pp. 574-589). New York, NY: Oxford.
62. R. V. O'Neil J. R. Krummel R. H. Gardner G. Sugihara B. Jackson D. L. DeAngelis, et al. 1988 Indices of landscape pattern Landscape Ecology 1 153 162 10.1007/BF00162741 doi:10.1007/BF00162741
63. A. T. Oliveira-Filho J. M. Mello J. R. S. de Scolforo 1997 Effects of past disturbance and edges on tree community structure and dynamics within a fragment of tropical semideciduous forest in southeastern Brazil over a five year period Plant Ecology 131 45 66 10.1023/A:1009744207641 doi:10.1023/A: 1009744207641 (Pubitemid 27369455)
64. Pascal, J. P. (1982). Bioclimates of the Western Ghats at 1/500,000 (2 sheets). Pondichérry: Institut Français de Pondichérry.
65. Pascal, J. P. (1988). Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India. Ecology, structure, floristic composition and succession (345 p.). Pondichérry: Institut Français de Pondichérry.
66. C. A. Peres 1994 Exploring solutions for the tropical biodiversity crisis Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9 164 165 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90078-7 doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90078-7 (Pubitemid 2066915)
67. Peters, D. P. C., & Goslee, S. C. (2001). Landscape diversity. In S. A. Levin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of biodiversity (Vol. 3, pp. 645-658). New York: Academic.
68. S. T. A. Pickett J. N. Thompson 1978 Patch dynamics and the size of natural reserves Biological Conservation 13 27 37 10.1016/0006-3207(78)90016-2 doi:10.1016/0006-3207(78)90016-2
69. R. Pither M. Kellmann 2002 Tree species diversity in small, tropical riparian forest fragments in Belize, Central America Biodiversity and Conservation 11 1623 1636 10.1023/A:1016831916994 doi:10.1023/A:1016831916994 (Pubitemid 34986780)
70. Platt, W. J. (1975). The colonization and formation of equilibrium plant species associations on badger disturbances in a tall-grass prairie. Ecological Monographs, 45, 285-305.
71. B. R. Ramesh S. Menon K. S. Bawa 1997 A vegetated based approach to biodiversity gap analysis in the Agastyamalai region, Western Ghats, India Ambio 26 529 536
72. S. R. Reice 1985 Experimental disturbance and the maintenance of species diversity in a stream community Oecologia 67 90 97 10.1007/BF00378456 doi:10.1007/BF00378456
73. K. H. Riitters R. V. O'Neill K. B. Jones 1997 Assessing habitat suitability at multiple scales: A landscape-level approach Biological Conservation 81 191 202 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00145-0 doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(96) 00145-0 (Pubitemid 27235977)
74. K. Riitters J. Wickham R. V. O'Neill B. Jones E. Smith 2000 Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation Conservation Ecology 4 3 Retrieved from http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss2/art3
75. K. H. Riitters J. D. Wickham R. V. O'Neill K. B. Jones E. R. Smith J. W. Coulston, et al. 2002 Fragmentation of continental United States forests Ecosystems (New York, N.Y.) 5 815 822 doi:10.1007/s10021-002-0209-2 (Pubitemid 36178499)
76. S. K. Robinson F. R. Thompson III T. M. Donovan D. R. Whitehead R. Faaborg 1995 Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory songbirds Science 267 1987 1990 10.1126/science.267.5206.1987 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkslOktbY%3D doi:10.1126/science.267.5206.1987
77. P. S. Roy H. Padalia N. Chauhan M. C. Porwal S. Gupta S. Biswas, et al. 2005 Validation of geospatial model for biodiversity characterization at landscape level-a study in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India Ecological Modelling 185 349 369 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.001 doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel. 2005.01.001 (Pubitemid 40564509)
78. J. C. Serio-Silva V. Rico-Gray 2002 Interacting effects of forest fragmentation and howler monkey foraging on germination and dispersal of fig seeds Oryx 36 266 271 10.1017/S0030605302000480 doi:10.1017/S0030605302000480 (Pubitemid 43127486)
79. D. Skole C. Tucker 1993 Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: Satellite data from 1978 to 1988 Science 260 1905 1910 10.1126/science.260.5116.1905 doi:10.1126/science.260.5116.1905
80. M. B. Soons G. W. Heil 2002 Reduced colonization capacity in fragmented populations of wind-dispersed grassland forbs Journal of Ecology 90 1033 1043 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00729.x doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00729.x (Pubitemid 36035481)
81. J. Southworth H. Nagendra C. Tucker 2002 Fragmentation of a landscape: Incorporating landscape metrics into satellite analyses of land-cover change Landscape Research 27 253 269 10.1080/01426390220149511 doi:10.1080/ 01426390220149511 (Pubitemid 34838188)
82. J. Southworth D. Munroe H. Nagendra 2004 Land cover change and landscape fragmentation-comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analysis for a western Honduras region Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 101 185 205 10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.011 doi:10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.011 (Pubitemid 38215231)
83. I. M. Turner R. T. Corlett 1996 The conservation value of small isolated fragmentation of lowland tropical rainforest Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11 330 333 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10046-X doi:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10046-X (Pubitemid 126382142)
84. Turner, M. G., & Gardner, R. H. (1991). Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. New York, NY: Springer.
85. Turner, M. G., Gardner, R. H., & O'Neill, R. V. (2001). Landscape ecology in theory and practice: Pattern and process. New York: Springer.
86. Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. (occasional paper no. 18). Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
87. J. E. Vogelmann 1995 Assessment of forest fragmentation in southern New England using remote sensing and geographic information systems technology Conservation Biology 9 439 449 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020439.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9020439.x
88. T. G. Wade K. H. Ritters J. D. Wickham K. B. Jones 2003 Distribution and causes of global forest fragmentation Conservation Ecology 7 7
89. Watson, J., Whittaker, R., & Dawson, T. (2004). Habitat structure and proximity to forest edge affect the abundance and distribution of forest-dependent birds in tropical coastal forest of southern Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 120, 311-327.
90. Whitmore, T. C., & Sayer, J. A. (1992). Tropical deforestation and species extinction. Gland: IUCN.
91. J. D. Wickham K. B. Jones K. H. Riitters T. G. Wade R. V. O'Neill 1999 Transitions in forest fragmentation: Implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales Landscape Ecology 14 137 145 10.1023/A:1008026129712 doi:10.1023/A:1008026129712 (Pubitemid 29178115)
92. J. D. Wickham R. V. O'Neil K. B. Jones 2000 Forest fragmentation as an economic indicator Landscape Ecology 15 171 179 10.1023/A:1008133426199 doi:10.1023/A:1008133426199 (Pubitemid 30081189)
93. J. D. Wickham K. H. Riitters T. G. Wade J. W. Coulston 2007 Temporal change in forest fragmentation at multiple scales Landscape Ecology 22 481 489 10.1007/s10980-006-9054-6 doi:10.1007/s10980-006-9054-6 (Pubitemid 46731566)
94. H. Zhu Z. F. Xu H. Wang B. G. Li 2004 Tropical rain forest fragmentation and its ecological and species diversity changes in southern Yunnan Biodiversity and Conservation 13 1355 1372 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000019397.98407.c3 doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000019397.98407.c3 (Pubitemid 38537007)