Stone bead technologies and early craft specialization: Insights from two neolithic sites in eastern Jordan

Levant

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 131-165

  Wright, Katherine I ^a   Critchley, Pat ^a   Garrard, Andrew ^a   Baird, Douglas ^b   Bains, Roseleen ^a   Groom, Simon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Jordan; Levant; Neolithic; Specialization; Stone beads; Technology

Indexed keywords

EID: 74049144957     PISSN: 00758914     EISSN: 17563801     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/175638008X348016     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Affonso, M.T.C. and Pernicka, E. (2004) Mineralogical analysis of Late PPNB rings. Pp. 155-67 in H. J. Nissen, M. Muheisen and H. G. Gebel (eds), Basta I: The Human Ecology. Berlin: Ex Oriente
2. Allchin, B. (1979) The agate and carnelian industry of Western India and Pakistan. Pp. 91-105 in J.E. van Lohuizen de Leeuw (ed.), South Asian Archaeology: Papers from the Third International Congress of the Association of South Asian Archaeology. Leiden: E.S. Brill
3. Andrefsky, W. (1998) Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
4. Anthony, J.W. (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume 4. Tucson, Arizona: Mineral Data Publications
5. Asouti, E. (2006) Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction sphere. Journal of World Prehistory 20, 87-126
6. Bains, R. (forthcoming) Procurement to Production: Manufacturing Technologies of Stone Beads at Catalhoyuk, Turkey. PhD dissertation, Institute of Archaeology, University College London
7. Baird, D. (1993) Neolithic Chipped Stone Assemblages from the Azraq Basin. PhD dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh
8. - (1994) Chipped stone production technology from the Azraq Project Neolithic sites. Pp. 525-41 in H.G. Gebel and S. K. Kozlowski (eds), Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent. Berlin: Ex Oriente
9. - (1995) Chipped stone raw material procurement and selection in the Neolithic Azraq Basin: implications for Levantine Neolithic cultural development. Pp. 505-14 in K. 'Amr, F. Zayadine and M. Zaghloul (eds), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan V. Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan
10. - (2001a) Explaining technological change from the 7th to the 6th millennium BC in the southern Levant. Pp. 319-31, in I. Caneva, C. Lemorini and D. Zampetti (eds), Beyond Tools. Berlin: Ex Oriente
11. -(2001b) The analysis of chipped stone in Jordanian Archaeology. Pp. 693-706 in R. Adams, P. Bienkowski and B. MacDonald (eds), The Archaeology of Jordan. Sheffield: Sheffield Archaeology Monographs
12. - Garrard, A.N., Martin, L. and Wright, K.I. (1992) Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1989 excavation season. Levant 24, 1-31
13. Banning, E.B. (1998) The Neolithic period: triumphs of architecture, agriculture and art. Near Eastern Archaeology 61, 188-237
14. Bar-Yosef, O. (2001) Lithics and the social geographic configurations identifying Neolithic tribes in the Levant. Pp. 437-48, in I. Caneva, C. Lemorini, D. Zampetti and P. Biagi (eds), Beyond Tools. Berlin: Ex Oriente
15. - and Alon, D. (1988) Nahal Hemar Cave. Jerusalem: Atiqot 18, Israel Department of Antiquities
16. Bar-Yosef-Mayer, D. (1989) Late Paleolithic and Neolithic marine shells in the southern Levant as cultural markers. Pp. 169-74 in C.F. Hayes (ed.), Shell Bead Conference. Rochester, New York: Rochester Museum and Science Center
17. -(1991) Changes in the selection of marine shells from the Natufian to the Neolithic. Pp. 629-36 in O. Bar-Yosef and F. Valla (eds), The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor: Prehistory Press
18. - (1997) Neolithic shell bead production in Sinai. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 97-111
19. - Porat, N., Gal, Z., Shalem, D. and Smithline, H. (2004) Steatite beads at Peqi'in: long distance trade and pyro-technology during the Chalcolithic of the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 493-502
