Nephrolithiasis: Treatment, causes, and prevention

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 76, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 583-591

  Hall, Phillip M ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; URIC ACID;

ADULT; AGED; CHEMISTRY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEPHROLITHIASIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW;

ADULT; AGED; CALCIUM; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; KIDNEY CALCULI; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEPHROLITHIASIS; RECURRENCE; URIC ACID; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 73949095512     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.76a.09043     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Johnson CM, Wilson DM, O'Fallon WM, Malek RS, Kurland LT. Renal stone epidemiology: a 25-year study in Rochester, Minnesota. Kidney Int 1979; 16:624-631.
2. Hiatt RA, Dales LG, Friedman GD, Hunkeler EM. Frequency of urolithiasis in a prepaid medical care program. Am J Epidemiol 1982; 115:255-265.
3. Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA, Nyberg LM, Curhan GC. Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976-1994. Kidney Int 2003; 63:1817-1823.
4. Li J, Kennedy D, Levine M, Kumar A, Mullen J. Absent hematuria and expensive computerized tomography: case characteristics of emergency urolithiasis. J Urol 2001; 165:782-784.
5. Fielding JR, Steele G, Fox LA, Heller H, Loughlin KR. Spiral computerized tomography in the evaluation of acute flank pain: a replacement for excretory urography. J Urol 1997; 157:2071-2073.
6. Katz DS, Scheer M, Lumerman JH, Mellinger BC, Stillman CA, Lane MJ. Alternative or additional diagnoses on unenhanced helical computed tomography for suspected renal colic: experience with 1,000 consecutive examinations. Urology 2000; 56:53-57.
7. Fowler KAB, Locken JA, Duchesne JH, Williamson MR. US for detecting renal calculi with nonenhanced CT as a reference standard. Radiology 2002; 222:109-113.
8. Samplaski MK, Irwin BH, Desai M. Less-invasive ways to remove stones from the kidneys and ureters. Cleve Clin J Med 2009; 76:592-598.
9. Labrecque M, Dostaler LP, Rousselle R, Nguyen T, Poirier S. Efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of acute renal colic. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:1381-1387.
10. Dellabella M, Milanese G, Muzzonigro G. Randomized trial of the efficacy of tamsulosin, nifedipine, and phloroglucinol in medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral calculi. J Urol 2005; 174:167-172.
11. Hollingsworth JM, Togers MA, Kaufman SR, et al. Medical therapy to facilitate urinary stone passage: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006; 368:1171-1179.
12. Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, et al. Nifedipine and methylprednisolone in facilitating ureteral stone passage: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Urol 1994; 152:1095-1098.
13. Williams RE. Long-term survey of 538 patients with upper urinary tract stone. Br J Urol 1963; 35:416-437.
14. Coe FL, Keck J, Norton ER. The natural history of urolithiasis. JAMA 1977; 238:1519-1523.
15. Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, Giannini A. Urinary volume, water, and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol 1996; 155:839-843.
16. Robertson WG, Peacock M, Marshall RW, Marshall DH, Nordin BE. Saturation-inhibition index as a measure of the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation in the urinary tract. N Engl J Med 1976; 294:249-252.
17. Evan AP, Lingeman JE, Coe FL, et al. Randall's plaque of patients with nephrolithiasis begins in basement membranes of thin loops of Henle. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:607-616.
18. Kuo RL, Lingeman JE, Evan AP, et al. Urine calcium and volume predict coverage of renal papilla by Randall's plaque. Kidney Int 2003; 64:2150-2154.
19. Broadus AE, Horst RL, Lang R, Littledike ET, Rasmussen H. The importance of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria and renal-stone formation in primary hyperparathyroidism. N Engl J Med 1980; 302:421-426.
20. Breslau NA, Preminger GM, Adams BV, Otey J, Pak CY. Use of ketoconazole to probe the pathogenetic importance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in absorptive hypercalciuria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75:1446-1452.
21. Levy FL, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY. Ambulatory evaluation of nephrolithiasis: an update of a 1980 protocol. Am J Med 1995; 98:50-59.
22. Breslau NA, Sakhaee K, Pak CY. Impaired adaptation to saltinduced urinary calcium losses in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1985; 98:107-115.
23. Burtis W, Gay L, Insogna K, Ellison A, Broadus A. Dietary hypercalciuria in patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60:424-429.
24. Hess B, Ackermann D, Essig M, Takkinen R, Jaeger P. Renal mass and serum calcitriol in male idiopathic calcium renal stone formers: role of protein intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80:1916-1921.
