The EU Fundamental Rights Agency: Genesis and Potential

New Institutions for Human Rights Protection

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  De Schutter, Olivier ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^b College of Europe ^*  (Poland)

Author keywords

Council of europe; European union; Fundamental rights agency; Independent agencies; Mainstreaming

Indexed keywords

EID: 73949152793     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570546.003.0005     Document Type: Chapter

References (47)

1. Alexis de Toqueville, L'Ancien régime et la révolution (1860) at 119.
2. See also Fundamental Rights Agency, Annual Work Programme 2008, April 2008,
3. See P Alston and J H H Weiler, 'An 'Ever Closer Union' in Need of a Human Rights Policy: The European Union and Human Rights', in P Alston, with M Bustelo and J Heenan (eds), The European Union and Human Rights (1999) 3.
4. See Art 34 of the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament, 16th ed, July 2006, available at .
5. M Happold, 'Fourteen against One: The EU Member States' Response to Freedom Party Participation in the Austrian Government', 49 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 953 (2000);
6. E Bribosia, O De Schutter, T Ronse and A Weyembergh, 'Le contrôle par l'Union européenne du respect de la démocratie et des droits de l'homme par ses Etats membres: ò propos de l'Autriche', Journal des tribunaux-Droit européen, March 2000, 61-5.
7. G de Búrca, 'Beyond the Charter: How Enlargement has enlarged the Human Rights Policy of the EU', in O De Schutter and S Deakin (eds), Social Rights and Market Forces: Is the open coordination of employment and social policies the future of social Europe? (2005) 245-78 at 259-62.
8. See the website:
9. See also: Ph Alston and O De Schutter (eds), Monitoring Fundamental Rights in the EU-The Contribution of the Fundamental Rights Agency (2005).
10. The response from the academic world and from civil society organizations was remarkably high. See, for a collection of contributions submitted in the course of the consultation,
11. P Alston and O De Schutter (eds), Monitoring Fundamental Rights in the EU. The Contribution of the Fundamental Rights Agency (2005).
12. see .
13. Giandomenico Majone, 'The new European agencies: regulation by information', Journal of European Public Policy, vol 4, no 2 (1997), 262-75.
14. Manfred Nowak, 'The Agency and National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights', in P Alston and O De Schutter (eds), Monitoring Fundamental Rights in the EU, n 32 above, ch 4.
15. Renaud Dehousse, 'Regulation by networks in the European Community: the role of European agencies', Journal of European Public Policy, vol 4, No 2 (1997), 246-61;
16. Michelle Everson, 'Independent Agencies: Hierarchy Beaters?' European Law Journal, vol 1 (1995), 180-204;
17. A Kreher, 'Agencies in the European Community-a step towards administrative integration in Europe', Journal of European Public Policy, vol 4, no 2 (1997), 93-118;
18. Giandomenico Majone and Michelle Everson, 'Institutional Reform: Independent Agencies, Oversight, Coordination, and Procedural Control', in O De Schutter, Notis Lebessis and John Paterson (eds), Governance in the European Union, OOPEC (2001);
19. Mark Thatcher, 'Regulation after delegation: independent regulatory agencies in Europe', Journal of European Public Policy, vol 9, no 6 (2002), 954-72;
20. Ellen Vos, 'Reforming the European Commission: What Role to Play for EU Agencies?', Common Market Law Review vol 37 (2000), 1113-34;
21. Ellen Vos, 'Agencies and the European Union', in L Verhey and T Zwart (eds), Agencies in European and Comparative Law (2003).
22. D Geradin and N Petit, 'The Development of Agencies at EU and National Levels: Conceptual Analysis and Proposals for Reform', Yearbook of European Law, 137-97 at 137.
23. See, in particular, Ellen Vos, 'Reforming the European Commission: What Role to Play for EU Agencies?'(n 54 above)
24. D Geradin and N Petit, 'The Development of Agencies at EU and National Levels: Conceptual Analysis and Proposals for Reform' (n 55 above at 148-9).
25. See Communication from the Commission to the European Convention on the Institutional Architecture, 'For the European Union, Peace, Freedom, Solidarity', COM(2002)728
26. M Everson, G Majone, L Metcalfe, and A Schout, The Role of Specialised Agencies in Decentralising Governance, (1999).
27. D Geradin and N Petit, n 55 above, 170.
28. COM(2002)718 final, of 11 December 2002.
29. Deputy Secretary General of the Council of Europe, available on .
30. J H H Weiler, 'The European Court at a Crossroads: Community Human Rights and Member State Action', in: Du droit international au droit de l'intégration. Liber amicorum Pierre Pescatore (1987) 821;
31. J. Temple Lang, 'The Sphere in Which Member States are Obliged to Comply with the General Principles of Law and Community Fundamental Rights Principles', Legal Issues of European Integration, 1991/2, 23;
32. J H H Weiler, 'Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Boundaries: On Standards and Values in the Protection of Human Rights', in N Neuwahl and A Rosas, The European Union and Human Rights (1995) 56;
33. K Lenaerts, 'Le respect des droits fondamentaux en tant que principe constitutionnel de l'Union européenne', Mélanges en hommage ò Michel Waelbroeck (1999) 423.
34. See the Declaration adopted at the Warsaw Summit (Third Summit of the Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the Council of Europe), .
35. (hereafter referred to as the 'Juncker report').
36. M Scheinin, 'The Relationship between the Agency and the Network of Independent Experts', in P Alston and O De Schutter (eds), Monitoring Fundamental Rights in the EU. The Contribution of the Fundamental Rights Agency (2005) at 73-90.
37. see C Hillion, 'The Copenhagen criteria and their progecy', in C Hillion (ed), EU enlargement: a legal approach (2004) 13.
38. See O De Schutter, 'L'influence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme sur la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes', in G Cohen-Jonathan and J-Fr Flauss (dir), Le rayonnement international de la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme (2005) 189-242.
39. See further on this theme C McCrudden, 'A Common Law of Human Rights?: Transnational Judicial Conversations on Constitutional Rights', 20 OJLS 499 (2000);
40. A-M Slaughter, 'A Typology of Transjudicial Communication', 29 University of Richmond Law Review 99 (1994);
41. A-M Slaughter, 'A Global Community of Courts', 44 Harvard International Law Journal 191 (2003).
42. Third Summit of the Heads of State and Government of the Member states of the Council of Europe, .
43. (hereafter referred to as the 'Juncker report').
44. O De Schutter, 'Les droits fondamentaux dans le projet européen. Des limites ò l'action des institutions ò une politique des droits fondamentaux' in O De Schutter and P Nihoul (eds) Une Constitution pour l'Europe. Réflexions sur les transformations du droit de l'Union européenne (2004) 81;
45. O De Schutter, 'Fundamental Rights and the Transformation of Governance in the European Union', Cambridge Yearbook on European Legal Studies (2007) 133-75.
46. Piet Eeckhout, 'The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Federal Question' (2002) 39 Common Market Law Review 945.