20. Barjous, M.O. (1986) The Geology of Siwaqa. Map Sheet 3252 IV (1:50,000). Amman, Jordan: Jordan Natural Resources Authority, Geology Division, Geological Bulletin 4
21. Barnes, R. and Eicher, J.B. (1992) Dress And Gender: Making and Meaning in Cultural Contexts. Oxford: Berg
22. Barthelmy de Saizieu, B. and Bouquillon, A. (1994) Steatite working at Mehrgarh during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods: quantitative distribution, characterization of material and manufacturing processes. Pp. 47-59 in A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio (eds), South Asian Archaeology 1993, Volume I. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Helsinki University 5-9 July 1993. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia
23. Bender, F. (1974) Geology of Jordan. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger
24. Berna, F. (1995) La lavarazione dell'amazzonite nel villagio neolitico di Jebel Ragref (Giordania meridionale). L'ecologia del Quaternario 17, 41-54
25. Betts, A.V.G. (1987) Recent discoveries relating to the Neolithic periods in eastern Jordan. Pp. 225-30 in A. Hadidi (ed.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan III. Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan
26. - (1998) The Harra and the Hamad. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press
27. Bienert, H. and Gebel, H. (1998) Archaeological investigations at Late PPNB Ba'ja: a preliminary report on the 1997 season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42, 75-90
28. Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
29. Byrd, B.F. (1994) Public & private, domestic & corporate: the emergence of the village in southwest Asia. American Antiquity 59, 639-66
30. - (2005) Early Village Life at Beidha, Jordan: Neolithic Spatial Organization and Vernacular Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press and the Council for British Research in the Levant
31. Calley, S. (1989) L'atelier de fabrication de perles de Kumartepe: quelques observations technologiques. Anatolica 16, 157-84
32. Cauvin, J. (1974) Troisième campagne de fouilles à Mureybet (Syrie), 1973: rapport préliminaire. Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes 24, 47-58
33. Cessford, C. and Mitrovic, S. (2005) Heavy residue analysis. Pp. 45-64 in I. Hodder (ed.), Excavations at Çatalhöyük, Volume 5. Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge and London: Monographs of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge; British Institute for Archaeology at Ankara
34. Costin, C.L. (1991) Craft specialization: issues in defining, documenting, and explaining the organization of production. Archaeological Method and Theory 3, 1-56
35. Critchley, P. (2000) Stone Bead Production atWadi Jilat 25, a Neolithic Site in Eastern Jordan. MA dissertation, Institute of Archaeology, University College London
36. - (2007) The stone beads. In B. Finlayson and S. Mithen (eds), The early Prehistory of Wadi Faynan, southern Jordan: Excavations at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Wadi Faynan 16 and Archaeological Survey of Wadis Faynan, Ghuweir and al-Bustan. Oxford: Oxbow Press for the Council for British Research in the Levant
37. Diamanti, J. (2003) Beads, trade and cultural change. Pp. 8-13 in J. Lankton (ed.), A Bead Timeline, Volume I: Prehistory to 1200 CE. Washington, DC: The Bead Society of Greater Washington
38. Dobres, M.A. (2000) Technology and Social Agency: Outlining a Practice Framework for Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell
39. and Hoffmann, C.R. (1999) The Social Dynamics of Technology. Oxford: Blackwell
40. Dubin, L. (1995) The History of Beads, 30,000 B.C. to the Present. London: Thames and Hudson
41. Dunnell, R.C. and Stein, J.K. (1989) Theoretical issues in the interpretation of microartifacts. Geoarchaeology 4, 31-42
42. Eicher, J. (1995) Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time. Oxford: Berg
43. Fabiano, M., Berna, F. and Borzatti von Löwenstern, E. (2004) Pre-Pottery Neolithic amazonite bead workshops in southern Jordan. Pp. 265-73 in Sécretariat du Congrès (ed.), Le Néolithique au Proche-Orient et en Europe. The Neolithic in the Near East and Europe. Acts of the XIVth UNESCO International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, 208 September 2001, Université de Liège. Oxford: BAR International Series 1303, Archaeopress