25. Coe FL, Parks JH, Bushinsky DA, Langman CB, Favus MJ. Chlorthalidone promotes mineral retention in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Kidney Int 1988; 33:1140-1146.
26. Pak CY, Britton F, Peterson R, et al. Ambulatory evaluation of nephrolithiasis. Classification, clinical presentation, and diagnostic criteria. Am J Med 1980; 69:19-30.
27. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:833-838.
28. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:497-504.
29. Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:77-84.
30. Parks JH, Coe FL, Evan AP, Worcester EM. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of calcium stone-formers with and without primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Urol 2008; 103:670-678.
31. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, Siris E, Bilezikian JP. A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1249-1255.
32. Mollerup CL, Vestergaard P, Frokjaer VG, Mosekilde L, Christiansen P, Blichert-Toft M. Risk of renal stone events in primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroid surgery: controlled retrospective follow up study. BMJ 2002; 325:807.
33. Odvina CV, Sakhaee K, Heller HJ, et al. Biochemical characterization of primary hyperparathyroidism with and without kidney stones. Urol Res 2007; 35:123-128.
34. Lemann J Jr, Adams ND, Gray RW. Urinary calcium excretion in human beings. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:535-541.
35. Coe FL. Treated and untreated recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, or no metabolic disorder. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87:404-410.
36. Grover PK, Marshall VR, Ryall RL. Dissolved urate salts out calcium oxalate in undiluted human urine in vitro: implication for calcium oxalate stone genesis. Chem Biol 2003; 10:271-278.
37. Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, Livermore B, Williams T. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:1386-1389.
38. Coe FL, Parks JH. Pathogenesis and treatment of nephrolithiasis. In: The Kidney. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000:1841-1867.
39. Parks JH, Worcester EM, O'Connor RC, Coe FL. Urine stone risk factors in nephrolithiasis patients with and without bowel disease. Kidney Int 2003; 63:255-265.
40. Danpure CJ, Rumsby G. Molecular aetiology of primary hyperoxaluria and its implications for clinical management. Expert Rev Mol Med 2004; 6:1-16.
41. Sinha MK, Collazo-Clavell ML, Rule A, et al. Hyperoxaluric nephrolithiasis is a complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Kidney Int 2007; 72:100-107.
42. Parks JH, Coe FL. A urinary calcium-citrate index for the evaluation of nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 1986; 30:85-90.
43. Brennan S, Hering-Smith K, Hamm LL. Effect of pH on citrate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol 1988; 255:F301-F306.
44. Sakhaee K, Williams RH, Oh MS, et al. Alkali absorption and citrate excretion in calcium nephrolithiasis. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8:789-794.
45. Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY. Effect of lowcarbohydrate, high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stoneforming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:265-274.
46. Griffith DP. Struvite stones. Kidney Int 1978; 13:372-382.
47. Jennis FS, Lavan JN, Neale FC, Posen S. Staghorn calculi of the kidney: clinical, bacteriological and biochemical features. Br J Urol 1970; 42:511-518.
48. Griffith DP, Gibson JR, Clinton CW, Musher DM. Acetohydroxamic acid: clinical studies of a urease inhibitor in patients with staghorn renal calculi. J Urol 1978; 119:9-15.
49. Kamel KS, Cheema-Dhadli S, Halperin ML. Studies on the pathophysiology of the low urine pH in patients with uric acid stones. Kidney Int 2002; 61:988-994.
50. Abate N, Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan AV Jr, Moe OW, Sakhaee K. The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int 2004; 65:386-392.
51. Zarse CA, McAteer JA, Tann M, et al. Helical computed tomography accurately reports urinary stone composition using attenuation values: in vitro verification using high-resolution micro-computed tomography calibrated to fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Urology 2004; 63:828-833.
52. Palacin M. The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters. Physiology (Bethesda) 2005; 20:112-124.
53. Sakhaee K. Pathogenesis and medical management of cystinuria. Semin Nephrol 1996; 16:435-447.
54. Shekarriz B, Stoller ML. Cystinuria and other noncalcareous calculi. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31:951-977.
55. Streem SB, Hall P. Effect of captopril on urinary cystine excretion in homozygous cystinuria. J Urol 1989; 142:1522-1524.
56. Perazella MA, Buller GK. Successful treatment of cystinuria with captopril. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21:504-507.
57. Sloand JA, Izzo JL Jr. Captopril reduces urinary cystine excretion in cystinuria. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:1409-1412.