44. Finlayson, B. and Betts, A.V.G. (1990) Functional analysis of chipped stone artifacts from the Late Neolithic site of Jebel Na'ja, eastern Jordan. Paléorient 16/2, 13-20
45. Fino, N. (1998) Al-Basit Neolithic site in southern Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42, 103-11
46. Foreman, R. (1978) Disc beads: production by primitive techniques. Bead Journal 3, 17-22
47. Garfinkel, Y. (1987) Bead manufacture on the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Yiftahel. Mitekufat Haeven, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 20, 79-90
48. Garrard, A.N. (1998) Environment and cultural adaptations in the Azraq Basin, 24,000-7000 B.P. Pp. 139-48 in D.O. Henry (ed.), The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan. Oxford: BAR International Series 705
49. - (in preparation) Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Communities of the Jordanian Steppe (4 volumes). Oxford: Council for British Research in the Levant, Levant Supplementary Series, Oxbow Books
50. - Baird, D., Colledge, S., Martin, L. and Wright, K.I. (1994a) Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1987 and 1988 excavation seasons. Levant 26, 73-109
51. - Betts, A., Byrd, B.F. and Hunt, C. (1987) Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1985 excavation season. Levant 19, 5-25
52. - and Byrd, B.F. (1992) New dimensions to the Epipalaeolithic of the Wadi el-Jilat in Central Jordan. Paléorient 18/1, 47-62
53. - Byrd, B.F. and Baird, D. (1994b) The chronological basis and significance of the late Palaeolithic and Neolithic sequence in the Azraq Basin, Jordan. Pp. 177-200, in O. Bar-Yosef and R.S. Kra (eds), Late Quaternary Chronology and Palaeoclimates in the Eastern Mediterranean. Tucson: Radiocarbon
54. - Byrd, B.F. and Betts, A. (1986) Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin: an interim report on the 1984 excavation season. Levant 18, 5-24
55. - Colledge, S. and Martin, L. (1996) The emergence of cultivation and pastoralism in the 'marginal zone' of the southern Levant. Pp. 204-26 in D. Harris (ed.), The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press
56. Gopher, A. (1997) Ground stone tools and other stone objects from Netiv Hagdud. Pp. 151-76, in O. Bar-Yosef and A. Gopher (eds), An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University
57. Gorelick, L. and Gwinnett, A.J. (1990) Innovative lapidary craft techniques in Neolithic Jarmo. Archaeomaterials 4, 25-32
58. Goring-Morris, A.N. and Gopher, A. (1983) Nahal Issaron: a Neolithic settlement in the southern Negev. Israel Exploration Journal 33, 149-61
59. Gross, S. (1977) The Geology of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin 70
60. Gwinnett, A.J. and Gorelick, L. (1989) Evidence for mass production polishing in ancient bead manufacture. Archaeomaterials 3, 163-68
61. - (1999) A brief history of drills and drilling. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 10-11, 49-56
62. Hamilton, N. (2005) The beads. Pp. 325-32 in I. Hodder (ed.), Excavations at Çatalhöyük, Volume 5. Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge and London: Monographs of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge; British Institute for Archaeology at Ankara
63. Hauptmann, A. (2004) 'Greenstones' from Basta: their mineralogical composition and possible provenance. Pp. 169-76 in H.J. Nissen, M. Muheisen and H.G. Gebel (eds), Basta I: The Human Ecology. Berlin: Ex Oriente
64. Inizan, M., Jazim, M. and Mermier, F. (1992) L'artisanat de la cornaline au Yémen: premières données. Techniques et Culture 20, 155-74
65. Jackson, B. (2005) Bead material identification. Pp. 373-76 in I. Hodder (ed.), Excavations at Çatalhöyük, Volume 5. Changing Materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-1999 seasons. Cambridge and London: Monographs of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge; British Institute for Archaeology at Ankara
66. Jaser, D.A. (1986) The Geology of Khan ez-Zabib. Map Sheet 3253 III (1:50,000). Amman, Jordan: Jordan Natural Resources Authority, Geology Division, Bulletin No. 3
67. Jensen, C.H. (2004) Production areas at MPPNB Shkarat Msaied, southern Jordan. Neo-Lithics 2/04, 22-25
68. Kaliszan, L., Hermansen, B.D., Jensen, C.H., Skuldbol, T., Bille, M., Bangsgaard, P., Ihr, A., Sorensen, M.L. and Markussen, B. (2002) Shaqarat Mazyad: the village on the edge. Neo-Lithics 1/02, 16-19
69. Kenoyer, J.M. (1986) The Indus bead industry: contributions to bead technology. Ornament 10, 18-21
70. - (1992a) Craft specialization and the question of urban segregation and stratification. Eastern Anthropologist 45, 39-54
71. - (1992b) Lapis lazuli beadmaking in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ornament 15, 70-87
72. - (1994) Experimental studies of Indus Valley technology at Harappa. Pp. 345-62 in A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio (eds), South Asian Archaeology 1993, Volume I. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Helsinki University 5-9 July 1993. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia
73. - (2003) The technology of stone beads: bead and pendant making techniques. Pp. 14-19 in J. Lankton (ed.), A Bead Timeline, Volume I: Prehistory to 1200 CE. Washington, DC: The Bead Society of Greater Washington
74. - Vidale, M. and Bhan, K. (1991) Contemporary stone beadmaking in Khambat, India: patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in the archaeological record. World Archaeology 23, 44-63
75. Khoury, H. and Nassir, S. (1982) A discussion on the origin of Daba' Marble. Dirasaat, Engineering Sciences 9, 54-66
76. Kirkbride, D. (1966) Five seasons at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic village of Beidha in Jordan: a summary. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 98, 5-72
77. Kuijt, I. and Goring-Morris, A.N. (2002) Foraging, farming and social complexity in the pre-pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal of World Prehistory 16, 361-439
78. Larson, P. (1978) Ornamental beads from the Late Natufian of Southern Israel. Journal of Field Archaeology 5, 120-21
79. Maréchal, C. (1991) Elements de parure de la fin du Natoufien. Pp. 589-612 in O. Bar-Yosef and F. Valla (eds), The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor: Prehistory Press
80. Martin, L. (1999) Mammal remains from the eastern Jordanian Neolithic and the nature of caprine herding in the steppe. Paléorient 25 (2), 87-104
81. Mellaart, J. (1967) Catal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. London: Thames and Hudson
82. Meskell, L. (2001) Archaeologies of identity. Pp. 187-213 in I. Hodder (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today. Cambridge: Polity Press
83. Moh'd, B.K. (2000) The Geology of Irbid and Ash Shuna ash Shamaliyya (Waqqas). Map Sheets 3155 II and 3155 III (1:50,000). Amman, Jordan: Jordan Natural Resources Authority, Geology Division, Geological Bulletin 46
84. Moholy-Nagy, H. (1983) Jarmo artefacts of pecked and ground stone and of shell. Pp. 290-346 in L. Braidwood (ed.), Prehistoric Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Oriental Institute Publications 105
85. Moore, A.M.T. (2000) Stone and other artefacts. Pp. 165-87 in A.M.T. Moore, G.C. Hillman and A. Legge (eds), Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press
86. Nassir, S. and Khoury, H. (1982) Geology, mineralogy and petrology of Daba' Marble, Jordan. Dirasaat, Engineering Sciences 9, 107-40
87. Pigeot, N. (1990) Technical & social actors: flintknapping specialists & apprentices at Magdalenian Etiolles. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 9, 126-41
88. Possehl, G. (1981) Cambay beadmaking: an ancient craft in modern India. Expedition 23, 39
89. Powell, J.H. (1988) Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Phanerozoic Rocks in Central and Southern Jordan. Part B Kurnub, Ajlun and Belqa Groups. Amman, Jordan: Jordan Natural Resources Authority, Geology Division, Geological Bulletin 11
90. - (2006) Personal communication, at British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom
91. Quintero, L., Rollefson, G.O. and Wilke, P. (2004) Highland towns and desert settlements: origins of nomadic pastoralism in the Jordanian Neolithic. Pp. 201-13 in H. Bienert, H. Gebel and R. Neef (eds), Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan. Berlin: Ex Oriente
92. Quintero, L. and Wilke, P. (1998) Evolution and economic significance of naviform core and blade technology in the southern Levant. Palé orient 21 (1), 17-33
93. Rainville, L. (2005) The Organization of Domestic Activities in Upper Mesopotamian Households and Neighborhoods during the Early Bronze Age: A Micro-Archaeological and Architectural Approach. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 1368
94. Reese, D. (1991) Marine shells in the Levant: Upper Palaeolithic, Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Pp. 613-28 in O. Bar-Yosef and F. Valla (eds), The Natufian Culture in the Levant. Ann Arbor: Prehistory Press
95. Rice, P. (1991) Specialization, standardization and diversity: a retrospect. Pp. 257-84 in R. Bishop and F. Lange (eds), The Ceramic Legacy of Anna O. Shepard. Boulder: University of Colorado Press
96. Richter, T., Colledge, S., Luddy, S., Jones, D., Jones, M., Maher, L. and Kelly, R. (2008) (in press) Preliminary report on the 2006 season at Epipalaeolithic 'Ain Qasiyah, Azraq esh- Shishan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 51
97. Rollefson, G.O. (2002) Beadmaking tools from LPPNB al-Basit, Jordan. Neo-Lithics 2/02, 5-7
98. - Kafafi, Z. and Simmons, A. (1990) The Neolithic village of Ain Ghazal, Jordan: preliminary report on the 1988 season. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplement 27, 95-116
99. - and Parker, M.C. (2002) Craft specialization at al-Basit, Wadi Musa, southern Jordan. Neo-Lithics 1/02, 21-23
100. - Quintero, L. and Wilke, P. (1999) Bawwab al-Ghazal: preliminary report on the 1998 testing season. Neo-Lithics 1/99, 2-4
101. - and Simmons, A. (1984) The 1983 Season at 'Ain Ghazal: Preliminary Report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 28, 13-30
102. - and Simmons, A. (1986) The 1985 Season at 'Ain Ghazal: Preliminary Report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 30, 41-56
103. Rosen, S.A. (1997) Lithics after the Stone Age: A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press
104. - (2003) Early multi-resource nomadism: excavations at the Camel Site in the central Negev. Antiquity 77 (298), 749-60
105. Roux, V., Bril, B. and Dietrich, G. (1995) Skills and learning difficulties involved in stoneknapping: the case of stone bead knapping in Khambat, India. World Archaeology 27, 63-87
106. Roux, V. and Matarasso, P. (1999) Crafts and the evolution of complex societies: new methodologies for modelling the organization of production, a Harappan example. Pp. 46-70 in M.A. Dobres and C.R. Hoffmann (eds), The Social Dynamics of Technology. Oxford: Blackwell
107. Schmidt, K. (2000) Göbeklitepe, Southeastern Turkey: A Preliminary Report on the 1995-1999 Excavations. Paléorient 26, 45-54
108. Schumann, W. (1992) Rocks, Minerals and Gemstones. London: HarperCollins
109. Sciama, L.D. and Eicher, J. (1998) Beads and Bead Makers: Gender, Material Culture and Meaning. Oxford and New York: Berg
110. Simmons, A. and Najjar, M. (1998) Al-Ghuwayr 1, a pre-pottery Neolithic village in WadiFaynan, southern Jordan: a preliminary report on the 1996-1997 seasons. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42, 91-102
111. Sorensen, M.L.S. (1997) Reading dress: the construction of social categories and identities in Bronze Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 5, 93-114
112. Starck, J. (1988) Stone rings from Baga and Basta: geographical and chronological implications. Pp. 137-73 in A. Garrard and H. Gebel (eds), The Prehistory of Jordan: The State of Research in 1986. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 396
113. Stein, G.J. (1996) Producers, patrons, and prestige: craft specialists and emergent élites in Mesopotamia from 5500-3100 BC. In V.G. Childe and B. Wailes (eds), Craft Specialization and Social Evolution: in Memory of V. Gordon Childe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthroplogy
114. Stocks, D. (1989) Ancient factory mass-production techniques: indications of large-scale stone bead manufacture during the Egyptian New Kingdom Period. Antiquity 63, 526-31
115. Stout, D. (2002) Skill and cognition in stone tool production: a case study from Irian Jaya. Current Anthropology 45, 693-722
116. Talbot, G. (1983) Appendix K: beads and pendants from the tell and tombs. Pp. 788-801 in K.M. Kenyon and T. Holland (eds), Jericho V. London: British School of Archaeology Jerusalem
117. Tosi, M. and Vidale, M. (1990) Fourth millennium BC lapis lazuli working at Mehrgarh, Pakistan. Paléorient 16/2, 89-99
118. Treherne, P. (1995) The warrior's beauty: the masculine body and self identity in Bronze Age Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 3, 105-44
119. Valla, F., Khalaily, H., Valladas, H., Tinerat-Laborde, N., Samuelian, N., Bocquentin, F., Rabinovich, R., Bridault, A., Simmons, T., Dosseur, G., Miller-Rosen, A., DuBreuil, L., Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. and Belfer-Cohen, A. (2004) Les fouilles à Mallaha en 2000 et 2001: troisième rapport préliminaire. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 34, 49-244
120. Vanzetti, A. and Vidale, M. (1994) Formation processes of beads: defining different levels of craft skill among the early beadmakers of Mehrgarh. Pp. 763-76 in A. Parpola and P. Koskikallio (eds), South Asian Archaeology 1993, Volume II. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Helsinki University 5-9 July 1993. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia
121. Verhoeven, M. (2002) Transformations of society: the changing role of ritual and symbolism in the PPNB and the PN in the Levant, Syria and southeast Anatolia. Paléorient 28, 5-14
122. Vianello, F. (1985) La lavorazione dell'amazzonite a Wadi Hafir, Giordania meridionale. Studi per l'Ecologia del Quaternario 7, 77-122
123. Vidale, M. (1989) Specialized producers and urban élites: on the role of craft industries in mature Harappan urban centres. Pp. 171-81 in J.M. Kenoyer (ed.), Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia. Madison: University of Wisconsin
124. - Kenoyer, J.M. and Bhan, K. (1992) A discussion of the concept of the chaîne opératoire in the study of complex societies. Pp. 181-94 in A. Gallay (ed.), Ethnoarchéologie: justification, problèmes, limites. Juan-les-Pins
125. Wheeler, M. (1983) Appendix J: greenstone amulets. Pp. 781-87 in K.M. Kenyon and T. Holland (eds), Jericho V. London: British School of Archaeology Jerusalem
126. Wright, K.I. (1992) Ground Stone Assemblage Variations and Subsistence Strategies in the Levant, 22,000 to 5500 b.p. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology (University Microfilms International), Yale University
127. - (1993) Early Holocene ground stone assemblages in the Levant. Levant 25, 93-111
128. - (2006) Stone bead technology studies at Çatalhöyük, summer 2006. http://www.catalhoyuk.com/archive-reports/2006/. Çatalhöyük Website Archive Reports 2006
129. - (forthcoming) Households, lineages and networks: a framework for understanding Near Eastern social organization. In K.I. Wright (ed.), The Ancient Levant: A Social Archaeology. London: in preparation
130. - (in preparation) Beads and the body: ornament technologies of Building 3 at Çatalhöyük. In R. Tringham and M. Stevanovic (eds), Çatalhöyük Building 3: the Excavations of the University of California at Berkeley at Çatalhöyük (BACH). Los Angeles: Monographs of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California at Los Angeles
131. - and Bains, R. (2007) Stone bead technology at Çatalhö yük, summer 2007. http://www.catalhoyuk.com/archive-reports/2007/. Çatalhöyük Website Archive Reports 2007
132. and Garrard, A.N. (2003) Social identities and the expansion of stone beadmaking in Neolithic western Asia: new evidence from Jordan. Antiquity 77 (296), 267-84
133. Wright, P. (1982) The bow-drill and the drilling of beads, Kabul, 1981. Afghan Studies 3-4, 95-101